ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pratik Shah - Medical technologist
Dr. Pratik Shah creates novel intersections between engineering, medical imaging, machine learning and medicine.

Why you should listen

Dr. Shah's research program at the MIT Media Lab develops scalable and low-cost diagnostics and therapeutics. His ongoing research areas at MIT include: 1) artificial intelligence and machine learning methods for detection of cancer biomarkers using standard photographs vs. expensive medical images; 2) unorthodox artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to design optimal and faster clinical trials and to reduce adverse effects on patients; and 3) low-cost and open source imaging devices, paper diagnostics, algorithms and mobile phones to improve public health and generate real-world data.

Clinical studies with Pratik's medical technologies have revealed "missing sick" patients, who otherwise remain undiagnosed in conventional healthcare settings. Dr. Shah's graduate and postdoctoral research contributed to the discovery of a vaccine component to prevent pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) diseases; the identification of new pathways, technologies and metabolites as antimicrobials to target gastrointestinal infections; and a nonprofit to deploy a low-cost water quality test for the developing world.

Past recognition for Dr. Shah includes the American Society for Microbiology's Raymond W. Sarber national award, the Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospitals ECOR Fund for Medical Discovery postdoctoral fellowship, the AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassador Award and a TED Fellowship. Pratik has been an invited discussion leader at Gordon Research Seminars; a speaker at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Gordon Research Conferences and IEEE bioengineering conferences; and a peer reviewer for leading scientific publications and funding agencies. Pratik has a BS, MS, and a PhD in Microbiology and completed fellowship training at The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

More profile about the speaker
Pratik Shah | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2017

Pratik Shah: How AI is making it easier to diagnose disease

Filmed:
1,571,835 views

Today's AI algorithms require tens of thousands of expensive medical images to detect a patient's disease. What if we could drastically reduce the amount of data needed to train an AI, making diagnoses low-cost and more effective? TED Fellow Pratik Shah is working on a clever system to do just that. Using an unorthodox AI approach, Shah has developed a technology that requires as few as 50 images to develop a working algorithm -- and can even use photos taken on doctors' cell phones to provide a diagnosis. Learn more about how this new way to analyze medical information could lead to earlier detection of life-threatening illnesses and bring AI-assisted diagnosis to more health care settings worldwide.
- Medical technologist
Dr. Pratik Shah creates novel intersections between engineering, medical imaging, machine learning and medicine. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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Computer algorithms today
are performing incredible tasks
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with high accuracies, at a massive scale,
using human-like intelligence.
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And this intelligence of computers
is often referred to as AI
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or artificial intelligence.
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AI is poised to make an incredible impact
on our lives in the future.
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Today, however,
we still face massive challenges
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in detecting and diagnosing
several life-threatening illnesses,
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such as infectious diseases and cancer.
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Thousands of patients every year
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lose their lives
due to liver and oral cancer.
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Our best way to help these patients
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is to perform early detection
and diagnoses of these diseases.
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So how do we detect these diseases today,
and can artificial intelligence help?
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In patients who, unfortunately,
are suspected of these diseases,
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an expert physician first orders
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01:10
very expensive
medical imaging technologies
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such as fluorescent imaging,
CTs, MRIs, to be performed.
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Once those images are collected,
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01:19
another expert physician then diagnoses
those images and talks to the patient.
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As you can see, this is
a very resource-intensive process,
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01:28
requiring both expert physicians,
expensive medical imaging technologies,
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and is not considered practical
for the developing world.
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01:35
And in fact, in many
industrialized nations, as well.
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So, can we solve this problem
using artificial intelligence?
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Today, if I were to use traditional
artificial intelligence architectures
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to solve this problem,
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I would require 10,000 --
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01:50
I repeat, on an order of 10,000
of these very expensive medical images
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first to be generated.
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After that, I would then go
to an expert physician,
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who would then analyze
those images for me.
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02:01
And using those two pieces of information,
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I can train a standard deep neural network
or a deep learning network
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to provide patient's diagnosis.
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Similar to the first approach,
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traditional artificial
intelligence approaches
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suffer from the same problem.
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Large amounts of data, expert physicians
and expert medical imaging technologies.
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So, can we invent more scalable, effective
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02:24
and more valuable artificial
intelligence architectures
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to solve these very important
problems facing us today?
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And this is exactly
what my group at MIT Media Lab does.
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We have invented a variety
of unorthodox AI architectures
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to solve some of the most important
challenges facing us today
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02:41
in medical imaging and clinical trials.
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02:44
In the example I shared
with you today, we had two goals.
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02:47
Our first goal was to reduce
the number of images
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required to train
artificial intelligence algorithms.
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Our second goal -- we were more ambitious,
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we wanted to reduce the use
of expensive medical imaging technologies
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to screen patients.
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03:00
So how did we do it?
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For our first goal,
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instead of starting
with tens and thousands
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of these very expensive medical images,
like traditional AI,
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we started with a single medical image.
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03:11
From this image, my team and I
figured out a very clever way
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to extract billions
of information packets.
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03:17
These information packets
included colors, pixels, geometry
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03:21
and rendering of the disease
on the medical image.
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03:24
In a sense, we converted one image
into billions of training data points,
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03:28
massively reducing the amount of data
needed for training.
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03:32
For our second goal,
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03:33
to reduce the use of expensive medical
imaging technologies to screen patients,
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03:37
we started with a standard,
white light photograph,
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03:40
acquired either from a DSLR camera
or a mobile phone, for the patient.
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03:44
Then remember those
billions of information packets?
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We overlaid those from
the medical image onto this image,
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creating something
that we call a composite image.
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Much to our surprise,
we only required 50 --
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I repeat, only 50 --
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of these composite images to train
our algorithms to high efficiencies.
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04:02
To summarize our approach,
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instead of using 10,000
very expensive medical images,
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we can now train the AI algorithms
in an unorthodox way,
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using only 50 of these high-resolution,
but standard photographs,
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acquired from DSLR cameras
and mobile phones,
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04:17
and provide diagnosis.
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More importantly,
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our algorithms can accept,
in the future and even right now,
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some very simple, white light
photographs from the patient,
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instead of expensive
medical imaging technologies.
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04:29
I believe that we are poised
to enter an era
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04:32
where artificial intelligence
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04:34
is going to make an incredible
impact on our future.
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And I think that thinking
about traditional AI,
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which is data-rich but application-poor,
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we should also continue thinking
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about unorthodox artificial
intelligence architectures,
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which can accept small amounts of data
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04:48
and solve some of the most important
problems facing us today,
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especially in health care.
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04:52
Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pratik Shah - Medical technologist
Dr. Pratik Shah creates novel intersections between engineering, medical imaging, machine learning and medicine.

Why you should listen

Dr. Shah's research program at the MIT Media Lab develops scalable and low-cost diagnostics and therapeutics. His ongoing research areas at MIT include: 1) artificial intelligence and machine learning methods for detection of cancer biomarkers using standard photographs vs. expensive medical images; 2) unorthodox artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to design optimal and faster clinical trials and to reduce adverse effects on patients; and 3) low-cost and open source imaging devices, paper diagnostics, algorithms and mobile phones to improve public health and generate real-world data.

Clinical studies with Pratik's medical technologies have revealed "missing sick" patients, who otherwise remain undiagnosed in conventional healthcare settings. Dr. Shah's graduate and postdoctoral research contributed to the discovery of a vaccine component to prevent pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) diseases; the identification of new pathways, technologies and metabolites as antimicrobials to target gastrointestinal infections; and a nonprofit to deploy a low-cost water quality test for the developing world.

Past recognition for Dr. Shah includes the American Society for Microbiology's Raymond W. Sarber national award, the Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospitals ECOR Fund for Medical Discovery postdoctoral fellowship, the AAAS-Lemelson Invention Ambassador Award and a TED Fellowship. Pratik has been an invited discussion leader at Gordon Research Seminars; a speaker at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Gordon Research Conferences and IEEE bioengineering conferences; and a peer reviewer for leading scientific publications and funding agencies. Pratik has a BS, MS, and a PhD in Microbiology and completed fellowship training at The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.

More profile about the speaker
Pratik Shah | Speaker | TED.com

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