Paul Hessburg: Why wildfires have gotten worse -- and what we can do about it
Paul Hessburg: Porque os incêndios florestais estão piores; e como podemos detê-los
Paul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick. Full bio
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of western forests have burned
têm queimado, recentemente,
incêndios florestais.
is actually why my family and I live here.
pela qual minha família e eu moramos aqui.
about what we're leaving behind
e agora para meus cinco netos.
than the state of Oregon has burned
que o estado do Oregon
have been destroyed.
foram destruídas.
have steadily increased
e casas destruídas aumentou continuamente
than 100,000 acres --
de mais de 40 mil hectares
we've managed this western landscape
como lidamos com este ambiente
that we are currently seeing
studying these western landscapes,
as paisagens do oeste dos EUA
of our fire-management habits,
de manejo do fogo,
of our beloved forests.
das nossas amadas florestas.
durante a minha vida
some tough truths about wildfires,
sobre os incêndios florestais,
to learn to better live with them
a conviver melhor com eles
às nossas florestas,
to talk to you about today.
of 100 or 150 years ago.
de 100 ou 150 anos atrás.
were taken in the 1930s
fotos panorâmicas na década de 1930
mountaintop lookouts,
no topo das montanhas do oeste,
these forests of old is "patchy."
essas florestas é "retalhos".
was this constantly evolving patchwork
como uma colcha de retalhos em evolução,
canopy forests of all ages,
de árvores de todas as idades,
by today's standards.
bem pequena para os padrões atuais.
that this landscape was open,
que a paisagem era aberta,
of the open forest
shaping this historical patchwork:
essa colcha de retalhos,
whether a place faces north or south
apontava para o norte ou para o sul,
or in a valley bottom;
ou no fundo de um vale;
gets a lot of snow and rain,
recebe muita neve e chuva,
como a floresta crescia.
shaped the way fire behaved
do fogo na paisagem.
between the patterns and the processes.
os padrões e os processos.
and fairly far apart.
e bem espaçadas.
and when they occurred,
quando ocorriam, não eram tão graves,
nas florestas frias e úmidas,
e os incêndios eram menos frequentes,
and fires were less frequent,
they were quite a bit more severe.
the environments that they grew in
o ambiente no qual elas cresciam
tudo isso influenciava
they all worked together
colcha de retalhos.
across the landscape.
se espalhassem pela paisagem.
queimava na floresta,
of fire across the landscape.
o fluxo do fogo através da paisagem.
ajudavam o resto da floresta
helped the rest of the forest
os humanos a essa mistura.
lived on this landscape,
viveram nessas paisagens
and to thin certain forests
e estreitar algumas florestas
and the bison that they hunted.
que eles caçavam.
na primavera e no outono,
fires of summer.
fora de controle no verão.
much later, in the mid-1800s,
bem depois, em meados do século 19,
grazing was in high gear.
era muito utilizada para os rebanhos.
the cattle and the sheep ate the grasses
o gado e as ovelhas comiam o pasto,
for the historical fires,
dos incêndios da história,
from thinning out trees
outrora frequentes, eliminassem árvores
and they acted as potent firebreaks,
que atuaram como potentes corta-fogos,
across this landscape.
nessa paisagem.
que causou uma súbita reviravolta
which caused a sudden pivot
um enorme incêndio florestal.
of the state of Connecticut.
o grande incêndio.
to western Montana,
ao oeste de Montana,
three million acres,
1,2 milhão de hectares,
and it killed 87 people.
e matou 87 pessoas.
became public enemy number one,
florestais viraram inimigos públicos,
that we would think about wildfire
sobre incêndios florestais
just five years young at the time,
na época com cinco anos de existência,
of putting out all wildfires
de apagar todos os incêndios florestais
de terras públicas,
com muita seriedade.
ability to put fires out,
inigualável de extinguir incêndios
it was now fire suppression
o combate a incêndios,
shaper of our forests.
de nossas florestas.
got going in the west,
a extração de madeiras no oeste,
the large and the old trees.
e mais antigas foram removidas.
of centuries of wildfires.
a séculos de incêndios florestais.
small trees filled in the gaps,
e pequenas árvores ocuparam os espaços,
with trees so layered and close together
com árvores tão próximas e sobrepostas
by roads and railroads,
intencionalmente por estradas e ferrovias,
and logging, removing the big trees,
e a extração de madeira
e sabem o que aconteceu?
the current epidemic of trees.
de "a atual epidemia de árvores".
looked like 100 years ago and today,
as florestas 100 anos atrás e hoje,
está preenchida.
antes esculpida, principalmente,
sculptured by mostly small
so close together,
tão próximas umas às outras,
tree sizes and ages
idades e tamanhos das árvores
from acre to acre,
facilmente de hectare para hectare,
and insect outbreaks,
ou reduzindo a vitalidade
on the forest floor,
no chão da floresta
are getting hotter
40 to 80 days longer each year.
40 a 80 dias mais longa a cada ano.
climatologists are predicting
in the middle of this.
recentemente nos dizem
of all new housing starts are being built
estão sendo construídas
engolidas pela fumaça.
the power of the patchwork.
da colcha de retalhos.
o tipo certo de incêndio.
the severity of many of our future fires.
a gravidade de muitos incêndios futuros.
that we have tools
to intentionally thin out trees
para espaçar as árvores intencionalmente
reduce them and keep them reduced.
sistematicamente e mantê-las reduzidas.
patches on the landscape
with some of these treatments
com alguns destes tratamentos
some of these treatments,
alguns desses tratamentos,
is that prescribed burning produces
é que queimadas programadas produzem
do que incêndios descontrolados.
regulated under air quality rules
é regulada por leis de qualidade do ar
in the summers
to get this changed.
todos juntos para mudar isso.
dos incêndios florestais.
alguns deles para trabalhar
e dos combustíveis mortos.
of the patchwork.
o poder da colcha de retalhos.
and climate explanations,
and it will take us humans to solve it.
e nós, humanos, precisamos resolvê-lo.
para essas ferramentas é baixo.
are not well-supported.
e incêndios controlados.
to magically go away
desapareçam magicamente
with them, don't we?
sua fumaça incômoda, não é?
without lots of fire and lots of smoke.
sem muitos incêndios e fumaça.
make it our high priority
não assumirmos como nossa prioridade
the current situation,
continued losses to megafires.
com os megaincêndios.
to our lawmakers,
para nossos legisladores,
a gerenciar nossos incêndios
are burned black?
tiverem virado carvão?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Hessburg - Research ecologistPaul Hessburg studies very large forest landscapes and what makes them tick.
Why you should listen
Paul Hessburg is a research ecologist who builds models of historical and modern era conditions in large forests and studies what factors make them behave as they do. In fact, much of his research is trying to decipher what is normal. In his research, Hessburg wants to know how the forests we inherited worked before we changed them. What did "natural" look like, and what specifically did we change about naturalness? What's still working well, and what could use a hand down?
Hessburg has spent most of his adult life (35 years) in his dream job. He works for the USDA, Forest Service, at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, where he is stationed at a field laboratory in Wenatchee, WA, US. That's located about five blocks just east of heaven, he says. He has a doctorate in Forest Pathology from Oregon State University, and he has been working in forestry for 40 years. He's also an Affiliate Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
In 2017, Hessburg was awarded his Research Station's Distinguished Scientist Award, and he will be awarded his Agencies' Distinguished Scientist Award for 2017, in February of 2018.
Over the last two years, Paul has traveled and spoken to over 100 western US communities about the new era of megafires and what we can do about it. As he says, "Unless we change a few of our forest and fire management habits in the US, we will lose many more beloved forests; some won’t recover in our lifetime."
Paul Hessburg | Speaker | TED.com