TED-Ed
David Gallo: Deep ocean mysteries and wonders
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In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean -- from the deepest trenches to the remains of Titanic -- marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Tuve una época muy difícil en la escuela por mi trastorno por déficit de atención (TDA)
00:14
You know, I had a real rough time
in school with ADD,
in school with ADD,
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y tengo un doctorado.
00:17
and I have a PhD.
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Obtuve el doctorado, pero para mí es difícil prestar atención a
00:18
I earned a PhD, but ...
tough to pay attention --
tough to pay attention --
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00:21
biology, geology, physics,
chemistry -- really tough for me.
chemistry -- really tough for me.
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biología, geología, física, química... realmente muy difícil.
Solo una cosa atraía mi atención.
00:24
Only one thing grabbed my attention,
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Y es ese planeta llamado Tierra,
00:26
and it's that planet called Earth.
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00:30
But in this picture here,
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
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pero en esta foto a la derecha verán
que la Tierra se compone principalmente de agua. Esto es el Pacífico.
00:33
That's the Pacific.
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El 70% de la Tierra está cubierta de agua y se podría decir,
00:34
Seventy percent of Earth
is covered with water.
is covered with water.
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00:36
You can say, "Hey,
I know Earth. I live here."
I know Earth. I live here."
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"Conozco el planeta Tierra. Vivo aquí".
00:38
You don't know Earth.
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No conocemos la Tierra.
00:40
You don't know this planet,
because most of it's covered with that --
because most of it's covered with that --
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No conocemos este planeta porque la mayor parte está cubierto con eso
con una profundidad media de más de 3 km.
00:43
average depth, two miles.
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00:44
And when you go outside
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Y cuando observamos
00:45
and look up at the Empire State
Building, Chrysler Building,
Building, Chrysler Building,
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el Edificio Empire State y el Edificio Chrysler,
la profundidad media del océano es de 15 de ellos
00:48
the average depth of the ocean
is 15 of those on top of one another.
is 15 of those on top of one another.
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uno encima de otro.
00:52
We've explored about five percent
of what's in that water.
of what's in that water.
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Hemos explorado alrededor del 5% de lo que existe en el agua.
00:55
"Explored," meaning, for the first time,
go peek and see what's there.
go peek and see what's there.
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"Explorado", significado por primera vez ir a dar un vistazo y ver lo que hay.
Por eso, lo que quiero hacer hoy es mostrarles
00:59
So what I want to do today
is show you some things
is show you some things
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algunas cosas sobre este planeta, sobre los océanos.
01:01
about this planet, about the oceans.
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01:03
I want to take you from shallow water
down to the deep water,
down to the deep water,
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Quiero llevarles de las aguas poco profundas hasta las aguas profundas,
y ojalá que, como yo, vean algunas cosas
01:06
and hopefully, like me,
you'll see some things
you'll see some things
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que les atraigan a explorar el planeta Tierra.
01:09
that get you hooked
on exploring planet Earth.
on exploring planet Earth.
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Conocen, por ejemplo, los corales; han visto un montón de corales,
01:12
You know things like corals;
you've seen plenty of corals,
you've seen plenty of corals,
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aquellos que han ido a la playa, y han buceado en la superficie,
01:15
those of you who've been
to the beach, snorkeling,
to the beach, snorkeling,
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saben que los corales son lugares asombrosos
01:17
know corals are an amazing place
to go -- full of life,
to go -- full of life,
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lleno de vida —grandes animales, pequeños animales, algo magnífico,
01:20
some big animals, small animals,
some nice, some dangerous,
some nice, some dangerous,
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algunos peligrosos, tiburones, ballenas...
01:23
sharks, whales, all that stuff.
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01:25
They need to be protected from humanity.
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Necesitan ser protegidos de la humanidad.
Son buenos lugares, pero lo que probablemente no saben
01:27
They're great places.
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01:28
But what you probably don't know
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
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es que en las profundidades del océano, la parte más profunda del océano,
hay erupciones volcánicas.
01:32
we have volcanic eruptions.
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01:33
Most volcanoes on Earth
are at the bottom of the sea --
are at the bottom of the sea --
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La mayoría de volcanes de la Tierra están en el fondo del mar,
más del 80%, y realmente hay fuego,
01:36
more than 80 percent.
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01:37
And we actually have fire,
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fuego en el interior del océano que ocurre en este instante.
01:39
fire deep inside the ocean,
going on right now.
going on right now.
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01:41
All over the world -- in the Pacific,
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
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En el mundo, en el Pacífico, el Atlántico, el Océano Índico,
en este lugar, en el suelo del océano, las rocas realmente se funden.
01:45
In this place, the ocean floor,
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
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Así que realmente hay agitaciones en el fondo oceánico.
01:48
So you actually have waves
on the ocean floor.
on the ocean floor.
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Uno diría que nada podría vivir allí, pero cuando se observa en detalle,
01:50
You'd say nothing could live there,
but when we look in detail,
but when we look in detail,
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incluso allí, incluso en los lugares más profundos, más oscuros, encontramos vida,
01:53
even there, in the deepest,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
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que nos dice que la vida realmente quiere suceder.
01:56
which tells us that life
really wants to happen.
really wants to happen.
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Cosas así, bastante sorprendentes.
01:58
So, pretty amazing stuff.
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02:00
Every time we go to the bottom of the sea,
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Cada vez que vamos al fondo del mar,
02:02
we explore with our submarines,
with our robots,
with our robots,
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y que exploramos con nuestros submarinos, con nuestros robots,
vemos algo que sorprende por lo general,
02:05
we see something
that's usually surprising,
that's usually surprising,
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02:07
sometimes it's startling
and sometimes revolutionary.
and sometimes revolutionary.
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a veces es sorprendente y a veces revolucionario.
02:09
You see that puddle
of water sitting there.
of water sitting there.
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Ven ese charco de agua allí.
Y en todo el entorno del agua hay un pequeño acantilado,
02:12
And all around the water
there's a little cliff,
there's a little cliff,
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hay una pequeña playa de arena blanca.
02:14
there's a little white sandy beach.
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Vamos a acercarnos a ella. Verán la playa un poco mejor,
02:16
We'll get closer, you'll see
the beach a little bit better,
the beach a little bit better,
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algunas de las olas en ese agua, allí abajo.
02:19
some of the waves
in that water, down there.
in that water, down there.
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Lo que tiene de especial este agua es
02:21
The thing that's special about this water
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que está en el fondo del Golfo de México.
02:23
is that it's at the bottom
of the Gulf of Mexico.
of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Así que nos encontramos dentro del submarino mirando por la ventana
02:25
So you're sitting inside a submarine,
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02:27
looking out the window
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
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en un pequeño estanque de agua bajo el mar.
02:31
We see ponds, we see
lakes, we see rivers --
lakes, we see rivers --
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Vemos estanques, vemos lagos, vemos ríos...
02:35
in fact, right here is a river
at the bottom of the ocean
at the bottom of the ocean
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de hecho justo aquí hay un río en el fondo del océano
va desde la parte inferior izquierda a la esquina superior derecha.
02:37
going from the lower
left to the upper right.
left to the upper right.
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Agua que fluye por allí.
02:39
Water is actually flowing through there.
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02:41
This totally blew our minds.
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Esto nos deja totalmente boquiabiertos: ¿Cómo puede existir esto abajo?
02:43
How can you have this at the bottom?
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Estamos en el océano viendo más agua.
02:45
You're in the ocean looking at more water.
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02:47
And there's animals
that only live in that water.
that only live in that water.
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Y hay animales que solo viven en el agua.
Así, el fondo del océano.
02:50
So, the bottom of the ocean --
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02:52
I love this map, because it shows
in the middle of the ocean,
in the middle of the ocean,
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Me encanta este mapa porque muestra que en medio del océano hay una cordillera.
02:55
there's a mountain range.
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Esta cordillera es la más grande de la Tierra.
02:56
It's the greatest mountain range
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
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Se llama la Dorsal Oceánica.
Más de 80 000 km de largo y apenas le hemos echado un vistazo.
02:59
50,000 miles long,
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
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03:03
Hardly had a peek at it.
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Apenas un solo vistazo.
Encontramos valles, miles de valles
03:04
We find valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
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03:07
larger, wider, deeper
than the Grand Canyon.
than the Grand Canyon.
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más grandes, más amplios, más profundos que el Gran Cañón.
03:10
We find, as I said, underwater
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
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Encontramos, como he dicho, lagos submarinos, ríos, cascadas.
La cascada más grande del planeta
03:13
The largest waterfall on the planet
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está en verdad dentro del océano cerca de Islandia.
03:14
is actually under the ocean,
up near Iceland.
up near Iceland.
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Todo esto supone solo ese 5% de lo que hemos explorado.
03:17
All that stuff is in that five percent
that we've explored.
that we've explored.
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La cuestión sobre el océano es que
03:21
So the deal about the ocean
is that to explore it,
is that to explore it,
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para explorarlo se necesita tecnología.
03:23
you've got to have technology.
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03:25
Not only technology,
but it's not just Dave Gallo
but it's not just Dave Gallo
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No sólo la tecnología, y no sólo a David Gallo
03:28
or one person exploring,
it's a team of people.
it's a team of people.
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o a una persona explorando. Se necesita a un equipo de personas.
Se debe tener el talento y el equipo.
03:30
You've got to have the talent, the team.
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Debes tener la tecnología y en este caso es nuestra nave Atlantis
03:32
You've got to have the technology.
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03:34
In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis,
and the submarine, Alvin.
and the submarine, Alvin.
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y el submarino Alvin.
03:37
Inside that submarine --
this is an Alvin launch --
this is an Alvin launch --
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Ahora, dentro de ese submarino -se trata de una incursión del Alvin-
hay tres personas. Se está sacando a cubierta.
03:39
there's three people.
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03:41
They're being wheeled out onto deck.
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Hay 47 personas más. El equipo trabaja en ese barco
03:42
There's 47 other people,
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03:44
the teamwork on that ship,
making sure that these people are okay.
making sure that these people are okay.
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asegurándose de que estas personas están bien.
Todo el mundo en ese submarino piensa en una cosa ahora mismo:
03:47
Everybody in that submarine
is thinking one thing right now:
is thinking one thing right now:
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¿Debería ir al baño una vez más?
03:50
Should I have gone
to the bathroom one more time?
to the bathroom one more time?
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Porque se está allí durante diez horas
03:53
Because you're in there for 10 hours --
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—diez horas en esa esfera pequeña.
03:55
10 hours in that little sphere.
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Tres personas juntas y nadie más estará allí.
03:57
Three of you together
and nobody is going to be around you.
and nobody is going to be around you.
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04:00
You go into the water
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
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Nos sumergimos en el agua y una vez que llegamos al agua es increíble.
04:03
There's a lovely color blue
that penetrates right inside you.
that penetrates right inside you.
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Hay un hermoso color azul que nos penetra directamente.
Ya no se escucha el buque de la superficie
04:06
You don't hear the surface ship anymore,
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se escucha el tintineo de un sónar.
04:08
you hear that pinging of a sonar.
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04:09
If you've got an iPhone
you've got sonar on there --
you've got sonar on there --
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Si tienes un iPhone tienes un sónar ahí—
es ese mismo tintineo que desciende a la parte inferior y vuelve hacia arriba.
04:12
it's that same pinging that goes
down to the bottom and comes back up.
down to the bottom and comes back up.
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Los buzos revisan el submarino para asegurarse de que el exterior está bien,
04:15
Divers check out the sub to make
sure the outside is okay,
sure the outside is okay,
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y luego dicen "Adelante",
04:18
and then they say "Go,"
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y vamos al fondo del océano y es un viaje maravilloso.
04:20
and down you go to the bottom
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
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Así durante dos horas nos sumergimos hasta el fondo.
04:23
So for two and a half hours,
you sink down to the bottom.
you sink down to the bottom.
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Y después de dos horas está totalmente negro como el carbón.
04:26
And two hours of it
is totally pitch black.
is totally pitch black.
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04:29
We thought that nothing
could live inside that world
could live inside that world
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Y ahora creemos que nada podría existir dentro de ese mundo
en el fondo del océano.
04:31
at the bottom of the ocean.
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Y cuando miramos, encontramos algunas cosas sorprendentes.
04:32
And when we look,
we find some amazing things.
we find some amazing things.
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Todo el camino de descenso —lo llamamos "media agua" desde arriba
04:35
All the way down --
we call it the mid-water --
we call it the mid-water --
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04:37
from the top of the ocean
down to the bottom, we find life.
down to the bottom, we find life.
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del océano hasta el fondo—, nos encontramos con vida.
Cada vez que nos detenemos a mirar encontramos vida.
04:40
Whenever we stop and look, we find life.
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Les mostraré algunas medusas porque
04:42
I'm going to show you some jellies.
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son algunas de las criaturas más increíbles de la Tierra.
04:44
They're absolutely some
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
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Miren eso que simplemente agita sus tentáculos.
04:46
Look at that thing,
just flailing his arms around.
just flailing his arms around.
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Es como una pequeña langosta.
04:49
That's like a little lobster.
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Este es como todos estos animales con las bocas juntas enganchadas.
04:50
That one is like all these animals
with their mouths hooked together,
with their mouths hooked together,
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Son animales gregarios.
04:54
the colonial animals.
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Algunos animales son muy pequeños, algunos más grandes que este escenario.
04:55
Some animals are tiny,
some can be longer than this stage.
some can be longer than this stage.
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Animales asombrosos que no se pueden pescar con una red.
04:58
Just amazing animals.
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04:59
And you can't collect them with a net --
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Tenemos que ir allí con nuestras cámaras y mirarlos.
05:01
we have to go with our cameras
and take a look at them.
and take a look at them.
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Así que cada vez vamos, vemos nuevas formas de vida.
05:03
So every time we go, new species of life.
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05:06
The ocean is full of life.
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El océano está lleno de vida.
Y, sin embargo, su parte más profunda,
05:08
And yet the deepest part of the ocean --
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cuando vamos a esa cordillera, nos encontramos con aguas termales.
05:10
when we go to that mountain range,
we find hot springs.
we find hot springs.
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Ahora estamos seguros, porque se trata de aguas venenosas,
05:13
Now we were sure --
because this is poisonous water,
because this is poisonous water,
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y son tan profundas que aplastarían el Titanic
05:15
because it's so deep
it would crush the Titanic
it would crush the Titanic
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del mismo modo que machacaríamos un vaso vacío en la mano.
05:17
the same way you crush
an empty cup in your hand --
an empty cup in your hand --
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Estábamos seguros que no habría vida allí, nada de nada.
05:20
we were sure there would be
no life there at all.
no life there at all.
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Sin embargo, nos encontramos con más vida, diversidad y densidad
05:22
Instead, we find more life
and diversity and density
and diversity and density
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que en la selva tropical.
05:25
than in the tropical rainforest.
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Así, en un instante, en un vistazo por la ventana del submarino
05:27
So, in one instance, in one peek
out the window of the sub,
out the window of the sub,
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descubrimos algo que revoluciona la manera en la
05:30
we discover something
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05:32
that revolutionizes the way
we think about life on Earth;
we think about life on Earth;
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que pensamos la vida en la Tierra, y, esto es,
05:34
and that is, you don't always
have to have sunlight
have to have sunlight
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no siempre necesitamos la luz del sol para que se desarrolle la vida.
05:37
to get life going.
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También hay grandes animales allí abajo —algunos nos resultan familiares.
05:38
There's big animals down there too,
some that look familiar.
some that look familiar.
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Ese se llama Dumbo. Me encanta. Dumbo es grande.
05:41
That guy's called Dumbo.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
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Este de aquí, me encantaría tener más material de este.
05:44
This guy -- oh man,
I wish I had more footage of this.
I wish I had more footage of this.
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05:47
We're trying to get an expedition
together to go look at this
together to go look at this
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Estamos intentando lograr una expedición para ir a explorarlo
y tal vez en un año podamos.
05:49
and maybe in a year we'll have that.
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05:52
Go online and look.
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Conéctense y miren.
05:53
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
The vampire squid.
The vampire squid.
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Vampyroteuthis infornalis. El calamar vampiro.
Increíblemente alucinante.
05:56
Incredibly cool.
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05:57
In the darkness of the deep sea,
he's got glowing tentacles,
he's got glowing tentacles,
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En la oscuridad de las profundidades del mar tiene tentáculos que brillan intensamente.
Así si hago con Uds. lo que él, extiendo mis brazos en la oscuridad
06:00
so if I'm coming at you like him,
I put my arms out in the darkness
I put my arms out in the darkness
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y así todo lo que verán son estas cositas brillantes de aquí.
06:04
so all you see are little
glowing things over here.
glowing things over here.
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Entretanto, me acercaré.
06:06
Meanwhile, I'm coming at you.
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06:07
When he wants to escape,
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Cuando él quiere escapar, tiene esos extremos
06:09
he's got these glowing pods
on his butt that look like eyes.
on his butt that look like eyes.
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que brillan intensamente y que parecen ojos.
Tiene ojos brillantes debajo. Y ¿qué es lo sorprendente?
06:11
Glowing eyes on his butt.
How cool is that?
How cool is that?
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06:14
Just an amazing animal.
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Es sólo un animal increíble, increíble. (Risas)
06:15
(Laughter)
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El calamar vampiro, cuando se protege,
06:16
"Vampire" squid,
because when it gets protective,
because when it gets protective,
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se cubre con esta capa negra sobre todo el cuerpo,
06:18
it pulls this black cape
over its whole body,
over its whole body,
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y se acurruca en una bola. Un animal extravagante.
06:20
and curls up into a ball.
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06:22
Outrageous animal.
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Este barco, "el buque de los sueños" —hace cien años
06:24
This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" --
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06:26
a hundred years ago this coming April,
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el próximo abril— se supone que iba a aparecer en Nueva York.
06:28
this ship was supposed
to show up in New York.
to show up in New York.
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Es el Titanic y coprotagonizó una expedición el año pasado.
06:30
It's the Titanic.
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06:32
I co-led an expedition
out there last year.
out there last year.
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Estamos aprendiendo mucho acerca de ese buque.
06:34
We are learning so much about that ship.
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El Titanic es un lugar interesante para la biología
06:36
The Titanic is an interesting
place for biology,
place for biology,
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06:38
because animals are moving
in to live on the Titanic.
in to live on the Titanic.
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porque los animales se trasladan a vivir en el Titanic.
Los microbios realmente se están comiendo el casco del Titanic.
06:42
Microbes are actually
eating the hull of the Titanic.
eating the hull of the Titanic.
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Es donde Jack se sentía el rey del mundo en la proa del Titanic.
06:44
That's where Jack was king of the world
there on the bow of the Titanic.
there on the bow of the Titanic.
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Por lo tanto, vamos muy bien y lo que más me emociona es que
06:48
So we're doing real good.
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06:49
And what's exciting to me
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
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algún día realizaremos un Titanic virtual así que Uds. podrán sentarse en casa
06:52
so you can sit there at home
with your joystick and your headset on,
with your joystick and your headset on,
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con el joystick y el auricular
y explorar realmente el Titanic.
06:56
and you can actually explore
the Titanic for yourself.
the Titanic for yourself.
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06:59
That's what we want to do,
make these virtual worlds,
make these virtual worlds,
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Eso es lo que queremos hacer:
Crear estos mundos virtuales, y no es por David Gallo
07:01
so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else
exploring the world; it's you.
exploring the world; it's you.
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u otros que exploran el mundo, es por Uds.
Para que lo exploren solos.
07:05
You explore it for yourself.
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Esta es la conclusión:
07:06
So here's the bottom line:
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los océanos están inexplorados
07:08
The oceans are unexplored
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y no puedo comenzar a decirle cuán importante es
07:11
and I can't begin to tell
you how important that is,
you how important that is,
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07:13
because they're important to us.
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porque son importantes para nosotros.
07:15
Seven billion people live on this planet
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7 000 millones de personas viven en este planeta
y todos se ven afectados por el mar, porque los océanos
07:18
and all of us are impacted by the sea,
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07:20
because the oceans control the air
you breathe, the water you drink,
you breathe, the water you drink,
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controlan el aire que respiramos, el agua que bebemos,
07:24
the food you eat.
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los alimentos que consumimos.
07:25
All those are controlled
in some way by the ocean,
in some way by the ocean,
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Todo lo controla de alguna manera el océano
y esto es algo que nosotros aún no hemos explorado,
07:28
and this is a thing
that we haven't even explored --
that we haven't even explored --
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solo un 5%.
07:30
five percent.
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Y quisiera despedirme diciendo que
07:32
The thing I want to leave you with is,
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en ese 5% se ven ya algunas cosas increíbles.
07:33
in that five percent,
I showed you some cool stuff.
I showed you some cool stuff.
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Pero existen muchas cosas increíbles en cada inmersión que hacemos en
07:36
There's a lot more cool stuff --
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07:37
every dive we go on in the ocean,
we find something new about the sea.
we find something new about the sea.
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en el océano, siempre encontramos algo nuevo acerca del mar.
07:42
So what's in that other 95 percent?
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¿Qué hay en el 95% restante?
07:43
Did we get the exciting stuff
or is there more out there?
or is there more out there?
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¿Hemos logrado ya las cosas emocionantes o hay más?
Y estoy aquí para decirles que el océano está lleno de sorpresas.
07:46
And I'm here to tell you
that the ocean is full of surprises.
that the ocean is full of surprises.
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07:49
There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust:
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Hay una cita que me encanta de Marcel Proust:
07:51
"The true voyage of exploration
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
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"El único verdadero viaje de descubrimiento consiste no en buscar nuevos paisajes,
—cosa que hacemos—,
07:55
which we do,
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sino en mirar con nuevos ojos".
07:56
"but in having new eyes."
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Y espero hoy mostrando algo de esto,
07:57
And so I hope today,
by showing you some of this,
by showing you some of this,
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haberles proporcionado nuevos ojos sobre este planeta,
08:00
it's given you some new eyes
about this planet,
about this planet,
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y por primera vez quiero que piensen de manera diferente.
08:02
and for the first time,
I want you to think about it differently.
I want you to think about it differently.
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Muchas gracias. Gracias.
08:05
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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08:07
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com