Paul Hessburg: Why wildfires have gotten worse -- and what we can do about it
Paul Hessburg: Porque é que os incêndios estão piores — e como podemos detê-los
Paul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
of western forests have burned
muitas florestas no Oeste
enormes e destruidores.
is actually why my family and I live here.
por que a minha família e eu vivemos aqui.
about what we're leaving behind
com o que vamos deixar
e eu já tenho cinco netos.
than the state of Oregon has burned
do que o estado do Oregon,
have been destroyed.
dezenas de milhares de casas.
have steadily increased
têm aumentado regularmente
than 100,000 acres --
do que 40 000 hectares
chamar "mega-incêndios".
we've managed this western landscape
esta paisagem do Oeste
that we are currently seeing
a que assistimos hoje
studying these western landscapes,
a estudar estas paisagens do Oeste.
of our fire-management habits,
dos nossos hábitos de gestão de incêndios
of our beloved forests.
das nossas queridas florestas.
durante a nossa vida,
some tough truths about wildfires,
umas duras verdades sobre os incêndios
to learn to better live with them
de aprender a viver melhor com eles
eles chegam às florestas,
to talk to you about today.
of 100 or 150 years ago.
com as florestas de há 100 ou 150 anos.
were taken in the 1930s
tiradas nos anos 30
mountaintop lookouts,
em montanhas do Oeste.
parecida
these forests of old is "patchy."
estas florestas antigas
was this constantly evolving patchwork
em constante evolução
canopy forests of all ages,
de todas as idades,
de incêndios florestais.
by today's standards.
era pequena, em comparação com os de hoje.
that this landscape was open,
que esta paisagem era aberta,
of the open forest
das ervas da floresta aberta
dos incêndios florestais.
shaping this historical patchwork:
esta manta de retalhos histórica.
whether a place faces north or south
para norte ou para sul
or in a valley bottom;
ou no fundo de um vale.
da montanha estava.
gets a lot of snow and rain,
havia muita neve e chuva,
funcionavam em conjunto
como as florestas cresciam.
shaped the way fire behaved
se comportava na paisagem.
between the patterns and the processes.
entre os padrões e os processos.
and fairly far apart.
e bastante espaçadas.
and when they occurred,
e, quando ocorriam, não eram tão graves,
and fires were less frequent,
e os fogos eram menos frequentes,
they were quite a bit more severe.
eram bastante mais graves.
the environments that they grew in
os ambientes em que elas cresciam
— tudo isso funcionava em conjunto
they all worked together
a esta manta de retalhos histórica.
across the landscape.
de futuros incêndios pela paisagem.
of fire across the landscape.
se propagasse pela paisagem.
helped the rest of the forest
ajudavam o resto da floresta
lived on this landscape,
viveram nesta paisagem
and to thin certain forests
e para reduzir algumas florestas
and the bison that they hunted.
que caçavam.
na primavera e no outono
fires of summer.
impossíveis de controlar.
much later, in the mid-1800s,
muito mais tarde,
grazing was in high gear.
the cattle and the sheep ate the grasses
comiam as ervas
for the historical fires,
dos incêndios históricos.
from thinning out trees
outrora frequentes,
e de queimarem a madeira morta.
and they acted as potent firebreaks,
e o caminho-de-ferro
travões aos incêndios,
across this landscape.
a propagação do fogo pela paisagem.
which caused a sudden pivot
que provocou uma reviravolta súbita
of the state of Connecticut.
to western Montana,
até ao ocidente de Montana,
three million acres,
mais de um milhão de hectares,
and it killed 87 people.
e matou 87 pessoas.
became public enemy number one,
o fogo tornou-se no inimigo público n.º 1.
that we would think about wildfire
devíamos pensar nos incêndios
just five years young at the time,
que só tinham cinco anos na altura,
of putting out all wildfires
de apagar todos os incêndios florestais
de terras públicas
muito a sério.
ability to put fires out,
sem igual para apagar incêndios
de todos os incêndios
it was now fire suppression
tratava-se de supressão de fogos
shaper of our forests.
das nossas florestas.
got going in the west,
o abate de árvores avançou para oeste
the large and the old trees.
as árvores grandes e antigas.
of centuries of wildfires.
de séculos de incêndios.
small trees filled in the gaps,
sensíveis ao fogo, preencheram os vazios,
with trees so layered and close together
com árvores tão aproximadas
by roads and railroads,
involuntariamente
and logging, removing the big trees,
e a remoção das grandes árvores.
funcionaram em conjunto
the current epidemic of trees.
a atual epidemia de árvores.
looked like 100 years ago and today,
de há 100 anos com as de hoje
se preencheu.
estão agora cobertas de árvores.
sculptured by mostly small
era esculpida sobretudo
so close together,
muito perto umas das outras
tree sizes and ages
e as idades das árvores
from acre to acre,
mais facilmente de hectare em hectare
and insect outbreaks,
e as pragas de insetos
ou a reduzir a vitalidade
on the forest floor,
no solo da floresta,
are getting hotter
estão a ficar mais quentes,
40 to 80 days longer each year.
40 a 80 dias maior cada ano.
climatologists are predicting
os climatólogos estão a prever
in the middle of this.
no meio das florestas.
of all new housing starts are being built
de todas as novas casas
nesta miscelânea inflamável e perigosa.
desfazer-se em fumo.
the power of the patchwork.
o poder da manta de retalhos.
o tipo de incêndio certo
the severity of many of our future fires.
a gravidade de muitos dos futuros fogos.
that we have tools
to intentionally thin out trees
para reduzir intencionalmente as árvores
reduce them and keep them reduced.
sistematicamente
patches on the landscape
de futuros fogos.
with some of these treatments
com alguns destes tratamentos
some of these treatments,
alguns destes tratamentos
de áreas urbanas.
is that prescribed burning produces
uma queimada programada
do que um incêndio selvagem.
regulated under air quality rules
está regulamentado,
queimadas programadas
in the summers
fumo, durante os verões
to get this changed.
para que isto mude.
a funcionar outra vez,
combustíveis mortos.
of the patchwork.
da manta de retalhos.
and climate explanations,
and it will take us humans to solve it.
que temos que o resolver.
é muito fraco.
are not well-supported.
e a gestão de incêndios
to magically go away
desapareçam por magia
with them, don't we?
esse fumo irritante, não é?
without lots of fire and lots of smoke.
sem muitos incêndios e muito fumo.
make it our high priority
não estabelecermos a mais alta prioridade
the current situation,
sobre a atual situação,
perdas nos mega-incêndios.
continued losses to megafires.
to our lawmakers,
aos nossos legisladores,
a gerir os incêndios
estiverem reduzidos a carvão?
are burned black?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Hessburg - Research ecologistPaul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick.
Why you should listen
Paul Hessburg is a research ecologist who builds models of historical and modern era conditions in large forests and studies what factors make them behave as they do. In fact, much of his research is trying to decipher what is normal. In his research, Hessburg wants to know how the forests we inherited worked before we changed them. What did "natural" look like, and what specifically did we change about naturalness? What's still working well, and what could use a hand down?
Hessburg has spent most of his adult life (35 years) in his dream job. He works for the USDA, Forest Service, at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, where he is stationed at a field laboratory in Wenatchee, WA, US. That's located about five blocks just east of heaven, he says. He has a doctorate in Forest Pathology from Oregon State University, and he has been working in forestry for 40 years. He's also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
In 2017, Hessburg was awarded his Research Station's Distinguished Scientist Award, and he will be awarded his Agencies' Distinguished Scientist Award for 2017, in February of 2018.
Over the last two years, Paul has traveled and spoken to over 100 western US communities about the new era of megafires and what we can do about it. As he says, "Unless we change a few of our forest and fire management habits in the US, we will lose many more beloved forests; some won’t recover in our lifetime."
Paul Hessburg | Speaker | TED.com