Paul Hessburg: Why wildfires have gotten worse -- and what we can do about it
Paul Hessburg: Por qué los incendios forestales han empeorado y cómo detenerlos
Paul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick. Full bio
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of western forests have burned
occidentales se han quemado
incendios forestales.
is actually why my family and I live here.
para que mi familia y yo vivamos aquí.
about what we're leaving behind
por lo que vamos a dejar
y ahora mis cinco nietos.
than the state of Oregon has burned
que el estado de Oregon se ha quemado
have been destroyed.
han sido destruidos.
have steadily increased
destruidas han ido en aumento
than 100,000 acres --
de 40 000 hectáreas
we've managed this western landscape
de cómo hemos llegado
en los últimos 150 años
that we are currently seeing
que vemos actualmente,
studying these western landscapes,
estos paisajes del oeste,
of our fire-management habits,
nuestros hábitos de control de incendios,
of our beloved forests.
de nuestros queridos bosques.
some tough truths about wildfires,
difíciles sobre incendios forestales,
to learn to better live with them
que aprender a vivir mejor con ellos
cómo alcanzan nuestros bosques,
to talk to you about today.
quiero hablarles hoy.
of 100 or 150 years ago.
a los bosques de hace 100 o 150 años.
were taken in the 1930s
tomadas en la década de 1930
mountaintop lookouts,
en la cima de la montaña,
these forests of old is "patchy."
estos bosques antiguos es "irregular".
was this constantly evolving patchwork
fue este mosaico en constante evolución
canopy forests of all ages,
y cerrados de todas las edades,
by today's standards.
pequeños, según los estándares actuales.
that this landscape was open,
que este paisaje estaba abierto,
of the open forest
por los incendios forestales.
shaping this historical patchwork:
dando forma a este mosaico histórico:
whether a place faces north or south
está orientado al norte o al sur
or in a valley bottom;
en el fondo de un valle;
que se encuentra en la montaña
gets a lot of snow and rain,
mucha nieve y lluvia,
en que creció el bosque.
shaped the way fire behaved
dio forma al comportamiento del fuego
between the patterns and the processes.
entre los patrones y los procesos.
and fairly far apart.
sino bastante separados.
y cuando ocurrieron,
and when they occurred,
and fires were less frequent,
y los incendios eran menos frecuentes,
they were quite a bit more severe.
eran bastante más severos.
the environments that they grew in
los entornos en los que crecieron
they all worked together
across the landscape.
de futuros incendios a través del paisaje.
of fire across the landscape.
el flujo de fuego a través del paisaje.
helped the rest of the forest
que ayudaron al resto del bosque
lived on this landscape,
norteamericanos vivieron en este paisaje,
and to thin certain forests
y para cortar ciertos bosques
and the bison that they hunted.
que cazaban.
se dieron cuenta de que,
fires of summer.
descontrolados del verano.
much later, in the mid-1800s,
mucho más tarde, a mediados del siglo XIX,
grazing was in high gear.
el pastoreo de ganado era una rutina.
the cattle and the sheep ate the grasses
se comieron las hierbas
for the historical fires,
para los incendios históricos,
from thinning out trees
en su día de la poda
carreteras y ferrocarriles,
and they acted as potent firebreaks,
across this landscape.
el flujo de fuego de este paisaje.
which caused a sudden pivot
que causó un pivote repentino
of the state of Connecticut.
to western Montana,
hasta el oeste de Montana,
three million acres,
1,2 millones de hectáreas,
and it killed 87 people.
y mató a 87 personas.
became public enemy number one,
en el enemigo público número uno,
that we would think about wildfire
cómo pensamos en incendios forestales
al Servicio Forestal,
just five years young at the time,
en ese momento,
of putting out all wildfires
de apagar todos los incendios forestales
de tierras públicas,
ability to put fires out,
inigualable de apagar incendios,
los incendios cada año en EE.UU.
it was now fire suppression
la extinción de incendios
shaper of our forests.
principal de nuestros bosques.
got going in the west,
la cosecha de madera comenzó en el oeste,
the large and the old trees.
los árboles grandes y viejos.
of centuries of wildfires.
de siglos de incendios forestales.
small trees filled in the gaps,
y sensibles al fuego llenaban los huecos
with trees so layered and close together
con árboles en capas y muy juntos,
by roads and railroads,
debido a carreteras y ferrocarriles,
se comían la hierba,
and logging, removing the big trees,
eliminaron los árboles grandes,
the current epidemic of trees.
la actual epidemia de árboles.
el paisaje puede soportar.
looked like 100 years ago and today,
que tenían los bosques hace 100 años,
en su mayoría
sculptured by mostly small
so close together,
los tamaños y las edades de los árboles
tree sizes and ages
from acre to acre,
fácilmente de hectárea a hectárea,
and insect outbreaks,
las enfermedades y los brotes de insectos,
o reduciendo la vitalidad
on the forest floor,
en el suelo del bosque,
are getting hotter
son cada vez más calientes
40 to 80 days longer each year.
de 40 a 80 días más cada año.
climatologists are predicting
in the middle of this.
casas en medio de esto.
recientemente nos dicen
of all new housing starts are being built
de viviendas nuevas se están construyendo
convertirse en humo.
the power of the patchwork.
el poder del mosaico.
el tipo correcto de fuego
the severity of many of our future fires.
muchos de nuestros incendios futuros.
that we have tools
to intentionally thin out trees
para, intencionadamente,
quemar combustibles muertos.
reduce them and keep them reduced.
sistemáticamente y mantenerlo reducido.
patches on the landscape
ya quemados en el paisaje
de futuros incendios.
with some of these treatments
con algunos de estos tratamientos
some of these treatments,
de estos tratamientos,
de las áreas urbanas.
is that prescribed burning produces
la quema controlada produce
que los incendios forestales.
regulated under air quality rules
con normas de calidad del aire
(Risas)
in the summers
humo en los veranos
to get this changed.
para que esto cambie.
forestales gestionados.
la reducción de combustibles muertos.
of the patchwork.
el poder del mosaico.
and climate explanations,
ecológicas y climáticas
and it will take us humans to solve it.
y los humanos debemos resolverlo.
para estas herramientas es pobre.
forestales gestionados
are not well-supported.
to magically go away
que los fuegos desaparezcan mágicamente
with them, don't we?
ese molesto humo con ellos, ¿no?
without lots of fire and lots of smoke.
sin mucho fuego y mucho humo.
no está sobre la mesa.
los dueños de tierras públicas,
make it our high priority
the current situation,
continued losses to megafires.
pérdidas continuas por los megafuegos.
to our lawmakers,
a nuestros legisladores,
a manejar nuestros incendios
are burned black?
se tiñen de negro?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Hessburg - Research ecologistPaul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick.
Why you should listen
Paul Hessburg is a research ecologist who builds models of historical and modern era conditions in large forests and studies what factors make them behave as they do. In fact, much of his research is trying to decipher what is normal. In his research, Hessburg wants to know how the forests we inherited worked before we changed them. What did "natural" look like, and what specifically did we change about naturalness? What's still working well, and what could use a hand down?
Hessburg has spent most of his adult life (35 years) in his dream job. He works for the USDA, Forest Service, at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, where he is stationed at a field laboratory in Wenatchee, WA, US. That's located about five blocks just east of heaven, he says. He has a doctorate in Forest Pathology from Oregon State University, and he has been working in forestry for 40 years. He's also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
In 2017, Hessburg was awarded his Research Station's Distinguished Scientist Award, and he will be awarded his Agencies' Distinguished Scientist Award for 2017, in February of 2018.
Over the last two years, Paul has traveled and spoken to over 100 western US communities about the new era of megafires and what we can do about it. As he says, "Unless we change a few of our forest and fire management habits in the US, we will lose many more beloved forests; some won’t recover in our lifetime."
Paul Hessburg | Speaker | TED.com