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Enrique Peñalosa: Why buses represent democracy in action
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"An advanced city is not one where even the poor use cars, but rather one where even the rich use public transport," argues Enrique Peñalosa. In this spirited talk, the mayor of Bogotá shares some of the tactics he used to change the transportation dynamic in the Colombian capital... and suggests ways to think about building smart cities of the future.
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activist
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Mobility in developing world cities
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is a very peculiar challenge,
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because different from health
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or education or housing,
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it tends to get worse as societies become richer.
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Clearly, a unsustainable model.
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Mobility, as most other developing country problems,
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more than a matter of money or technology,
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is a matter of equality, equity.
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The great inequality in developing countries
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makes it difficult to see, for example,
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that in terms of transport,
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an advanced city is not one
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where even the poor use cars,
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but rather one where even the rich
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use public transport.
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Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,
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more than 30 percent of the population
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uses bicycles,
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despite the fact that the Netherlands has
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a higher income per capita than the United States.
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There is a conflict in developing world cities
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for money, for government investment.
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If more money is invested in highways,
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of course there is less money for housing,
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for schools, for hospitals,
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and also there is a conflict for space.
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There is a conflict for space between
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those with cars and those without them.
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Most of us accept today
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that private property and a market economy
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is the best way to manage
most of society's resources.
most of society's resources.
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However, there is a problem with that,
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that market economy needs
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inequality of income in order to work.
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Some people must make more money,
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some others less.
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Some companies succeed. Others fail.
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Then what kind of equality
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can we hope for today
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with a market economy?
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I would propose two kinds
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which both have much to do with cities.
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The first one is equality of quality of life,
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especially for children,
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that all children should have,
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beyond the obvious health and education,
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access to green spaces, to sports facilities,
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to swimming pools, to music lessons.
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And the second kind of equality
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is one which we could call "democratic equality."
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The first article in every constitution states
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that all citizens are equal before the law.
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That is not just poetry.
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It's a very powerful principle.
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For example, if that is true,
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a bus with 80 passengers
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has a right to 80 times more road space
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than a car with one.
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We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,
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that it's before our noses and we do not see it.
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Less than 100 years ago,
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women could not vote,
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and it seemed normal,
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in the same way that it seems normal today
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to see a bus in traffic.
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In fact, when I became mayor,
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applying that democratic principle
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that public good prevails over private interest,
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that a bus with 100 people
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has a right to 100 times
more road space than a car,
more road space than a car,
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we implemented a mass transit system
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based on buses in exclusive lanes.
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We called it TransMilenio,
in order to make buses sexier.
in order to make buses sexier.
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And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
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expensive cars stuck in traffic,
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it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.
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In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.
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It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.
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A committee of 12-year-old children
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would find out in 20 minutes
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that the most efficient way to use scarce road space
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is with exclusive lanes for buses.
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In fact, buses are not sexy,
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but they are the only possible means
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to bring mass transit to all areas
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of fast growing developing cities.
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They also have great capacity.
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For example, this system in Guangzhou
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is moving more passengers our direction
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than all subway lines in China,
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except for one line in Beijing,
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at a fraction of the cost.
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We fought not just for space for buses,
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but we fought for space for people,
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and that was even more difficult.
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Cities are human habitats,
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and we humans are pedestrians.
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Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly
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or deer need to run, we need to walk.
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There is a really enormous conflict,
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when we are talking about developing country cities,
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between pedestrians and cars.
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Here, what you see is a picture that shows
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insufficient democracy.
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What this shows is that people who walk
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are third-class citizens
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while those who go in cars
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are first-class citizens.
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In terms of transport infrastructure,
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what really makes a difference
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between advanced and backward cities
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is not highways or subways
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but quality sidewalks.
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Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,
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and they forgot to make a sidewalk.
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This is prevailing all over the world.
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Not even schoolchildren
are more important than cars.
are more important than cars.
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In my city of Bogotá,
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we fought a very difficult battle
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in order to take space from cars,
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which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,
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in order to make space for people that should reflect
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dignity of human beings,
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and to make space for protected bikeways.
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First of all, I had black hair before that.
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(Laughter)
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And I was almost impeached in the process.
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It is a very difficult battle.
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However, it was possible, finally,
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after very difficult battles, to make a city
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that would reflect some respect for human dignity,
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that would show that those who walk are equally
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important to those who have cars.
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Indeed, a very important ideological
and political issue anywhere
and political issue anywhere
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is how to distribute that most valuable resource
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of a city, which is road space.
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A city could find oil or diamonds underground
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and it would not be so valuable as road space.
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How to distribute it between pedestrians,
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bicycles, public transport and cars?
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This is not a technological issue,
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and we should remember that in no constitution
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parking is a constitutional right
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when we make that distribution.
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We also built, and this was 15 years ago,
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before there were bikeways in New York
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or in Paris or in London,
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it was a very difficult battle as well,
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more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.
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I don't think protected bicycle ways
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are a cute architectural feature.
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They are a right, just as sidewalks are,
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unless we believe that only those
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with access to a motor vehicle
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have a right to safe mobility,
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without the risk of getting killed.
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And just as busways are,
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protected bikeways also are
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a powerful symbol of democracy,
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because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle
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is equally important
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to one in a $30,000 car.
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And we are living in a unique moment in history.
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In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities
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which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.
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In many developing country cities,
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more than 80 and 90 percent
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of the city which will exist in 2060
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will be built over the next four or five decades.
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But this is not just a matter
for developing country cities.
for developing country cities.
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In the United States, for example,
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more than 70 million new homes
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must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.
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That's more than all the homes that today exist
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in Britain, France and Canada put together.
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And I believe that our cities today
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have severe flaws,
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and that different, better ones could be built.
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What is wrong with our cities today?
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Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child
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who is barely learning to speak
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in any city in the world today,
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"Watch out, a car,"
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the child will jump in fright,
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and with a very good reason, because there are
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more than 10,000 children who are killed
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by cars every year in the world.
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We have had cities for 8,000 years,
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and children could walk out of home and play.
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In fact, only very recently,
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towards 1900, there were no cars.
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Cars have been here for really
less than 100 years.
less than 100 years.
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They completely changed cities.
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In 1900, for example,
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nobody was killed by cars in the United States.
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Only 20 years later,
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between 1920 and 1930,
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almost 200,000 people
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were killed by cars in the United States.
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Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children
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were killed by cars in the United States.
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So we could make different cities,
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cities that will give more priority to human beings
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than to cars, that will give more public space
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to human beings than to cars,
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cities which show great respect
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for those most vulnerable citizens,
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such as children or the elderly.
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I will propose to you a couple of ingredients
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which I think would make cities much better,
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and it would be very simple to implement them
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in the new cities which are only being created.
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Hundreds of kilometers of greenways
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criss-crossing cities in all directions.
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Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.
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They could go for dozens of kilometers safely
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without any risk in wonderful greenways,
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sort of bicycle highways,
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and I would invite you to imagine the following:
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a city in which every other street would be
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a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.
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In new cities which are going to be built,
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this would not be particularly difficult.
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When I was mayor of Bogotá,
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in only three years, we were able to create
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70 kilometers,
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in one of the most dense cities in the world,
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of these bicycle highways.
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And this changes the way people live,
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move, enjoy the city.
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In this picture, you see in one
of the very poor neighborhoods,
of the very poor neighborhoods,
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we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,
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and the cars still in the mud.
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Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.
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But what do we do first?
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Ninety-nine percent of the people
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
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But you see, when a city is only being created,
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it's very easy to incorporate
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this kind of infrastructure.
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Then the city grows around it.
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And of course this is just a glimpse
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of something which could be much better
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if we just create it,
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and it changes the way of life.
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And the second ingredient,
which would solve mobility,
which would solve mobility,
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that very difficult challenge in developing countries,
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in a very low-cost and simple way,
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would be to have hundreds of kilometers
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of streets only for buses,
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buses and bicycles and pedestrians.
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This would be, again, a very low-cost solution
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if implemented from the start,
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low cost, pleasant transit
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with natural sunlight.
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But unfortunately, reality is not as good
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as my dreams.
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Because of private property of land
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and high land prices,
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all developing country cities
have a large problem of slums.
have a large problem of slums.
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In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes
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in cities initially were illegal developments.
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And of course it's very difficult to have
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mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments.
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But even legal developments
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have also been located in the wrong places,
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very far from the city centers
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where it's impossible to provide
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low-cost, high-frequency public transport.
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As a Latin American, and Latin America
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was the most recently organized region in the world,
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I would recommend, respectfully, passionately,
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to those countries which are yet to urbanize --
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Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950
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to 80 percent urban in 2010 --
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I would recommend Asian and African countries
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which are yet to urbanize,
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such as India which is only 33 percent urban now,
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that governments should acquire
all land around cities.
all land around cities.
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In this way, their cities could grow in the right places
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with the right spaces, with the parks,
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with the greenways, with the busways.
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The cities we are going to build
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over the next 50 years
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will determine quality of life and even happiness
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for billions of people towards the future.
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What a fantastic opportunity for leaders
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and many young leaders to come,
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especially in the developing countries.
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They can create a much happier life
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for billions towards the future.
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I am sure, I am optimistic,
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that they will make cities better
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than our most ambitious dreams.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activistEnrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future.
Why you should listen
Enrique Peñalosa sees urban transportation not as a matter of convenience and economics but as a matter of justice, of equality for every resident. In his own city of Bogotá, Colombia, where he served as mayor from 1998 to 2001 before being elected again in 2015, he proudly says that more than 350 km of protected bicycle ways have been created.
Peñalosa has worked as a consultant on urban strategy, advising officials in cities all over the world on how to build a sustainable cities that can not only survive but thrive in the future. He was president of the board of directors of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, an organization promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide.
Enrique Peñalosa | Speaker | TED.com