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Enrique Peñalosa: Why buses represent democracy in action
Enrique Peñalosa: Zergaitik autobusek martxan den demokrazia azaltzen duten
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"Herrialde aurreratu bat ez da txiroek ere autoa duten herrialdea, aberatsek ere garraio publikoa erabiltzen duten herrialdea baizik", dio Enrique Peñalosak. Hitzaldi bizi honetan, Bogotako lenoko alkateak Kolonbiako hiriburuan garraioaren dinamika aldatzeko erabili zituen tekniketako batzuk azaltzen ditu, eta etorkizunerako hiri inteligenteak eraikitzeko ideia batzuk iradokitzen ditu.
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activist
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Enrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Mobility in developing world cities
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Garapenerako bidean dauden hirietan
mugikortasuna erronka berezia da,
00:15
is a very peculiar challenge,
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osasunarekin, hezkuntzarekin
edo etxebizitzarekin gertatzen ez den bezala
edo etxebizitzarekin gertatzen ez den bezala
00:17
because different from health
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00:19
or education or housing,
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hau okertzen baitoa gizartea aberasten doan heinean.
00:21
it tends to get worse as societies become richer.
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00:25
Clearly, a unsustainable model.
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Argi eta garbi, jasangarria ez den eredu bat.
00:27
Mobility, as most other developing country problems,
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Garapenerako bidean dauden herrialdeetako
arazoetako asko bezala, mugikortasuna
00:32
more than a matter of money or technology,
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diruari edo teknologiari
lotutako gauza bat baino,
lotutako gauza bat baino,
00:36
is a matter of equality, equity.
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berdintasunari, ekitasunari lotutako gauza bat da.
00:41
The great inequality in developing countries
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Garapen bidean dauden
herrialdeetako desberdintasunek
herrialdeetako desberdintasunek
00:44
makes it difficult to see, for example,
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zaildu egiten dute hainbat gauza ikustea, esaterako
00:48
that in terms of transport,
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garraioari dagokionez
00:50
an advanced city is not one
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hiri aurreratu bat ez dela aurreratua
00:52
where even the poor use cars,
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txiroek ere autoak dituztelako,
00:54
but rather one where even the rich
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baizik eta aberatsek ere
00:56
use public transport.
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garraio publikoa erabiltzen dutelako.
00:58
Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,
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Edo bizikletak: Amsterdamen esaterako
01:02
more than 30 percent of the population
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hiritarren %30ak baino gehiagok
01:04
uses bicycles,
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bizikleta erabiltzen du,
01:05
despite the fact that the Netherlands has
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nahiz eta Holandak Estatu Batuek baino
01:07
a higher income per capita than the United States.
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renta per capita handiagoa izan.
01:11
There is a conflict in developing world cities
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Garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetan, diruak,
gobernuak egiten duen inbertsioak gatazka eragiten du.
01:15
for money, for government investment.
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01:18
If more money is invested in highways,
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Autobidean diru gehiago inbertitzen bada,
01:20
of course there is less money for housing,
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etxebizitzetarako, ospitaleetarako, eskoletarako
01:22
for schools, for hospitals,
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diru gutxiago geratzen da, eta gainera
01:25
and also there is a conflict for space.
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lekuarengatik ere gatazka egon ohi da.
01:29
There is a conflict for space between
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Lekuagatik lehia egon ohi da,
01:31
those with cars and those without them.
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autoa dutenen eta ez dutenen artean.
01:34
Most of us accept today
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Gutako askok onartzen dugu egun
01:35
that private property and a market economy
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propietate pribatua eta merkatu ekonomia dela
01:38
is the best way to manage
most of society's resources.
most of society's resources.
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errekurtso sozialak kudeatzeko modurik onena.
01:41
However, there is a problem with that,
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Baina arazo bat dago:
01:44
that market economy needs
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merkatu ekonomiak diru-sarreren desberdintasuna
01:46
inequality of income in order to work.
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behar du funtzionatu ahal izateko.
01:49
Some people must make more money,
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Batzuek diru gehiago egin behar dute,
01:51
some others less.
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eta beste batzuek gutxiago.
01:52
Some companies succeed. Others fail.
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Enpresa batzuek arrakasta izan behar dute,
beste batzuek hondoa jo.
beste batzuek hondoa jo.
01:55
Then what kind of equality
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Eta orduan, zer nolako berdintasuna
01:57
can we hope for today
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espero dezakegu
01:58
with a market economy?
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merkatuko ekonomia batean?
02:00
I would propose two kinds
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Nik bi proposatuko nituzke,
02:02
which both have much to do with cities.
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hiriekin zerikusi handia duten bi.
02:04
The first one is equality of quality of life,
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Lehendabizikoa, bizi kalitatearen berdintasuna litzateke,
02:08
especially for children,
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bereziki haurrengan,
02:09
that all children should have,
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haur guztiek izan beharko luketena,
02:11
beyond the obvious health and education,
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ebidenteak diren osasuna eta hezkuntzaz gain,
02:14
access to green spaces, to sports facilities,
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gune berdeetarako, kirol-guneetarako,
02:18
to swimming pools, to music lessons.
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igerilekuetarako, musika eskoletarako sarbidea.
02:21
And the second kind of equality
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Eta bigarren berdintasun mota,
02:23
is one which we could call "democratic equality."
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"berdinatsun demokratikoa" deitu dezakegu.
02:28
The first article in every constitution states
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Konstituzio guztietako lehen artikuluak zera dio
02:31
that all citizens are equal before the law.
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hiritar guztiak berdinak direla legearen aurrean.
02:34
That is not just poetry.
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Hori ez da poesia hutsa.
02:36
It's a very powerful principle.
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Oso printzipio indartsua da.
02:39
For example, if that is true,
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Esaterako hori egia bada,
02:41
a bus with 80 passengers
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80 bidaiari dituen autobus batek
02:43
has a right to 80 times more road space
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bidaiari bakarra duen auto batek baino
02:46
than a car with one.
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80 aldiz leku gehiagotarako
eskubidea du errepidean.
eskubidea du errepidean.
02:49
We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,
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Desberdintasunera hainbeste ohitu gara, zenbaitetan
02:53
that it's before our noses and we do not see it.
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gure aurrean egon arren ez dugula ikusten.
02:57
Less than 100 years ago,
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Duela ehun urte baino gutxiago,
02:59
women could not vote,
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emakumezkoek ezin zuten botua eman
03:00
and it seemed normal,
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eta horrek normala zirudien,
03:03
in the same way that it seems normal today
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era berean egun normala iruditzen zaigu
03:06
to see a bus in traffic.
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autobus bat trafikoaren erdian ikustea.
03:09
In fact, when I became mayor,
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Izatez, alkate izan nintzenean,
03:12
applying that democratic principle
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ongizate publikoa interes pribatuaren gainetik
03:15
that public good prevails over private interest,
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dagoela dioen printzipio demokratiko hori aplikatuz,
03:18
that a bus with 100 people
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eta ehun pertsona dituen autobus batek
03:21
has a right to 100 times
more road space than a car,
more road space than a car,
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auto batek baino ehun aldiz
leku gehiagorako eskubidea duela kontuan hartuz,
leku gehiagorako eskubidea duela kontuan hartuz,
03:23
we implemented a mass transit system
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autobusentzat soilik ziren errepide batzuk
zituen sistema bat aplikatu genuen.
zituen sistema bat aplikatu genuen.
03:26
based on buses in exclusive lanes.
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03:29
We called it TransMilenio,
in order to make buses sexier.
in order to make buses sexier.
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TransMilenio deitu genion sexy-agoa bihurtzeko.
03:33
And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,
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Eta sinbolo demokratiko polit bat da,
autobusak abiada bizian pasatzen diren bitartean
03:41
expensive cars stuck in traffic,
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autoak trafikoaren erdian
ez aurrera eta ez atzera geratzen direlako.
ez aurrera eta ez atzera geratzen direlako.
03:45
it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.
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Ia ia funtzionamentuan dagoen
demokrazia baten marrazkia da.
demokrazia baten marrazkia da.
Izatez ez da ekitate kontua soilik.
03:51
In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.
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Ez da doktoratu bat behar.
03:55
It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.
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03:57
A committee of 12-year-old children
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12 urteko haurren komite batek
03:59
would find out in 20 minutes
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20 minutuan asmatuko luke
04:01
that the most efficient way to use scarce road space
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errepideetako lekua erabiltzeko modurik efizienteena
04:05
is with exclusive lanes for buses.
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autobusentzat soilik diren errailak direla.
Errealitatean, autobusak ez dira sexy-ak,
04:08
In fact, buses are not sexy,
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04:12
but they are the only possible means
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baina jende asko leku guztietara
eraman ahal izateko modu bakarra dira
eraman ahal izateko modu bakarra dira
04:15
to bring mass transit to all areas
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azkar handiagotzen ari diren
garapen bidean dauden hirietan.
garapen bidean dauden hirietan.
04:18
of fast growing developing cities.
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Kapazitate handia dute.
04:22
They also have great capacity.
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04:24
For example, this system in Guangzhou
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Adibidez, sistema honek Guangzhou-n
04:27
is moving more passengers our direction
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Txinako metroko linea guztiak
baino bidaiari gehiago mugitzen ditu,
baino bidaiari gehiago mugitzen ditu,
04:30
than all subway lines in China,
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04:32
except for one line in Beijing,
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Pekin-eko bat kenduta,
04:35
at a fraction of the cost.
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kostuaren zati batekin.
04:37
We fought not just for space for buses,
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Gure borroka ez da izan
autobusentzat lekua lortzeko soilik,
autobusentzat lekua lortzeko soilik,
pertsonentzako lekuagatik ere borrokatu gara,
04:41
but we fought for space for people,
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04:44
and that was even more difficult.
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eta hori are zailagoa izan da.
Hiriak giza habitat-a dira,
04:48
Cities are human habitats,
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eta gizakiak oinezkoak gara.
04:50
and we humans are pedestrians.
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04:54
Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly
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Arrainek igeri, eta txoriek hegan edo oreinek korrika
04:57
or deer need to run, we need to walk.
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egin behar duten bezala, guk ibili beharra dugu.
05:00
There is a really enormous conflict,
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Benetan gatazka handi bat dago
05:03
when we are talking about developing country cities,
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garapenerako bidean dauden hirietaz ari garenean,
05:06
between pedestrians and cars.
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oinezkoen eta autoen artean.
05:09
Here, what you see is a picture that shows
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Hemen ikusten duzuen hau, nahikoa ez den
05:12
insufficient democracy.
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demokrazia bat islatzen duen irudi bat da.
05:14
What this shows is that people who walk
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Bertan oinez dabiltzan pertsonak hirugarren mailako
05:17
are third-class citizens
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hiritarrak direla ikusten da,
05:18
while those who go in cars
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autoz doanak lehen mailako
05:20
are first-class citizens.
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hiritarrak diren bitartean.
05:21
In terms of transport infrastructure,
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Garraio azpiegiturako terminoetan,
05:24
what really makes a difference
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hiri aurreratu eta atzeratuen artean
05:25
between advanced and backward cities
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benetako desberdinatsuna sortzen duena
05:28
is not highways or subways
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ez dira autobideak edo metroak,
05:30
but quality sidewalks.
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kalitatezko espaloiak baizik.
05:32
Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,
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Hemen ziurrenik
nahiko alferrikako goi-pasabide bat egin zuten,
nahiko alferrikako goi-pasabide bat egin zuten,
05:35
and they forgot to make a sidewalk.
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eta espaloi bat egitea ahaztu zitzaien.
Hau mundu guztian gailentzen da.
05:39
This is prevailing all over the world.
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05:41
Not even schoolchildren
are more important than cars.
are more important than cars.
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Eskolara doazen haurrek ere
ez dute autoek baino garrantzi handiagorik.
ez dute autoek baino garrantzi handiagorik.
05:45
In my city of Bogotá,
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Nire hirian, Bogotan
05:47
we fought a very difficult battle
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borroka gogorra izan genuen
05:50
in order to take space from cars,
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espaloietan hamarkadak aparkatuta zeramatzaten
05:53
which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,
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autoei lekua kendu eta pertsonentzat eta bizikletentzat
05:56
in order to make space for people that should reflect
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babestutako errailak eta lekuak egiteko.
05:59
dignity of human beings,
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Horrek gizakien duintasuna
islatu beharko luke.
islatu beharko luke.
06:01
and to make space for protected bikeways.
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06:04
First of all, I had black hair before that.
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Lehendabizi, guzti honen aurretik ez neukan ile zuririk.
06:06
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
Eta ia ia prozesuan nire izena belztu zuten.
06:08
And I was almost impeached in the process.
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06:12
It is a very difficult battle.
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Oso borroka zaila da.
06:14
However, it was possible, finally,
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Baina, azkenean posible izan da,
06:17
after very difficult battles, to make a city
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oso borroka latzen ostean, gizakion duintasunagatik
06:20
that would reflect some respect for human dignity,
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errespetua islatzen zuen, eta oinez dabiltzanak
06:23
that would show that those who walk are equally
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autoa dutenak bezain garrantzitsuak direla
erakusten duen hiri bat sortzea.
erakusten duen hiri bat sortzea.
06:25
important to those who have cars.
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06:27
Indeed, a very important ideological
and political issue anywhere
and political issue anywhere
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Izatez, guzti honetan
bada gai ideologiko eta politiko garrantzitsu bat,
bada gai ideologiko eta politiko garrantzitsu bat,
06:31
is how to distribute that most valuable resource
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hiri bateko errekurtso garrantzitsuena,
06:34
of a city, which is road space.
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errepideetako lekua banatzea bezala baita.
06:37
A city could find oil or diamonds underground
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Hiri batek lurrazpian
petrolioa edo diamanteak aurki ditzake
petrolioa edo diamanteak aurki ditzake
06:39
and it would not be so valuable as road space.
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eta hala ere ez da
errepideetako lekua bezain garrantzitsua.
errepideetako lekua bezain garrantzitsua.
06:41
How to distribute it between pedestrians,
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Nola banatu oinezko, bizikleta, garraio publiko
06:45
bicycles, public transport and cars?
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eta autoen artean?
06:48
This is not a technological issue,
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Ez da teknologiari lotutako kontu bat,
06:51
and we should remember that in no constitution
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eta banaketa hori egitean, kontuan izan behar dugu
06:54
parking is a constitutional right
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inolako konstituzioetan ez dela agertzen
06:56
when we make that distribution.
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aparkatzeko eskubide konstituzionalik.
06:59
We also built, and this was 15 years ago,
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Duela 15 urte, New York, Paris edo Londres-eko
07:02
before there were bikeways in New York
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bizikletentzako erreilen aurretik
07:04
or in Paris or in London,
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borroka gogor baten ostean
07:06
it was a very difficult battle as well,
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350 km baino gehiagoko
07:08
more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.
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bizikleta erreilak ere sortu genituen.
Ez dut uste bizikletentzako erreilak
07:13
I don't think protected bicycle ways
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07:15
are a cute architectural feature.
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elementu arkitektoniko ederrak direnik.
07:18
They are a right, just as sidewalks are,
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Eskubide bat dira, espaloiak bezala,
07:21
unless we believe that only those
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ez badugu uste behintzat,
07:23
with access to a motor vehicle
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motordun ibilgailu bat dutenek soilik dutela
07:25
have a right to safe mobility,
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hiltzeko arriskurik gabeko
07:27
without the risk of getting killed.
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mugikortasun seguru bat izateko eskubidea.
07:29
And just as busways are,
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Eta autobusen erreilen antzera
bizikleten erreilak ere
07:33
protected bikeways also are
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07:35
a powerful symbol of democracy,
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sinbolo demokratiko boteretsu bat dira,
07:37
because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle
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30$ balio duen bizikleta bat duen hiritarra
07:41
is equally important
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30000$ balio duen autoa duen
hitarra bezain garrantzitsua dela adierazten duelako.
07:43
to one in a $30,000 car.
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Eta historian une berezia bizi dugu.
07:47
And we are living in a unique moment in history.
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07:51
In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities
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Datorren 50 urteetan 2060. urtean
07:55
which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.
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egongo diren hirien erdiak eraikiko dira.
08:00
In many developing country cities,
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Garapenerako bidean dauden hainbat herrialdeetan,
08:02
more than 80 and 90 percent
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2060an izango diren hirien
08:04
of the city which will exist in 2060
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%80 eta %90 baino gehiago
datozen 4 edo 5 hamarkadetan sortuko dira.
08:09
will be built over the next four or five decades.
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08:11
But this is not just a matter
for developing country cities.
for developing country cities.
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Baina hau ez doa
garapen bidean dauden herrialdeekin bakarrik.
garapen bidean dauden herrialdeekin bakarrik.
08:14
In the United States, for example,
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Estatu Batuetan esaterako,
08:16
more than 70 million new homes
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70 milioi etxebizitza berri baino gehiago sortuko dira
08:19
must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.
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datozen 40 edo 50 urteetan.
08:22
That's more than all the homes that today exist
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Hauek egun
Britainia Handian, Frantzian eta Kanadan dauden
Britainia Handian, Frantzian eta Kanadan dauden
08:25
in Britain, France and Canada put together.
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etxebizitza guztiak baino gehiago dira.
Uste dut gure hiriek egun
08:29
And I believe that our cities today
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08:33
have severe flaws,
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akats larriak dituztela,
08:35
and that different, better ones could be built.
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eta ezberdinak eta hobeak
liratekeen batzuk sor daitezkeela.
liratekeen batzuk sor daitezkeela.
08:38
What is wrong with our cities today?
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Zein dira ba egungo hiriek dituzten akatsak?
08:41
Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child
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Beno, esaterako,
mintzatzen ikasten ari den 3 urteko haur bati
mintzatzen ikasten ari den 3 urteko haur bati
08:45
who is barely learning to speak
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08:47
in any city in the world today,
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munduko edozein hiritan,
08:48
"Watch out, a car,"
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"kontuz! auto bat!" esaten badiogu,
08:50
the child will jump in fright,
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haurrak beldurtuta erantzungo du
08:52
and with a very good reason, because there are
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eta arrazoia izango du, urtero munduan
08:54
more than 10,000 children who are killed
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10 mila haur baino gehiago hiltzen baitira
08:57
by cars every year in the world.
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auto batek harrapatuta.
09:00
We have had cities for 8,000 years,
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Hiriak izan ditugu 8 mila urtetan zehar
09:03
and children could walk out of home and play.
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eta haurrak etxetik irten eta jolastu zezaketen.
09:07
In fact, only very recently,
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Izatez orain gutxi arte,
09:09
towards 1900, there were no cars.
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1900 urte ingururarte, ez zegoen autorik.
09:11
Cars have been here for really
less than 100 years.
less than 100 years.
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Berez autoek gurekin 100 urte baino gutxiago daramate.
09:15
They completely changed cities.
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Eta hiriak erabat eraldatu dituzte.
09:18
In 1900, for example,
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1900. urtean esaterako,
09:20
nobody was killed by cars in the United States.
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ez zen inor hil auto batek harrapatuta Estatu Batuetan,
20 urte geroago,
09:24
Only 20 years later,
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09:26
between 1920 and 1930,
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1920 eta 1930 urte artean,
ia 200 mila pertsona izan ziren
09:29
almost 200,000 people
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09:32
were killed by cars in the United States.
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auto batek harrapatu eta hil zirenak Estatu Batuetan.
09:34
Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children
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1935. urtean soilik, ia 7000 haur
09:38
were killed by cars in the United States.
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hil ziren auto batek harrapatuta Estatu Batuetan.
Beraz hiri ezberdinak eraiki genitzake,
09:42
So we could make different cities,
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09:46
cities that will give more priority to human beings
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gizakiei autoei baino lehentasun
09:49
than to cars, that will give more public space
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gehiago emango lioketen hiriak. Gizakiei autoei baino
09:51
to human beings than to cars,
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esparru publiko gehiago emango lioketen hiriak,
09:53
cities which show great respect
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ahulenak diren hiritarrei, haurrei eta zaharrei adibidez,
09:56
for those most vulnerable citizens,
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errespetu handi bat erakutsiko lioketen
09:58
such as children or the elderly.
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hiriak.
10:00
I will propose to you a couple of ingredients
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Hiriak askoz hobeak egingo lituzketen,
10:04
which I think would make cities much better,
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eta eraikitzen ari diren hirietan
10:07
and it would be very simple to implement them
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aplikatzeko oso errazak diren
10:10
in the new cities which are only being created.
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osagai pare bat proposatuko dizkizuet.
10:13
Hundreds of kilometers of greenways
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Hiriak norabide guztietan zeharkatuko lituzketen
10:16
criss-crossing cities in all directions.
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ehundaka kilometro gune berde.
Haurrak etxetik gune seguruetara irtengo lirateke.
10:19
Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.
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10:22
They could go for dozens of kilometers safely
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Oinez dozenaka kilometrotan
modu seguruan ibili ahalko lukete,
modu seguruan ibili ahalko lukete,
10:25
without any risk in wonderful greenways,
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arriskurik gabe, gune berde ederretatik,
10:28
sort of bicycle highways,
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bizikletentzako autobideak balira bezala,
10:30
and I would invite you to imagine the following:
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eta hau imaginatzera gonbidatzen zaituztet:
10:33
a city in which every other street would be
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autoentzako bi errepideren artean,
10:36
a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.
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bat oinezko eta bizikletentzat bakarrik legokeen hiri bat.
Eraikitzeko dauden hiri berrietan hori ez litzateke
10:41
In new cities which are going to be built,
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10:44
this would not be particularly difficult.
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bereziki zaila.
10:46
When I was mayor of Bogotá,
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Bogotako alkate izan nintzenean,
3 urtetan soilik bizikletentzako horrelako autobideko
10:50
in only three years, we were able to create
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10:52
70 kilometers,
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70 km
sortu ahal izan genituen,
10:54
in one of the most dense cities in the world,
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10:57
of these bicycle highways.
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munduko hiririk populatuenetako batean.
10:59
And this changes the way people live,
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Eta honek jendeak duen bizitzeko modua,
11:03
move, enjoy the city.
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mugitzeko modua eta
hiriaz gozatzeko modua aldatzen du.
hiriaz gozatzeko modua aldatzen du.
Irudi honetan ikus dezakezue
auzo txiroenetariko batean
auzo txiroenetariko batean
11:05
In this picture, you see in one
of the very poor neighborhoods,
of the very poor neighborhoods,
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11:08
we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,
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oinezkoentzan dugun luxuzko erraila,
bizikletentzako dugun erraila, eta
bizikletentzako dugun erraila, eta
11:11
and the cars still in the mud.
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autoak oraindik lokatzetatik nola doazen.
11:13
Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.
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Argi dago auto hauentzat
erraila asfaltatu nahiko nukeela,
erraila asfaltatu nahiko nukeela,
11:16
But what do we do first?
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baina zer egingo dugu lehenago?
11:18
Ninety-nine percent of the people
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
in those neighborhoods don't have cars.
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Auzo hauetan jendearen %99ak ez dauka autorik.
11:21
But you see, when a city is only being created,
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Baina ikus dezakezue hiri bat sortzen hastean
11:23
it's very easy to incorporate
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oso erraza dela
11:25
this kind of infrastructure.
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modu honetako azpiegitura txertatzea.
11:28
Then the city grows around it.
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Hiria bere inguruan hazten da.
11:30
And of course this is just a glimpse
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Eta noski, hau
askoz hobea izan zitekeenaren
zantzu bat besterik ez da,
zantzu bat besterik ez da,
11:33
of something which could be much better
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11:36
if we just create it,
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11:38
and it changes the way of life.
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eta bizitzeko modua aldatzen du.
Mugikortasuna konponduko lukeen bigarren osagaia,
11:40
And the second ingredient,
which would solve mobility,
which would solve mobility,
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11:44
that very difficult challenge in developing countries,
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garapenerako bidean dauden
herrialdeetan dagoen erronka zail hori,
herrialdeetan dagoen erronka zail hori,
11:47
in a very low-cost and simple way,
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modu sinple eta merkean konponduko lukeena,
11:50
would be to have hundreds of kilometers
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ehundaka kilometro luzeko
autobusentzako errailak lirateke;
autobusentzako errailak lirateke;
11:54
of streets only for buses,
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autobusak, bizikletak eta oinezkoak.
11:56
buses and bicycles and pedestrians.
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11:59
This would be, again, a very low-cost solution
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Berriz diot, konponbide merkea litzateke
12:03
if implemented from the start,
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hasiera batetik aplikatuko bagenu.
12:05
low cost, pleasant transit
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Kostu baxuko garraio eroso bat,
12:07
with natural sunlight.
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eta argi naturalduna.
Baina zoritxarrez, errealitatea ez da
nire ametsetan bezain ona.
nire ametsetan bezain ona.
12:11
But unfortunately, reality is not as good
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12:16
as my dreams.
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Lurraren pribatutasunagatik
12:17
Because of private property of land
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eta prezio altuagatik,
12:21
and high land prices,
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garapen bidean dauden herrailde guztiek
arazo handi bat dute auzo txiroetan.
arazo handi bat dute auzo txiroetan.
12:24
all developing country cities
have a large problem of slums.
have a large problem of slums.
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12:27
In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes
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Nire herrialdean, Kolonbian, ia hirian dauden
12:30
in cities initially were illegal developments.
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etxebizitzen erdiak
legez kanpoko asentatzeak ziren hasieran.
legez kanpoko asentatzeak ziren hasieran.
Eta noski oso zaila da leku horietan garraio publikoa
12:35
And of course it's very difficult to have
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12:38
mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments.
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izatea edo bizikletak erabiltzea.
Baina legez kanpoko asentatzeak ere
12:42
But even legal developments
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12:44
have also been located in the wrong places,
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toki okerretan ipini dira,
12:47
very far from the city centers
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hiriguneetatik urrun,
12:50
where it's impossible to provide
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frekuentzia altuko eta koste baxuko
12:52
low-cost, high-frequency public transport.
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garraio publikoa ipintzea posible ez den lekuan.
Latinoamerikar bezala, eta latinoamerika da
12:56
As a Latin American, and Latin America
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12:59
was the most recently organized region in the world,
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berrikien estruturatu den munduko lurraldea,
errespetu guztiz eta pasio handiz
zera gomendatuko nieke
zera gomendatuko nieke
13:02
I would recommend, respectfully, passionately,
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oraindik urbanizatzeko dauden herrialdeei,
13:07
to those countries which are yet to urbanize --
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-Latinoamerika 1950an %40ko hiri-populazio batetik
13:11
Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950
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2010ean %80ra pasa zen-
13:16
to 80 percent urban in 2010 --
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Asiako eta Afrikako
oraindik urbanizatzeko dauden herrialdeei
oraindik urbanizatzeko dauden herrialdeei
13:22
I would recommend Asian and African countries
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13:26
which are yet to urbanize,
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13:27
such as India which is only 33 percent urban now,
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India bezalakoei,
%33ko hiri populazioa duelarik,
%33ko hiri populazioa duelarik,
gobernuek hirien inguruko lurraldea eskura dezatela.
13:32
that governments should acquire
all land around cities.
all land around cities.
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13:35
In this way, their cities could grow in the right places
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Modu honetan, hiriak leku egokietan haziko lirateke,
13:37
with the right spaces, with the parks,
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leku egokiekin, parkeekin,
13:39
with the greenways, with the busways.
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gune berdeekin, autobusentzako erreilekin.
Datozen 50 urteetan
13:42
The cities we are going to build
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13:44
over the next 50 years
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eraikiko ditugun herrialdeak
13:46
will determine quality of life and even happiness
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etorkizuneko milaka milioika pertsonen
13:48
for billions of people towards the future.
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bizi kalitatea eta zoriontasuna erabakiko dute.
13:50
What a fantastic opportunity for leaders
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Hau bai aukera ederra
oraingo eta etorkizuneko
13:54
and many young leaders to come,
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13:56
especially in the developing countries.
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agintarientzat.
13:58
They can create a much happier life
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Bizitza askoz zoriontsuago bat
14:00
for billions towards the future.
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sortu dezakete milaka milioika pertsonentzako.
14:01
I am sure, I am optimistic,
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Ziur nago, eta honetan optimista naiz,
14:03
that they will make cities better
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geure amets onenetako hiriak baino
14:05
than our most ambitious dreams.
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hobeak sortuko dituztela.
(Txaloak)
14:08
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Enrique Peñalosa - Colombian politician, urban activistEnrique Peñalosa is the mayor of Bogotá, Colombia. He advocates for sustainability and mobility in the cities of the future.
Why you should listen
Enrique Peñalosa sees urban transportation not as a matter of convenience and economics but as a matter of justice, of equality for every resident. In his own city of Bogotá, Colombia, where he served as mayor from 1998 to 2001 before being elected again in 2015, he proudly says that more than 350 km of protected bicycle ways have been created.
Peñalosa has worked as a consultant on urban strategy, advising officials in cities all over the world on how to build a sustainable cities that can not only survive but thrive in the future. He was president of the board of directors of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, an organization promoting sustainable and equitable transportation worldwide.
Enrique Peñalosa | Speaker | TED.com