TEDSalon NY2013
Rodrigo Canales: The deadly genius of drug cartels
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Up to 100,000 people died in drug-related violence in Mexico in the last 6 years. We might think this has nothing to do with us, but in fact we are all complicit, says Yale professor Rodrigo Canales in this unflinching talk that turns conventional wisdom about drug cartels on its head. The carnage is not about faceless, ignorant goons mindlessly killing each other but is rather the result of some seriously sophisticated brand management.
Rodrigo Canales - Business professor
Rodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels. Full bio
Rodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In December of 2010,
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the city of Apatzingán
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in the coastal state of Michoacán, in Mexico,
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awoke to gunfire.
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For two straight days,
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the city became an open battlefield
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between the federal forces
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and a well-organized group,
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presumably from the local criminal organization,
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La Familia Michoacana, or the Michoacán family.
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The citizens didn't only experience incessant gunfire
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but also explosions
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and burning trucks used as barricades across the city,
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so truly like a battlefield.
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After these two days,
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and during a particularly intense encounter,
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it was presumed that the leader of La Familia Michoacana,
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Nazario Moreno, was killed.
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In response to this terrifying violence,
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the mayor of Apatzingán
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decided to call the citizens to a march for peace.
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The idea was to ask for a softer approach
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to criminal activity in the state.
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And so, the day of the scheduled procession,
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thousands of people showed up.
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As the mayor was preparing to deliver
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the speech starting the march,
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his team noticed
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that, while half of the participants
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were appropriately dressed in white,
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and bearing banners asking for peace,
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the other half was actually marching
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in support of the criminal organization
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and its now-presumed-defunct leader.
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Shocked, the mayor decided to step aside
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rather than participate or lead a procession
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that was ostensibly in support of organized crime.
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And so his team stepped aside.
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The two marches joined together,
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and they continued their path
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towards the state capital.
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This story of horrific violence
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followed by a fumbled approach
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by federal and local authorities as they tried
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to engage civil society,
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who has been very well engaged by a criminal organization,
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is a perfect metaphor for what's happening in Mexico today,
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where we see that our current understanding
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of drug violence and what leads to it
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is probably at the very least incomplete.
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If you decided to spend 30 minutes trying
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to figure out what's going on with drug violence in Mexico
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by, say, just researching online,
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the first thing you would find out is that
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while the laws state that all Mexican citizens are equal,
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there are some that are more
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and there are some that are much less equal than others,
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because you will quickly find out
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that in the past six years
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anywhere between 60 and 100,000 people
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have lost their lives in drug-related violence.
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To put these numbers in perspective,
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this is eight times larger than the number of casualties
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in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars combined.
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It's also shockingly close to the number of people
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who have died in the Syrian civil war,
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which is an active civil war.
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This is happening just south of the border.
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Now as you're reading, however,
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you will be maybe surprised that you will quickly
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become numb to the numbers of deaths,
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because you will see that these are sort of abstract numbers
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of faceless, nameless dead people.
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Implicitly or explicitly, there is a narrative
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that all the people who are dying
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were somehow involved in the drug trade,
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and we infer this because they were either tortured
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or executed in a professional manner,
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or, most likely, both.
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And so clearly they were criminals
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because of the way they died.
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And so the narrative is that somehow these people
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got what they were deserved.
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They were part of the bad guys.
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And that creates some form of comfort
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for a lot of people.
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However, while it's easier to think
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of us, the citizens, the police, the army,
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as the good guys, and them, the narcos,
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the carteles, as the bad guys,
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if you think about it,
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the latter are only providing a service to the former.
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Whether we like it or not,
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the U.S. is the largest market
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for illegal substances in the world,
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accounting for more than half of global demand.
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It shares thousands of miles of border with Mexico
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that is its only route of access from the South,
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and so, as the former dictator of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz,
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used to say, "Poor Mexico,
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so far from God and so close to the United States."
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The U.N. estimates that there are 55 million users
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of illegal drugs in the United States.
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Using very, very conservative assumptions,
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this yields a yearly drug market on the retail side
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of anywhere between 30 and 150 billion dollars.
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If we assume that the narcos only have access
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to the wholesale part, which we know is false,
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that still leaves you with yearly revenues
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of anywhere between 15 billion and 60 billion dollars.
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To put these numbers in perspective,
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Microsoft has yearly revenues of 60 billion dollars.
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And it so happens that this is a product that,
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because of its nature, a business model
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to address this market requires you
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to guarantee to your producers
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that their product will be reliably placed
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in the markets where it is consumed.
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And the only way to do this, because it's illegal,
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is to have absolute control of the geographic corridors
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that are used to transport drugs.
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Hence the violence.
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If you look at a map of cartel influence and violence,
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you will see that it almost perfectly aligns
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with the most efficient routes of transportation
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from the south to the north.
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The only thing that the cartels are doing
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is that they're trying to protect their business.
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It's not only a multi-billion dollar market,
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but it's also a complex one.
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For example, the coca plant is a fragile plant
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that can only grow in certain latitudes,
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and so it means that a business model
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to address this market requires you to have
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decentralized, international production,
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that by the way needs to have good quality control,
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because people need a good high
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that is not going to kill them
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and that is going to be delivered to them when they need it.
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And so that means they need to secure
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production and quality control in the south,
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and you need to ensure that you have
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efficient and effective distribution channels
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in the markets where these drugs are consumed.
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I urge you, but only a little bit,
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because I don't want to get you in trouble,
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to just ask around and see how difficult it would be
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to get whatever drug you want, wherever you want it,
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whenever you want it, anywhere in the U.S.,
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and some of you may be surprised to know
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that there are many dealers that offer a service
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where if you send them a text message,
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they guarantee delivery of the drug
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in 30 minutes or less.
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Think about this for a second.
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Think about the complexity
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of the distribution network that I just described.
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It's very difficult to reconcile this
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with the image of faceless, ignorant goons
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that are just shooting each other,
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very difficult to reconcile.
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Now, as a business professor, and as any business professor would tell you,
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an effective organization requires
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an integrated strategy that includes
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a good organizational structure, good incentives,
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a solid identity and good brand management.
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This leads me to the second thing that you would learn
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in your 30-minute exploration of drug violence in Mexico.
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Because you would quickly realize,
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and maybe be confused by the fact,
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that there are three organizations
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that are constantly named in the articles.
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You will hear about Los Zetas,
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the Knights Templar, which is the new brand
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for the Familia Michoacana that I spoke about at the beginning,
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and the Sinaloa Federation.
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You will read that Los Zetas is this assortment
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of sociopaths that terrify the cities that they enter
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and they silence the press,
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and this is somewhat true, or mostly true.
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But this is the result of a very careful branding
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and business strategy.
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You see, Los Zetas is not just
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this random assortment of individuals,
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but was actually created by another criminal organization, the Gulf Cartel,
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that used to control the eastern corridor of Mexico.
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When that corridor became contested, they decided
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that they wanted to recruit
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a professional enforcement arm.
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So they recruited Los Zetas:
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an entire unit of elite paratroopers
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from the Mexican Army.
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They were incredibly effective as enforcers for the Gulf Cartel,
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so much so that at some point, they decided
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to just take over the operations,
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which is why I ask you to never keep tigers as pets,
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because they grow up.
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Because the Zetas organization was founded in treason,
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they lost some of the linkages to the production and distribution
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in the most profitable markets like cocaine,
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but what they did have,
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and this is again based on their military origin,
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was a perfectly structured chain of command
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with a very clear hierarchy
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and a very clear promotion path that allowed them
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to supervise and operate across many, many markets
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very effectively,
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which is the essence of what a chain of command seeks to do.
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And so because they didn't have access
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to the more profitable drug markets,
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this pushed them and gave them the opportunity
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to diversify into other forms of crime.
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That includes kidnapping, prostitution,
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local drug dealing and human trafficking,
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including of migrants that go from the south to the U.S.
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So what they currently run is truly
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and quite literally a franchise business.
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They focus most of their recruiting on the army,
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and they very openly advertise for better salaries,
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better benefits, better promotion paths,
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not to mention much better food,
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than what the army can deliver.
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The way they operate is that
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when they arrive in a locality,
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they let people know that they are there,
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and they go to the most powerful local gang
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and they say, "I offer you
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to be the local representative of the Zeta brand."
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If they agree -- and you don't want to know
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what happens if they don't --
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they train them and they supervise them
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on how to run the most efficient criminal operation
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for that town, in exchange for royalties.
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This kind of business model obviously depends
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entirely on having a very effective brand of fear,
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and so Los Zetas
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carefully stage acts of violence
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that are spectacular in nature,
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especially when they arrive first in a city,
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but again, that's just a brand strategy.
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I'm not saying they're not violent,
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but what I am saying is that even though you will read
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that they are the most violent of all,
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when you count, when you do the body count,
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they're actually all the same.
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In contrast to them, the Knights Templar
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that arose in Michoacán
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emerged in reaction to the incursion
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of the Zetas into the state of Michoacán.
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Michoacán is a geographically strategic state
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because it has one of the largest ports in Mexico,
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and it has very direct routes to the center of Mexico,
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which then gives you direct access to the U.S.
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The Knights Templar realized very quickly
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that they couldn't face the Zetas on violence alone,
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and so they developed a strategy
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as a social enterprise.
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They brand themselves as representative of
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and protecting of the citizens of Michoacán
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against organized crime.
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Their brand of social enterprise means
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that they require a lot of civic engagement,
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so they invest heavily in providing local services,
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like dealing with home violence,
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going after petty criminals, treating addicts,
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and keeping drugs out of the local markets
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where they are,
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and, of course, protecting people
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from other criminal organizations.
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Now, they kill a lot of people too,
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but when they kill them,
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they provide very careful narratives and descriptions
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for why they did them,
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through newspaper insertions, YouTube videos,
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and billboards that explain that the people who were killed
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were killed because they represented a threat
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not to us, as an organization, of course,
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but to you, as citizens.
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And so we're actually here to protect you.
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They, as social enterprises do,
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have created a moral and ethical code
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that they advertise around,
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and they have very strict recruiting practices.
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And here you have the types of explanations
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that they provide for some of their actions.
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They have actually retained access
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to the profitable drug trade,
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but the way they do it is, because they control all of Michoacán,
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and they control the Port of Lázaro Cárdenas,
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they leverage that to, for example,
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trade copper from Michoacán that is legally created
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and legally extracted
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with illegal ephedrine from China
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which is a critical precursor for methamphetamines
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that they produce, and then they have partnerships
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with larger organizations like the Sinaloa Federation
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that place their products in the U.S.
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Finally, the Sinaloa Federation.
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When you read about them, you will often read about them
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with an undertone of reverence and admiration,
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because they are the most integrated
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and the largest of all the Mexican organizations,
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and, many people argue, the world.
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They started as just sort of a transport organization
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that specialized in smuggling between the U.S.
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and the Mexican borders,
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but now they have grown
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into a truly integrated multinational
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that has partnerships in production in the south
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and partnerships in global distribution
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across the planet.
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They have cultivated a brand of professionalism,
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business acumen and innovation.
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They have designed new drug products
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and new drug processes.
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They have designed narco-tunnels
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that go across the border,
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and you can see that these are not
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"The Shawshank Redemption" types.
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They have invented narco-submarines and boats
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that are not detected by radar.
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They have invented drones to transport drugs,
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catapults, you name it.
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One of the leaders of the Sinaloa Federation
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actually made it to the Forbes list.
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[#701 Joaquin Guzman Loera]
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Like any multinational would, they have specialized
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and focused only in the most profitable part of the business,
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which is high-margin drugs like cocaine,
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heroine, methamphetamines.
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Like any traditional Latin American multinational would,
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the way they control their operations
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is through family ties.
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When they're entering a new market, they send
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a family member to supervise it,
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or, if they're partnering with a new organization,
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they create a family tie,
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either through marriages or other types of ties.
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Like any other multinational would,
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they protect their brand by outsourcing
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the more questionable parts of the business model,
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like for example, when they have to engage
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in violence against other criminal organizations,
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they recruit gangs and other smaller players
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to do the dirty work for them,
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and they try to separate their operations
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and their violence and be very discrete about this.
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To further strengthen their brand,
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they actually have professional P.R. firms
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that shape how the press talks about them.
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They have professional videographers on staff.
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They have incredibly productive ties
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with the security organizations
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on both sides of the border.
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And so, differences aside,
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what these three organizations share
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is on the one hand, a very clear understanding
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that institutions cannot be imposed from the top,
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but rather they are built from the bottom up
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one interaction at a time.
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They have created extremely coherent structures
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that they use to show the inconsistencies
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in government policies.
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And so what I want you to remember from this talk
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are three things.
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The first one is that drug violence
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is actually the result
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of a huge market demand
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and an institutional setup that forces
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the servicing of this market to necessitate violence
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to guarantee delivery routes.
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The second thing I want you to remember
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is that these are sophisticated,
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coherent organizations
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that are business organizations,
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and analyzing them and treating them as such
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is probably a much more useful approach.
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The third thing I want you to remember
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is that even though we're more comfortable
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with this idea of "them,"
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a set of bad guys separated from us,
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we are actually accomplices to them,
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either through our direct consumption
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or through our acceptance of the inconsistency
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between our policies of prohibition
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and our actual behavior of tolerance
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or even encouragement of consumption.
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These organizations service, recruit from,
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and operate within our communities,
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so necessarily, they are much more integrated
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within them than we are comfortable acknowledging.
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And so to me the question is not whether
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these dynamics will continue the way they have.
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We see that the nature of this phenomenon
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guarantees that they will.
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The question is whether we are willing to continue
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our support of a failed strategy
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based on our stubborn, blissful, voluntary ignorance
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at the cost of the deaths of thousands of our young.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rodrigo Canales - Business professorRodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels.
Why you should listen
Rodrigo Canales is an associate professor of organizational behavior at the Yale School of Management. There, he researches the role of institutions in entrepreneurship and economic development. More specifically, he focuses on how individuals can change organizations and systems--how their backgrounds, professional identities and roles affect how they relate and act in business.
Canales teaches the core MBA course on innovation at Yale, sits on the steering committee of the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at MIT and advises several startup companies in Mexico. He earned his MBA and Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Rodrigo Canales | Speaker | TED.com