TEDSalon London 2010
Michael Pawlyn: Using nature's genius in architecture
Michael Pawlyn: looduse geniaalsuse kasutamine arhitektuuris
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Kuidas saavad arhitektid ehitada uut maailma, kus valitseks jätkusuutlik ilu? Õppides looduselt. Londonis toimunud üritusel TEDSalon kirjeldab Michael Pawlyn kolme looduse tava, mis võiksid muuta nii arhitektuuri kui ka ühiskonda: radikaalselt tõhus ressursside kasutamine, suletud ahelad ja energia ammutamine päikeselt.
Michael Pawlyn - Architect
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Michael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'd like to start with a couple of quick examples.
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Tahaksin alustada mõne lühida näitega.
00:18
These are spinneret glands
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Need on võrgunäsad
00:20
on the abdomen of a spider.
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ämbliku kõhu all.
00:22
They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber,
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Need toodavad kuut tüüpi siidi, mis keerutatakse kokku kiuks,
00:25
tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.
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mis on tugevam kui ükski kiud, mida inimesed on kunagi tootnud.
00:28
The nearest we've come is with aramid fiber.
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Meie lähim leiutis sellele on aramiidkiud.
00:31
And to make that, it involves extremes of temperature,
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Selle valmistamiseks läheb vaja äärmuslikku temperatuuri,
00:33
extremes of pressure and loads of pollution.
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äärmuslikku rõhku ja see tekitab tohutult saastet.
00:36
And yet the spider manages to do it at ambient temperature and pressure
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Kuid ämblik suudab seda teha ümbritseva temperatuuri ja rõhuga,
00:39
with raw materials of dead flies and water.
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toorainest, mis moodustub surnud kärbestest ja veest.
00:42
It does suggest we've still got a bit to learn.
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See viitab, et meil on veel veidike õppida.
00:44
This beetle can detect a forest fire at 80 kilometers away.
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See mardikas suudab tajuda metsatulekahju 80 km kauguselt.
00:47
That's roughly 10,000 times the range
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See on umbes 10 000 korda kaugemalt
00:49
of man-made fire detectors.
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kui inimese toodetud tuledetektorid.
00:51
And what's more, this guy doesn't need a wire
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Enamgi veel, mardikas ei vaja juhet,
00:53
connected all the way back to a power station burning fossil fuels.
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mis oleks ühendatud fossiilkütust põletava jõujaamaga.
00:57
So these two examples give a sense of what biomimicry can deliver.
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Need näited annavad aimu sellest, mida suudab biomimikri.
01:00
If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does,
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Kui me õpiksime valmistama asju samamoodi nagu loodus,
01:03
we could achieve factor 10, factor 100,
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suudaksime saavutada 10-kordse, 100-kordse,
01:05
maybe even factor 1,000 savings
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võib-olla isegi 1000-kordse kokkuhoiu
01:07
in resource and energy use.
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ressursside ja energia kasutuses.
01:10
And if we're to make progress with the sustainability revolution,
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Kui me tahame saavutada edu jätkusuutlikkuse revolutsiooniga,
01:13
I believe there are three really big changes
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peame me minu arvates teostama
01:15
we need to bring about.
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kolm väga suurt muutust.
01:17
Firstly, radical increases in resource efficiency.
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Esiteks suurendama radikaalselt ressursikasutuse efektiivsust.
01:20
Secondly, shifting from a linear, wasteful,
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Teiseks liikuma lineaarse, raiskava,
01:22
polluting way of using resources
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saastava ressursikasutuse juurest
01:24
to a closed-loop model.
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suletud ahela mudeli juurde.
01:26
And thirdly, changing from a fossil fuel economy
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Kolmandaks, asendama fossiilkütuste majanduse
01:28
to a solar economy.
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päikeseenergia majandusega.
01:30
And for all three of these, I believe,
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Kõigis neis kolmes punktis
01:32
biomimicry has a lot of the solutions that we're going to need.
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pakub biomimikri minu arust palju vajalikke lahendusi.
01:34
You could look at nature as being like a catalog of products,
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Me võime vaadelda loodust kui kataloogi toodetest,
01:37
and all of those have benefited
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mis on läbi teinud
01:39
from a 3.8-billion-year research and development period.
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3,8 miljardi aastase uuringu- ja arendusperioodi.
01:42
And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
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Arvestades, kui palju sellesse on investeeritud, on nutikas seda ära kasutada.
01:45
So I'm going to talk about some projects that have explored these ideas.
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Räägin mõnedest projektidest, mis on neid ideid rakendanud.
01:48
And let's start with radical increases
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Alustame ressursikasutuse efektiivsuse
01:50
in resource efficiency.
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radikaalsest tõstmisest.
01:52
When we were working on the Eden Project,
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Kui me töötasime Eedeni projektiga,
01:54
we had to create a very large greenhouse
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pidime ehitama väga suure kasvuhoone
01:56
in a site that was not only irregular,
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krundile, mis ei olnud mitte ainult ebatasane,
01:58
but it was continually changing because it was still being quarried.
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vaid muutus pidevalt, sest seal käisid kaevandustööd.
02:01
It was a hell of a challenge,
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See oli kõva väljakutse,
02:03
and it was actually examples from biology
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millega toimetulekuks saime mitmeid nippe
02:05
that provided a lot of the clues.
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justnimelt bioloogiast võetud näidetest.
02:07
So for instance,
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Näiteks
02:09
it was soap bubbles that helped us generate a building form
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aitasid seebimullid meil töötada välja ehitise vormi,
02:11
that would work regardless of the final ground levels.
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mis toimiks vundamendi tasemest sõltumata.
02:14
Studying pollen grains
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Uurides õietolmu,
02:16
and radiolaria and carbon molecules
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merelisi algloomi ja süsinikumolekule
02:18
helped us devise the most efficient structural solution
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õnnestus meil välja mõelda kõige tõhusam struktuurne lahendus,
02:21
using hexagons and pentagons.
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kasutades kuusnurki ja viisnurki.
02:24
The next move was that we wanted
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Järgmise asjana tahtsime teha
02:26
to try and maximize the size of those hexagons.
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need kuusnurgad nii suureks kui võimalik.
02:28
And to do that we had to find an alternative to glass,
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Selleks pidime leidma alternatiivi klaasile,
02:30
which is really very limited in terms of its unit sizes.
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mida on võimalik kasutada üksnes piiratud mõõdus tükkidena.
02:33
And in nature there are lots of examples
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Ja looduses on palju näiteid väga tõhusatest
02:36
of very efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
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struktuuridest, mis moodustuvad surve all olevatest membraanidest.
02:39
So we started exploring this material called ETFE.
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Hakkasime uurima materjali nimega ETFE.
02:42
It's a high-strength polymer.
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See on ülitugev polümeer.
02:44
And what you do is you put it together in three layers,
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Seda on võimalik kolme kihina kokku panna,
02:46
you weld it around the edge, and then you inflate it.
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servadest ühendada ja õhku täis puhuda.
02:49
And the great thing about this stuff
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Suurepärane asi selle materjali juures
02:51
is you can make it in units
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on see, et seda saab valmistada tükkidena,
02:53
of roughly seven times the size of glass,
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mis on enam-vähem seitse korda suuremad kui klaas.
02:55
and it was only one percent of the weight of double-glazing.
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Ja selle kaal oli vaid 1% topeltklaasi kaalust.
02:57
So that was a factor-100 saving.
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Nii et see oli 100-kordne kokkuhoid.
02:59
And what we found is that we got into a positive cycle
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Leidsime, et sattusime positiivsesse tsüklisse,
03:02
in which one breakthrough facilitated another.
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kus üks läbimurre muutis järgmise lihtsamaks.
03:04
So with such large, lightweight pillows,
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Selliste suurte, kergekaaluliste patjade abil
03:07
we had much less steel.
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õnnestus kasutada palju vähem terast.
03:09
With less steel we were getting more sunlight in,
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Tänu vähemale terasele paistis sisse rohkem päikesevalgust,
03:11
which meant we didn't have to put as much extra heat in winter.
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mis tähendas, et me ei pidanud talvel nii palju kütma.
03:14
And with less overall weight in the superstructure,
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Tänu pealisehituse väiksemale kaalule
03:16
there were big savings in the foundations.
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hoidsime vundamendi pealt kõvasti kokku.
03:18
And at the end of the project we worked out
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Projekti lõpus arvutasime välja,
03:20
that the weight of that superstructure
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et pealisehitus
03:22
was actually less than the weight of the air inside the building.
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kaalus vähem kui ehitise sees leiduv õhk.
03:25
So I think the Eden Project is a fairly good example
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Ma arvan, et Eedeni projekt on üsna hea näide
03:28
of how ideas from biology
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sellest, kuidas bioloogiast võetud ideed
03:30
can lead to radical increases in resource efficiency --
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võivad radikaalselt suurendada ressursikasutuse tõhusust -
03:33
delivering the same function,
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andes sama tulemuse, samas kui
03:35
but with a fraction of the resource input.
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sisse on pandud üksnes murdosa ressurssidest.
03:37
And actually there are loads of examples in nature
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Looduses on palju näiteid,
03:39
that you could turn to for similar solutions.
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mida võiks kasutada samasuguste lahenduste saamiseks.
03:42
So for instance, you could develop super-efficient roof structures
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Näiteks võiks arendada ülitõhusaid katusekonstruktsioone,
03:45
based on giant Amazon water lilies,
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mille aluseks oleks hiiglaslik Amazonase vesiroos,
03:48
whole buildings inspired by abalone shells,
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terveid maju, mis on inspireeritud merikõrva karpidest,
03:50
super-lightweight bridges inspired by plant cells.
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ülikergeid sildu, mis on inspireeritud taimerakkudest.
03:53
There's a world of beauty and efficiency to explore here
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Maailm on täis ilu ja tõhusust, mida uurida,
03:56
using nature as a design tool.
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kui kasutada loodust disainitööriistana.
03:59
So now I want to go onto talking about the linear-to-closed-loop idea.
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Nüüd räägime ideest, kuidas minna lineaarselt mudelilt üle suletud ahela mudelile.
04:02
The way we tend to use resources
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Tavaliselt kasutame ressursse nii,
04:04
is we extract them,
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et me võtame nad,
04:06
we turn them into short-life products and then dispose of them.
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muudame lühikese kasutusajaga toodeteks ja siis viskame minema.
04:08
Nature works very differently.
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Loodus toimib hoopis teisiti.
04:10
In ecosystems, the waste from one organism
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Ökosüsteemides muutuvad ühe organismi jäätmed
04:12
becomes the nutrient for something else in that system.
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mõne teise organismi toiduks samas süsteemis.
04:14
And there are some examples of projects
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On näiteid projektidest,
04:16
that have deliberately tried to mimic ecosystems.
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mis on teadlikult püüdnud imiteerida ökosüsteeme.
04:19
And one of my favorites
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Üks minu lemmikuid
04:21
is called the Cardboard to Caviar Project
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on projekt "Papp kaaviariks",
04:23
by Graham Wiles.
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mille eestvedaja on Graham Wiles.
04:25
And in their area they had a lot of shops and restaurants
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Nende ümbruskonnas asus palju poode ja restorane,
04:28
that were producing lots of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
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mis tekitasid palju toidu-, papi- ja plastikjäätmeid.
04:31
It was ending up in landfills.
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Need jõudsid prügimäele.
04:33
Now the really clever bit is what they did with the cardboard waste.
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Nad tegid papijäätmetega midagi väga nutikat.
04:35
And I'm just going to talk through this animation.
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Ma selgitan, mida see animatsioon kujutab.
04:38
So they were paid to collect it from the restaurants.
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Neile maksti selle eest, et papp restoranidest kokku korjata.
04:40
They then shredded the cardboard
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Nad rebisid papi ribadeks
04:42
and sold it to equestrian centers as horse bedding.
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ja müüsid ratsaspordikeskusesse hobustele allapanuks.
04:45
When that was soiled, they were paid again to collect it.
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Kui see oli määrdunud, maksti neile uuesti, et see ära viia.
04:47
They put it into worm recomposting systems,
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Nad panid selle kompostihoidlasse,
04:49
which produced a lot of worms, which they fed to Siberian sturgeon,
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ja kasvatasid seal hulga ussikesi, mille nad söötsid siberi tuuradele,
04:52
which produced caviar, which they sold back to the restaurants.
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mis tootsid kaaviari, mille nad restoranidele tagasi müüsid.
04:55
So it transformed a linear process
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Seega muudeti lineaarne protsess
04:57
into a closed-loop model,
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suletud ahela süsteemiks
04:59
and it created more value in the process.
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ja protsessi käigus loodi lisakasu.
05:02
Graham Wiles has continued to add more and more elements to this,
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Graham Wiles on jätkanud elementide lisamist sellele süsteemile,
05:04
turning waste streams into schemes that create value.
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muutes prügivood kasulikeks skeemideks.
05:07
And just as natural systems
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Samamoodi nagu looduslikud süsteemid
05:09
tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time,
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muutuvad aja jooksul mitmekesisemaks ja vastupidavamaks,
05:12
there's a real sense with this project
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näib ka selle projekti puhul,
05:14
that the number of possibilities
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et võimaluste arv
05:17
just continue increasing.
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üha kasvab.
05:19
And I know it's a quirky example,
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Ma tean, et see on veider näide,
05:21
but I think the implications of this are quite radical,
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aga minu meelest on selle tähendus üsna radikaalne,
05:23
because it suggests that we could actually
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kuna see viitab sellele, et me suudaksime tegelikult
05:25
transform a big problem -- waste -- into a massive opportunity.
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muuta suure probleemi - prügi - hiilgavaks võimaluseks.
05:28
And particularly in cities --
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Eriti linnades -
05:30
we could look at the whole metabolism of cities,
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me võiksime vaadata linnade ainevahetust
05:32
and look at those as opportunities.
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ja näha selles võimalusi.
05:34
And that's what we're doing on the next project I'm going to talk about,
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Täpselt seda teeme me järgmise projektiga, millest ma räägin,
05:36
the Mobius Project,
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see on Mobiuse projekt,
05:38
where we're trying to bring together a number of activities,
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mille käigus me püüame ühendada hulka tegevusi
05:40
all within one building,
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ühe hoone siseselt,
05:42
so that the waste from one can be the nutrient for another.
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nii et ühe jäätmed võiksid muutuda teise toiduks.
05:45
And the kind of elements I'm talking about
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Elemendid, millest ma räägin,
05:47
are, firstly, we have a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse,
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on esiteks - meil on restoran toimivas kasvuhoones,
05:50
a bit like this one in Amsterdam called De Kas.
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umbes nagu see Amsterdami restoran De Kas.
05:52
Then we would have an anaerobic digester,
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Siis oleks meil anaeroobne kompostilava,
05:54
which could deal with all the biodegradable waste from the local area,
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mis võiks töödelda kõiki ümbruskonna biolagunevaid jäätmeid,
05:57
turn that into heat for the greenhouse
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muuta need kasvuhoone kütteks
05:59
and electricity to feed back into the grid.
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ja elektriks, mille saab tagasi võrku lasta.
06:01
We'd have a water treatment system
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Meil oleks vee käitlemise süsteem,
06:03
treating wastewater, turning that into fresh water
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mis käitleks reovett, muutes selle joogiveeks
06:05
and generating energy from the solids
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ja tootes tahketest osakestest energiat,
06:07
using just plants and micro-organisms.
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kasutades ainult taimi ja mikroorganisme.
06:10
We'd have a fish farm fed with vegetable waste from the kitchen
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Meil oleks kalafarm, mida toidetakse köögist tulnud köögiviljajäätmetega
06:12
and worms from the compost
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ja kompostist tulnud ussikestega
06:14
and supplying fish back to the restaurant.
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ning kala saadetaks tagasi restorani.
06:16
And we'd also have a coffee shop, and the waste grains from that
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Samuti oleks meil kohvik ning kohviubade jäätmeid
06:19
could be used as a substrate for growing mushrooms.
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võiks kasutada substraadina seente kasvatamiseks.
06:21
So you can see that we're bringing together
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Nagu näete, toome me kogu
06:23
cycles of food, energy and water and waste
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toidu, energia, vee ja jäätmete ringluse
06:25
all within one building.
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kokku ühte hoonesse.
06:27
And just for fun, we've proposed this for a roundabout in central London,
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Pakkusime seda lihtsalt lõbu pärast ühe ringtee jaoks Londoni kesklinnas,
06:30
which at the moment is a complete eyesore.
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mis praegusel hetkel riivab silma.
06:32
Some of you may recognize this.
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Mõned teist ehk tunnevad selle koha ära.
06:34
And with just a little bit of planning,
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Väikese planeerimise abil
06:36
we could transform a space dominated by traffic
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võiksime muuta selle liiklusrägastiku
06:39
into one that provides open space for people,
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kohaks, mis on inimestele avatud,
06:42
reconnects people with food
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aitab neil toidu abil suhelda
06:44
and transforms waste into closed loop opportunities.
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ja võimaldab prügi kasutada suletud ahela süsteemis.
06:47
So the final project I want to talk about
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Viimane projekt, millest tahan rääkida,
06:49
is the Sahara Forest Project, which we're working on at the moment.
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on Sahara metsa projekt, mille kallal me praegu töötame.
06:52
It may come as a surprise to some of you
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Kedagi teist võib üllatada,
06:54
to hear that quite large areas of what are currently desert
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et üsna suured piirkonnad, kus on praegu kõrb,
06:56
were actually forested a fairly short time ago.
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olid hiljuti metsaga kaetud.
06:59
So for instance, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa,
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Näiteks kui Julius Caesar saabus Põhja-Aafrikasse,
07:02
huge areas of North Africa
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olid suured alad Põhja-Aafrikas
07:04
were covered in cedar and cypress forests.
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kaetud seedri- ja küpressimetsadega.
07:07
And during the evolution of life on the Earth,
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Sedamööda, kuidas elu Maa peal arenes,
07:09
it was the colonization
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aitas maa koloniseerimine
07:11
of the land by plants
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taimede poolt
07:13
that helped create the benign climate we currently enjoy.
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luua mõõduka kliima, mida praegu naudime.
07:15
The converse is also true.
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Vastupidine on samuti tõsi.
07:17
The more vegetation we lose,
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Mida rohkem taimestikku me kaotame,
07:19
the more that's likely to exacerbate climate change
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seda tõenäolisemalt tabab meid veelgi rängem
07:21
and lead to further desertification.
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kliimamuutus ja kõrbeala laienemine.
07:24
And this animation,
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See animatsioon
07:26
this shows photosynthetic activity over the course of a number of years,
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näitab fotosünteetilist tegevust mitmete aastate jooksul.
07:29
and what you can see is that the boundaries of those deserts
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Nagu näete, on nende kõrbete piirid
07:32
shift quite a lot,
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muutuvad üsna palju.
07:34
and that raises the question
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See tõstatab küsimuse,
07:36
of whether we can intervene at the boundary conditions
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kas me saame piiri peal sekkuda,
07:39
to halt, or maybe even reverse, desertification.
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et peatada maa kõrbeks muutumist või seda isegi tagasi pöörata.
07:42
And if you look at some of the organisms
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Kui te vaatate mõningaid organisme,
07:44
that have evolved to live in deserts,
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mis on arenenud eluks kõrbes,
07:46
there are some amazing examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
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leidub hämmastavaid näiteid vähese veega toimetulekust.
07:49
This is the Namibian fog-basking beetle,
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See on Namiibia udukoguja põrnikas,
07:51
and it's evolved a way of harvesting its own fresh water in a desert.
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kes on arendanud välja meetodi ise kõrbes joogivett koguda.
07:54
The way it does this is it comes out at night,
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Ta tuleb öösel välja,
07:56
crawls to the top of a sand dune,
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ronib liivaluite otsa,
07:58
and because it's got a matte black shell,
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ja kuna tal on must mati pinnaga kest,
08:00
is able to radiate heat out to the night sky
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suudab ta kiirata soojust öisesse õhku
08:02
and become slightly cooler than its surroundings.
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ja muutuda veidi jahedamaks kui ümbritsev keskkond.
08:04
So when the moist breeze blows in off the sea,
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Nii et kui merelt puhub niisket õhku,
08:06
you get these droplets of water forming on the beetle's shell.
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moodustuvad põrnika kestale veepiisakesed.
08:09
Just before sunrise, he tips his shell up, the water runs down into his mouth,
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Just enne päikesetõusu tõstab ta oma kesta üles, vesi voolab talle suhu,
08:12
has a good drink, goes off and hides for the rest of the day.
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ta joob janu täis ja peidab end kogu ülejäänud päeva.
08:14
And the ingenuity, if you could call it that,
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Tema leidlikkus, kui seda nii võib nimetada,
08:16
goes even further.
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läheb veelgi kaugemale.
08:18
Because if you look closely at the beetle's shell,
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Sest kui te vaatate lähedalt põrnika kesta,
08:20
there are lots of little bumps on that shell.
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näete seal palju väikeseid mügaraid.
08:22
And those bumps are hydrophilic; they attract water.
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Need mügarad tõmbavad vett ligi.
08:25
Between them there's a waxy finish which repels water.
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Nende vahel on vahajas kiht, mis tõrjub vett.
08:28
And the effect of this is that
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Selle toimel juhtub see,
08:30
as the droplets start to form on the bumps,
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et kui piisad hakkavad mügarate otsa tekkima,
08:32
they stay in tight, spherical beads,
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säilivad nad kompaktsete, ümarate tilkadena,
08:34
which means they're much more mobile
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mis tähendab, et nad on palju mobiilsemad,
08:36
than they would be if it was just a film of water over the whole beetle's shell.
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kui nad oleksid juhul, kui põrnika kest oleks lihtsalt kaetud veekihiga.
08:39
So even when there's only a small amount of moisture in the air,
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Nii et isegi kui õhus on vaid veidi niiskust,
08:42
it's able to harvest that very effectively and channel it down to its mouth.
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on ta ikka võimeline seda väga efektiivselt koguma ja endale suhu juhtima.
08:45
So amazing example of an adaptation
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Hämmastav näide kohanemisest
08:47
to a very resource-constrained environment --
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väga nappe ressursse pakkuva keskkonnaga -
08:49
and in that sense, very relevant
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millel on vägagi suur seos
08:51
to the kind of challenges we're going to be facing
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väljakutsetega, millega meie silmitsi seisame
08:53
over the next few years, next few decades.
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tulevate aastate ja aastakümnete jooksul.
08:55
We're working with the guy who invented the Seawater Greenhouse.
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Me teeme koostööd mehega, kes leiutas merevee kasvuhoone.
08:57
This is a greenhouse designed for arid coastal regions,
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See kasvuhoone on kavandatud põuaste rannikualade jaoks
09:00
and the way it works is that you have this whole wall of evaporator grills,
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ja töötab nii, et teil on terve seinatäis aurutusvõresid
09:04
and you trickle seawater over that
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ja te tilgutate sellele merevett,
09:06
so that wind blows through, it picks up a lot of moisture
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nii et kui tuul sellest läbi puhub, haarab ta hulga niiskust kaasa
09:08
and is cooled in the process.
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ja muutub seeläbi jahedamaks.
09:10
So inside it's cool and humid,
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Nii on sees jahe ja niiske,
09:12
which means the plants need less water to grow.
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mis tähendab, et taimed vajavad kasvamiseks vähem vett.
09:14
And then at the back of the greenhouse,
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Kasvuhoone tagumises osas
09:16
it condenses a lot of that humidity as freshwater
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kondenseeritakse suur osa niiskusest mageveeks
09:19
in a process that is effectively identical to the beetle.
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täpselt samasuguse protsessi käigus nagu põrnika puhul.
09:22
And what they found with the first Seawater Greenhouse that was built
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Kui esimene merevee kasvuhoone ehitati, avastasid nad,
09:25
was it was producing slightly more freshwater
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et see toodab veidi rohkem magevett,
09:27
than it needed for the plants inside.
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kui sealsed taimed vajasid.
09:30
So they just started spreading this on the land around,
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Nad hakkasid sellega kastma ümbritsevat maapinda.
09:33
and the combination of that and the elevated humidity
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Sellel ja suurenenud niiskustasemel
09:35
had quite a dramatic effect on the local area.
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oli ümbruskonnale tohutu mõju.
09:38
This photograph was taken on completion day,
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See foto tehti siis, kui ehitis valmis sai,
09:40
and just one year later, it looked like that.
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ja aasta hiljem nägi see välja nii.
09:42
So it was like a green inkblot spreading out from the building
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See oli nagu roheline tindiplekk, mis ehitisest välja voolas,
09:45
turning barren land back into biologically productive land --
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muutes viljatu maa bioloogiliselt produktiivseks pinnaseks -
09:48
and in that sense, going beyond sustainable design
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ja selles mõttes saavutas jätkusuutlik disain
09:50
to achieve restorative design.
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taastava disainini taseme.
09:52
So we were keen to scale this up
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Tahtsime seda võimalikult hästi ära kasutada
09:54
and apply biomimicry ideas to maximize the benefits.
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ning biomimikri ideid rakendades saavutada maksimaalset.
09:57
And when you think about nature,
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Kui me mõtleme looduse üle,
09:59
often you think about it as being all about competition.
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siis mõtleme sageli, et see põhineb konkurentsil.
10:01
But actually in mature ecosystems,
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Kuid tegelikult võib küpsetest ökosüsteemidest
10:03
you're just as likely to find examples
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leida sama tõenäoliselt näiteid
10:05
of symbiotic relationships.
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sümbioossetest suhetest.
10:07
So an important biomimicry principle
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Üks biomimikri olulisi põhimõtteid
10:09
is to find ways of bringing technologies together
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on leida viise, kuidas panna tehnoloogiaid kokku
10:11
in symbiotic clusters.
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sümbioosseteks kogumikeks.
10:13
And the technology that we settled on
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Tehnoloogia, mille võtsime sihikule
10:15
as an ideal partner for the Seawater Greenhouse
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kui ideaalse partneri merevee kasvuhoonele,
10:17
is concentrated solar power,
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oli kontsentreeritud päikeseenergia,
10:19
which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat
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mis kasutab päikest järgivaid peegleid, et koondada päikesevalgust
10:21
to create electricity.
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ja toota selle abil elektrit.
10:23
And just to give you some sense of the potential of CSP,
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Et anda teile aimu kontsentreeritud päikeseenergia potentsiaalist,
10:26
consider that we receive
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mõelge sellele, et me saame
10:28
10,000 times as much energy from the sun every year
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igal aastal päikeselt 10 000 korda rohkem energiat,
10:31
as we use in energy from all forms --
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kui me kasutame energiat kõigis selle erinevates vormides -
10:33
10,000 times.
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10 000 korda.
10:35
So our energy problems are not intractable.
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Meie energiaprobleemid ei ole lahendamatud.
10:37
It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
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See on lihtsalt väljakutse meie leidlikkusele.
10:39
And the kind of synergies I'm talking about
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Ja mis puutub sünergiatesse, millest ma räägin,
10:41
are, firstly, both these technologies work very well in hot, sunny deserts.
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esiteks toimivad mõlemad neist tehnoloogiatest palavas, päikeselises kõrbes.
10:45
CSP needs a supply of demineralized freshwater.
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Kontsentreeritud päikeseenergia vajab demineraliseeritud magevee varu.
10:48
That's exactly what the Seawater Greenhouse produces.
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Täpselt seda toodab merevee kasvuhoone.
10:50
CSP produces a lot of waste heat.
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Kontsentreeritud päikeseenergia toodab palju üleliigset kuumust.
10:52
We'll be able to make use of all that to evaporate more seawater
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Me saame seda ära kasutada, et rohkem merevett aurustada
10:55
and enhance the restorative benefits.
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ja luua kasutegureid veelgi juurde.
10:57
And finally, in the shade under the mirrors,
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Ja lõpuks on peeglite all varjus
10:59
it's possible to grow all sorts of crops
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võimalik kasvatada igasugust põlluvilja,
11:01
that would not grow in direct sunlight.
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mis otseses päikesevalguses ei kasvaks.
11:03
So this is how this scheme would look.
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Nii näeks see plaan välja.
11:05
The idea is we create this long hedge of greenhouses facing the wind.
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Idee on luua pikk rodu kasvuhooneid suunaga tuule poole.
11:08
We'd have concentrated solar power plants
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Seal oleksid kontsentreeritud päikeseenergia jõujaamad
11:10
at intervals along the way.
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teatud vahemaade tagant.
11:12
Some of you might be wondering what we would do with all the salts.
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Mõned teist võivad mõelda, et mida kogu selle soolaga teha.
11:15
And with biomimicry, if you've got an underutilized resource,
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Biomimikris on nii, et kui teil on kasutamata ressurss,
11:18
you don't think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
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siis te ei mõtle: "Kuidas sellest lahti saada?"
11:20
You think, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
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Te mõtlete: "Mida ma saan süsteemile juurde liita, et luua lisaväärtust?"
11:23
And it turns out
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Tuleb välja,
11:25
that different things crystallize out at different stages.
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et erinevad asjad kristalliseeruvad erinevas staadiumis.
11:27
When you evaporate seawater, the first thing to crystallize out
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Kui te aurustate merevett, kristalliseerub esimesena,
11:29
is calcium carbonate.
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kaltsiumkarbonaat.
11:31
And that builds up on the evaporators --
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See ladestub aurutisse -
11:33
and that's what that image on the left is --
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seda näete vasakpoolsel pildil -
11:35
gradually getting encrusted with the calcium carbonate.
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sinna ladestub pisitasa kaltsiumkarbonaat.
11:37
So after a while, we could take that out,
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Mõne aja pärast võime selle välja võtta
11:39
use it as a lightweight building block.
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ja kasutada kerge ehitusplokina.
11:41
And if you think about the carbon in that,
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Kui mõelda, kui palju on seal süsinikku,
11:43
that would have come out of the atmosphere, into the sea
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mis võiks sattuda atmosfäärist merre,
11:45
and then locked away in a building product.
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siis nüüd on see ehitusmaterjali suletud.
11:47
The next thing is sodium chloride.
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Järgmiseks asjaks on naatriumkloriid.
11:49
You can also compress that into a building block,
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Sellest võib samuti pressida ehitusploki,
11:51
as they did here.
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nagu on tehtud siin.
11:53
This is a hotel in Bolivia.
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See on hotell Boliivias.
11:55
And then after that, there are all sorts
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Lisaks sellele on igasuguseid
11:57
of compounds and elements that we can extract,
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ühendeid ja elemente, mida on võimalik eraldada,
11:59
like phosphates, that we need to get back into the desert soils to fertilize them.
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nagu fosfaate, mis on vaja kõrbepinda tagasi panna, et see viljakaks muuta.
12:02
And there's just about every element of the periodic table
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Ja merevees esinevad peaaegu kõik
12:04
in seawater.
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perioodilisustabelis leiduvad elemendid.
12:06
So it should be possible to extract valuable elements
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Niisiis peaks olema võimalik eraldada väärtuslikke elemente
12:08
like lithium for high-performance batteries.
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nagu liitiumit suure võimsusega akude jaoks.
12:12
And in parts of the Arabian Gulf,
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Teatud piirkondades Pärsia lahel
12:15
the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily
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suureneb merevee soolasus pidevalt
12:18
due to the discharge of waste brine
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seoses kasutatud merevee väljavooluga
12:20
from desalination plants.
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veepuhastusjaamadest.
12:22
And it's pushing the ecosystem close to collapse.
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See on viinud ökosüsteemi katastroofi äärele.
12:25
Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.
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Kuid me võiksime merevee jääke ära kasutada.
12:27
We could evaporate it
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Me võiksime seda aurustada,
12:29
to enhance the restorative benefits
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et seda tulusalt ära kasutada
12:31
and capture the salts,
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ja soolad eraldada,
12:33
transforming an urgent waste problem into a big opportunity.
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muutes reoveeprobleemi suureks võimaluseks.
12:36
Really the Sahara Forest Project is a model
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Sahara metsaprojekt on hea näide sellest,
12:38
for how we could create zero-carbon food,
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kuidas saaksime toota ilma süsinikujalajäljeta toitu
12:41
abundant renewable energy in some of the most water-stressed parts of the planet
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ja ohtralt taastuvenergiat ühes Maa kõige põuasemas piirkonnas
12:44
as well as reversing desertification in certain areas.
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ning pöörata ümber maa kõrbeks muutumise protsessi.
12:48
So returning to those big challenges that I mentioned at the beginning:
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Tulles tagasi suurte väljakutseteni, mida ma alguses mainisin:
12:51
radical increases in resource efficiency,
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radikaalne tõus ressursside tõhusas kasutamises,
12:53
closing loops and a solar economy.
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suletud ahelad ja päikeseenergia.
12:55
They're not just possible; they're critical.
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Need ei ole mitte üksnes võimalikud, vaid hädavajalikud.
12:58
And I firmly believe that studying the way nature solves problems
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Ma usun kindlalt, et uurides seda, kuidas loodus probleeme lahendab,
13:01
will provide a lot of the solutions.
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leiame me palju lahendusi.
13:04
But perhaps more than anything, what this thinking provides
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Kuid ennekõike annab see mõtlemine
13:07
is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
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väga positiivse viisi rääkida jätkusuutlikust disainist.
13:09
Far too much of the talk about the environment
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Keskkonnast rääkides kasutatakse liiga sageli
13:11
uses very negative language.
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väga negatiivseid sõnu.
13:13
But here it's about synergies and abundance and optimizing.
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Kuid meie räägime sünergiast, küllusest ja optimeerimisest.
13:16
And this is an important point.
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Ja see on oluline.
13:18
Antoine de Saint-Exupery once said,
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Antoine de Saint-Exupery ütles:
13:20
"If you want to build a flotilla of ships,
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"Kui sa tahad ehitada flotilli laevu,
13:22
you don't sit around talking about carpentry.
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siis sa ei istu ega räägi puusepatööst.
13:24
No, you need to set people's souls ablaze
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Ei, sa pead sütitama inimeste hingi
13:27
with visions of exploring distant shores."
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nägemustega kaugete rannikute uurimisest."
13:29
And that's what we need to do, so let's be positive,
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Seda peame meiegi tegema, nii et olgem positiivsed
13:32
and let's make progress with what could be
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ja tehkem edusamme selles, mis võib osutuda
13:34
the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
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kõige põnevamaks innovatsiooniperioodiks, mida oleme kunagi näinud.
13:36
Thank you.
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Tänan teid.
13:38
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pawlyn - ArchitectMichael Pawlyn takes cues from nature to make new, sustainable architectural environments.
Why you should listen
Michael Pawlyn established the architecture firm Exploration in 2007 to focus on environmentally sustainable projects that take their inspiration from nature.
Prior to setting up the company, Pawlyn worked with the firm Grimshaw for ten years and was central to the team that radically re-invented horticultural architecture for the Eden Project. He was responsible for leading the design of the Warm Temperate and Humid Tropics Biomes and the subsequent phases that included proposals for a third Biome for plants from dry tropical regions. In 1999 he was one of five winners in A Car-free London, an ideas competition for strategic solutions to the capital’s future transport needs and new possibilities for urban spaces. In September 2003 he joined an intensive course in nature-inspired design at Schumacher College, run by Amory Lovins and Janine Benyus. He has lectured widely on the subject of sustainable design in the UK and abroad.
His Sahara Forest Project, covered in this TEDTalk, recently won major funding >>
Michael Pawlyn | Speaker | TED.com