TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers
Jonathan Drori: Prekrasni trikovi cvijeća
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U ovom vizualno sjajnom govoru, Jonathan Drori pokazuje nevjerojatne načine cvjetnica -- više od četvrt milijuna vrsta -- razvili su se kako bi privukli kukce koji šire njihovu pelud: uzgoj 'slijetne-trake' koja vodi kukca, sjaj u ultraljubičastom, izgradnja razrađenih zamki, pa čak i oponašanje drugih kukaca u toplini.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Do you know
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Znate li
00:19
how many species of flowering plants there are?
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koliko različitih vrsta cvjetnica postoji?
00:22
There are a quarter of a million -- at least those are the ones we know about --
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Ima ih četvrt milijuna -- najmanje jer su to one vrste za koje znamo --
00:25
a quarter of a million species of flowering plants.
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četvrt milijuna vrsta cvjetnica.
00:28
And flowers are a real bugger.
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A cvijetovi su pravi problem.
00:30
They're really difficult for plants to produce.
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Oni su biljkama stvarno teški za proizvodnju.
00:32
They take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources.
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Oni uzimaju nevjerojatnu količinu energije i puno resursa.
00:35
Why would they go to that bother?
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Zašto se one uopće time zamaraju?
00:37
And the answer of course, like so many things in the world,
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I odgovor je naravno, poput mnogih stvari na svijetu,
00:39
is sex.
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seks.
00:41
I know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures.
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Znam što vam je na umu kada gledate ove slike.
00:45
And the reason that sexual reproduction is so important --
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I razlog tome je što je seksualna reprodukcija toliko važna --
00:48
there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce.
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postoji jako puno drugih stvari koje biljke mogu raditi kako bi reproducirale.
00:51
You can take cuttings;
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Možete uzeti strugotine;
00:53
they can sort of have sex with themselves;
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one se mogu na neki način seksati same sa sobom;
00:55
they can pollinate themselves.
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one se mogu samooprašivati.
00:57
But they really need to spread their genes
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Ali one stvarno trebaju rasijati svoje gene
00:59
to mix with other genes
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kako bi se pomiješali s drugim genima,
01:01
so that they can adapt to environmental niches.
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kako bi se mogli prilagoditi okolišnim nišama.
01:03
Evolution works that way.
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Evolucija radi na taj način.
01:05
Now the way that plants transmit that information
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Način na koji biljke odašilju tu informaciju
01:07
is through pollen.
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je preko peluda.
01:09
Some of you may have seen some of these pictures before.
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Neki od vas su možda ranije vidjeli ove slike.
01:11
As I say, every home should have a scanning electron microscope
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Kao što sam rekao, svaki dom bi trebao imati skenirajući elektronski mikroskop
01:13
to be able to see these.
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kako bi mogao vidjeti ove.
01:15
And there is as many different kinds of pollen
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A postoji toliko različitih vrsta peluda
01:17
as there are flowering plants.
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koliko je i različitih cvjetnica.
01:19
And that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on.
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A to je u stvari prilično korisno za forenzičare i tako dalje.
01:22
Most pollen that causes hay fever for us
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Većina peluda koji uzrokuje peludnu groznicu
01:25
is from plants that use the wind
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je iz biljaka koje koriste vjetar
01:27
to disseminate the pollen,
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kako bi raširile pelud.
01:29
and that's a very inefficient process,
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A to je prilično nedjelotvoran proces
01:32
which is why it gets up our noses so much.
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i to je razlog zašto ga toliko završi u našim nosevima.
01:34
Because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it,
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Jer trebate izbaciti priličnu količinu toga,
01:36
hoping that your sex cells, your male sex cells,
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nadajući se kako će vaše seksualne čelije, vaše muške seksualne čelije,
01:39
which are held within the pollen,
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koje se drže unutar peludi,
01:41
will somehow reach another flower just by chance.
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doći nekako do drugog cvijeta uz puno sreće.
01:43
So all the grasses, which means all of the cereal crops,
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Tako sve trave, što znači i sve žitarice,
01:46
and most of the trees
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i većina drveća
01:48
have wind-borne pollen.
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ima pelud prenešenu vjetrom.
01:50
But most species
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Ali većina vrsta
01:52
actually use insects to do their bidding,
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u stvari koriste insekte kako bi se povezala.
01:54
and that's more intelligent in a way,
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A to je na neki način inteligentnije,
01:57
because the pollen, they don't need so much of it.
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zbog peludi jer je ne trebate toliko puno.
02:00
The insects
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Insekti
02:02
and other species
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i druge vrste
02:05
can take the pollen,
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mogu uzeti pelud,
02:07
transfer it directly to where it's required.
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te ju prenijeti direktno gdje se traži.
02:09
So we're aware, obviously, of the relationship
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Dakle svjesni smo, očito, veze
02:12
between insects and plants.
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između insekata i biljaka.
02:14
There's a symbiotic relationship there,
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Postoji simbiotska veza ovdje,
02:16
whether it's flies or birds or bees,
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bilo da leti na pticama ili pčelama,
02:19
they're getting something in return,
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dobiju nešto za uzvrat,
02:21
and that something in return is generally nectar.
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i to nešto za uzvrat je uglavnom nektar.
02:24
Sometimes that symbiosis
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Ponekad ta simbioza
02:26
has led to wonderful adaptations --
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je dovela do prekrasnih adaptacija --
02:28
the hummingbird hawk-moth
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kolibrići
02:30
is beautiful in its adaptation.
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su prekrasni u svojoj adaptaciji.
02:32
The plant gets something,
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Biljka dobije nešto,
02:34
and the hawk-moth spreads the pollen somewhere else.
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a kolibrić prenese pelud negdje drugdje.
02:38
Plants have evolved
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Biljke su evolvirale
02:40
to create little landing strips here and there
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kako bi stvorile malene slijetne trake tu i tamo
02:42
for bees that might have lost their way.
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za pčele koje su se izgubile.
02:44
There are markings on many plants
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Postoje obilježja na mnogim biljkama
02:46
that look like other insects.
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koja izgledaju kao drugi insekti.
02:49
These are the anthers of a lily,
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Ovu su prašnici ljiljana,
02:51
cleverly done
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pametno napravljeni
02:53
so that when the unsuspecting insect
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tako kada insekt koji ništa ne sumnja
02:55
lands on it,
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na njih sleti,
02:57
the anther flips up and whops it on the back
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prašnik se izdigne i lupi ga po leđima
02:59
with a great load of pollen that it then goes to another plant with.
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s velikom količinom peluda s kojom onda on ide do druge biljke.
03:02
And there's an orchid
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A ovdje je jedna orhideja
03:05
that might look to you as if it's got jaws,
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koja bi vama mogla izgledati kao da ima ralje.
03:07
and in a way, it has; it forces the insect to crawl out,
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I na neki način ih ima; ona prisiljava insekta da ispuže,
03:10
getting covered in pollen that it takes somewhere else.
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prekriven peludom koji onda odnosi negdje drugdje.
03:14
Orchids: there are 20,000, at least,
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Orhideje: ima ih 20.000, najmanje,
03:16
species of orchids --
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različitih vrsta --
03:18
amazingly, amazingly diverse.
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čudesno, čudesno različitih.
03:20
And they get up to all sorts of tricks.
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I one imaju cijeli niz različitih trikova.
03:22
They have to try and attract pollinators
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One moraju pokušati i privući oprašivače
03:25
to do their bidding.
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kako bi napravili svoj dio posla.
03:27
This orchid, known as Darwin's orchid,
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Ova orhideja, poznata kao Darwinova orhideja,
03:30
because it's one that he studied
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jer je to jedna koju je proučavao
03:32
and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it --
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i napravio prekrasna predviđanja kada ih je vidio.
03:34
you can see that there's a very long nectar tube
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Možete vidjeti kako je tu prilično dugačka cijev s nektarom
03:37
that descends down
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koja se spušta prema dolje
03:39
from the orchid.
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s orhideje.
03:41
And basically what the insect has to do --
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I ono što insekt u osnovi mora napraviti --
03:43
we're in the middle of the flower --
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mi smo usred cvijeta --
03:45
it has to stick its little proboscis
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mora držati svoje malo rilo
03:47
right into the middle of that
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točno u sredini toga
03:49
and all the way down that nectar tube
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i tako cijelim putem skroz dolje kroz cijev s nektarom
03:51
to get to the nectar.
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kako bi ga uzeo.
03:53
And Darwin said, looking at this flower,
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I Darwin je rekao, gledajući taj cvijet,
03:56
"I guess something has coevolved with this."
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"Pretpostavljam kako je nešto suevolviralo s ovim."
03:58
And sure enough,
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I prilično sigurno
04:00
there's the insect.
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tu je insekt.
04:02
And I mean, normally it kind of rolls it away,
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I mislim, normalno ga na neki način izrola
04:04
but in its erect form,
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ali u svom uspravnom obliku
04:06
that's what it looks like.
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to tako izgleda.
04:09
Now you can imagine
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Sada možete zamisliti
04:11
that if nectar
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da ako je nektar
04:13
is such a valuable thing
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tako krhka stvar
04:16
and expensive for the plant to produce
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i skupa za biljke da ju proizvode
04:18
and it attracts lots of pollinators,
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te privlači puno oprašivača,
04:21
then, just as in human sex,
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onda bi, baš kao i kod ljudskog seksa,
04:23
people might start to deceive.
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ljudi mogli početi varati.
04:25
They might say, "I've got a bit of nectar. Do you want to come and get it?"
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Mogli bi reći, "Imam malo nektara. Hoćeš li doći i uzeti ga?"
04:28
Now this is a plant.
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Dakle ovo je biljka.
04:31
This is a plant here
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Ovo ovdje je biljka
04:33
that insects in South Africa just love,
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koju insekti u Južnoj Africi jednostavno vole.
04:37
and they've evolved with a long proboscis
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I oni su se razvili s dugačkim rilima
04:40
to get the nectar at the bottom.
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kako bi uzeli nektar na dnu.
04:42
And this is the mimic.
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A to je mimika.
04:44
So this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant.
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Dakle ovo je biljka koja oponaša prvu biljku.
04:47
And here is the long-probosced fly
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I ovdje je muha s dugačkim rilom
04:50
that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic,
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koja nije dobila ništa nektra iz tog oponašanja.
04:53
because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar. It thought it would get some.
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Jer joj oponašatelj ne daje nikakav nektar. Ona je mislila da će ga dobiti.
04:56
So not only has the fly
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Dakle ne samo da muha
04:58
not got the nectar from the mimic plant,
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nije dobila nektar od oponašajuće biljke,
05:00
it's also -- if you look very closely
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ona također -- ako pogledate pažljivo
05:02
just at the head end, you can see that it's got a bit of pollen
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na kraju glave, možete vidjeti da ima malo peluda
05:05
that it would be transmitting to another plant,
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koji će prenijeti do druge biljke,
05:07
if only some botanist hadn't come along
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da nije neki botaničar došao
05:09
and stuck it to a blue piece of card.
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i stavio je na plavi komad kartice.
05:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:16
Now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom.
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Sada prevareni nosi to po kraljevstvu biljaka.
05:19
This flower with its black dots:
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Ovaj cvijet sa svojim crnim točkama:
05:21
they might look like black dots to us,
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one nama mogu izgledati poput crnih točaka,
05:23
but if I tell you, to a male insect of the right species,
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ali ako vam kažem, kako muškom insektu prave vrste,
05:26
that looks like two females
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one izgledaju kao dvije ženke
05:28
who are really, really hot to trot.
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koje su stvarno vruće, vruće za pokazati.
05:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:32
And when the insect gets there and lands on it,
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I kada insekt dođe tamo i sleti na to,
05:35
dousing itself in pollen, of course, that it's going to take to another plant,
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biva iskorišten za pelud, naravno, koja će završiti na drugoj biljci,
05:38
if you look at the every-home-should-have-one scanning electron microscope picture,
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ako pogledate na sliku svaka-kuća-bi-trebala-imati-jednog skenirajućeg elektronskog mikroskopa,
05:42
you can see that there are actually some patterning there,
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možete vidjeti kako u stvari postoje neki uzorci tamo,
05:44
which is three-dimensional.
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koji su tro-dimenzionalni.
05:46
So it probably even feels good for the insect,
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Tako da to za insekta ima vjerojatno jednako dobar opip
05:49
as well as looking good.
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kao i izgled.
05:52
And these electron microscope pictures --
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A ove slike elektronskog mikroskopa --
05:54
here's one of an orchid mimicking an insect --
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ovdje je jedna orhideja koja oponaša insekta --
05:57
you can see that different parts of the structure
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možete vidjeti kako različiti dijelovi strukture
06:00
have different colors and different textures to our eye,
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imaju različite boje i različite teksture za naše oko,
06:03
have very, very different textures
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imaju jako, jako različite teksture
06:05
to what an insect might perceive.
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onoga što bi jedan insekt mogao opaziti.
06:08
And this one is evolved to mimic
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A ovaj ovdje je evoluirao do oponašanja
06:10
a glossy metallic surface
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sjajne metalne površine
06:13
you see on some beetles.
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koju možete vidjeti na nekim kornjašima.
06:15
And under the scanning electron microscope,
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I pod skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom,
06:18
you can see the surface there --
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možete vidjeti površinu tamo --
06:21
really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at.
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stvarno bitno drugačiju od ostalih površina koje smo gledali.
06:25
Sometimes the whole plant
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Ponekad cijela biljka
06:27
mimics an insect, even to us.
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oponaša insekta, čak i nama.
06:30
I mean, I think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast.
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Mislim ovo izgleda poput neke vrste leteće životinje ili zvijeri.
06:33
It's a wonderful, amazing thing.
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Prekrasno je, zadivljujuća stvar.
06:36
This one's clever. It's called obsidian.
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Ovaj je pametan. Naziva se opsidijan.
06:39
I think of it as insidium sometimes.
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Ponekad o njemu razmišljam kao o insidijumu.
06:41
To the right species of bee,
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Pravoj vrsti pčele
06:44
this looks like another very aggressive bee,
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ovo izgleda kao druga vrsta jako agresivne pčele,
06:46
and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away,
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i ide i lupa ju po glavi jako puno puta kako bi je otjerala,
06:49
and, of course, covers itself with pollen.
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i, naravno, prekrivena je peludom.
06:51
The other thing it does
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Druga stvar koju radi
06:53
is that this plant mimics another orchid
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jest da ova biljka oponaša drugu orhideju
06:56
that has a wonderful store
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koja ima prekrasan dućan
06:59
of food for insects.
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hrane za insekte.
07:01
And this one doesn't have anything for them.
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A ova nema ništa za njih.
07:03
So it's deceiving on two levels --
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Tako da vara na dvije razine --
07:05
fabulous.
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nevjerojatno.
07:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:09
Here we see ylang ylang,
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Ovdje je ylang ylang
07:11
the component of many perfumes.
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sastojak mnogih parfema.
07:13
I actually smelt someone with some on earlier.
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Ja sam zapravo ranije osjetio da ga netko ovdje ima.
07:16
And the flowers don't really have to be that gaudy.
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A cvijeće stvarno ne mora biti gizdavo.
07:18
They're sending out a fantastic array of scent
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Oni šalju sjajan niz mirisa
07:21
to any insect that'll have it.
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svakom insektu koji to želi.
07:24
This one doesn't smell so good.
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Ovaj ne miriše toliko dobro.
07:26
This is a flower
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Ovo je cvijet
07:28
that really, really smells pretty nasty
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koji stvarno miriše prilično loše
07:31
and is designed, again, evolved,
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i dizajniran je, ponovno, evoluirao je
07:34
to look like carrion.
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kako bi izgledao poput strvine.
07:37
So flies love this.
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Tako da ga muhe obožavaju.
07:39
They fly in and they pollinate.
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One ulijeću i oprašuju.
07:42
This, which is helicodiceros,
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Ovo, a to je helicodiceros,
07:46
is also known as dead horse arum.
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je poznato još kao arum mrtvog konja.
07:49
I don't know what a dead horse actually smells like,
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Ne znam kako točno miriše mrtvi konj,
07:51
but this one probably smells pretty much like it.
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ali ovaj cvijet vjerojatno jako slično miriši.
07:53
It's really horrible.
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Stvarno je užasno.
07:55
And blowflies just can't help themselves.
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A muhe si jednostavno ne mogu pomoći.
07:57
They fly into this thing,
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One ulijeću u tu stvar,
07:59
and they fly all the way down it.
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i spuštaju se skroz na njeno dno.
08:01
They lay their eggs in it,
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One poliježu svoja jajašca u nju,
08:03
thinking it's a nice bit of carrion,
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misleći kako je to lijepi komad lešine,
08:05
and not realizing that there's no food for the eggs, that the eggs are going to die,
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i ne shvačajući kako nema hrane za njihova jajašca, kako će jajašca umrijeti,
08:08
but the plant, meanwhile, has benefited,
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ali je biljka, u međuvremenu, imala koristi,
08:11
because the bristles release
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jer čekinja oslobađa
08:13
and the flies disappear
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a muha nestaje
08:15
to pollinate the next flower -- fantastic.
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kako bi oprašila slijedeći cvijet -- fantastično.
08:18
Here's arum, arum maculatum,
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Ovdje je arum, pjegasti kozlac,
08:20
"lords and ladies," or "cuckoo-pint" in this country.
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gospodari i dame, kukavica-pinta u ovoj zemlji.
08:23
I photographed this thing last week in Dorset.
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Fotografirao sam tu stvar prošli tjedan u Dorsetu.
08:25
This thing heats up
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Ova stvar se zagrije
08:27
by about 15 degrees above ambient temperature --
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za otprilike 15 stupnjeva iznad ambijentalne temperature --
08:29
amazing.
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nevjerojatno.
08:31
And if you look down into it,
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Ako pogledate dolje u to,
08:33
there's this sort of dam past the spadix,
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tu se nalazi ta vrsta prepreke pokraj spadiksa,
08:36
flies get attracted by the heat --
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muhe privuće toplina --
08:38
which is boiling off volatile chemicals, little midges --
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tamo vriju lako hlapljive kemikalije, male mušice --
08:40
and they get trapped underneath in this container.
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i ulove se u zamku ispod u ovaj kontejner.
08:43
They drink this fabulous nectar
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One piju taj nevjerojatan nektar
08:46
and then they're all a bit sticky.
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i onda su sve malo ljepljive.
08:48
At night they get covered in pollen,
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Noću se prekriju peludom,
08:51
which showers down over them,
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koji pada po njima,
08:53
and then the bristles that we saw above,
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a zatim čekinje koje smo vidjeli gore,
08:55
they sort of wilt and allow all these midges out, covered in pollen --
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one na neki način uvenu i omoguće svim tim mušicama da izađu, prekrivene peludom --
08:58
fabulous thing.
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nevjerojatna stvar.
09:00
Now if you think that's fabulous, this is one of my great favorites.
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Ako mislite da je to nevjerojatno, ova je moj osobni veliki favorit.
09:03
This is the philodendron selloum.
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Ovo je filodendron.
09:06
For anyone here from Brazil, you'll know about this plant.
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Za vas koji ste iz Brazila, znati ćete neke stvari o ovoj biljci.
09:09
This is the most amazing thing.
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Ovo je najnevjerojatnija stvar.
09:11
That sort of phallic bit there
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Ova vrsta faličnog komadića ovdje
09:13
is about a foot long.
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je oko 0,3 metra dugačka.
09:15
And it does something
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I ona radi nešto
09:17
that no other plant that I know of does,
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što niti jedna biljka koju ja znam ne radi,
09:20
and that is that when it flowers --
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a to je kada cvjeta --
09:22
that's the spadix in the middle there --
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to je spendiks u sredini tamo --
09:24
for a period of about two days,
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na dva dana,
09:27
it metabolizes in a way
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on metabolizira na način
09:29
which is rather similar to mammals.
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koji je sličan sisavcima.
09:31
So instead of having starch,
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Dakle umjesto da se bavi škrobom
09:33
which is the food of plants,
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koji je hrana za biljke,
09:35
it takes something rather similar to brown fat
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ona uzima nešto slično smeđoj masti
09:37
and burns it at such a rate
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i spaljuje to takvom brzinom
09:39
that it's burning fat, metabolizing,
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da spaljuje mast, simulira metabolizam,
09:42
about the rate of a small cat.
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brzinom male mačke.
09:45
And that's twice the energy output, weight for weight,
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I to je dvostruko veći energetski učinak, težina za težinom,
09:48
than a hummingbird --
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od kolibrića --
09:50
absolutely astonishing.
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apsolutno zadivljujuće.
09:52
This thing does something else which is unusual.
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Ova stvar radi još nešto što je neuobičajeno.
09:54
Not only will it raise itself to 115 Fahrenheit,
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Ne samo da će podignuti vlastitu temperaturu na 115 Fahrenheita,
09:57
43 or 44 degrees Centigrade, for two days,
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43 ili 44 stupnja Celzijusa, na dva dana,
10:00
but it keeps constant temperature.
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ali održava stalnu temperaturu.
10:03
There's a thermoregulation mechanism in there
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Postoji termoregulacijski mehanizam
10:05
that keeps constant temperature.
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koji održava temperaturu.
10:07
"Now why does it do this," I hear you ask.
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Zašto to radi? Čujem kako pitate.
10:09
Now wouldn't you know it,
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Nije ni čudo da ne znate,
10:11
there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature.
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postoje neki kornjaši koji jednostavno vole voditi ljubav na toj temperaturi.
10:15
And they get inside, and they get it all on.
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I oni uđu unutra, i sve obave.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:20
And the plant showers them with pollen,
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I biljka ih zasuje peludom,
10:22
and off they go and pollinate.
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i onda odlete i oprašuju.
10:25
And what a wonderful thing it is.
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I kako je to prekrasna stvar.
10:28
Now most pollinators
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Većina oprašitelja
10:31
that we think about are insects,
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o kojima razmišljamo su insekti,
10:33
but actually in the tropics,
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ali u stvari u tropima
10:35
many birds and butterflies pollinate.
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puno ptica i leptira oprašuje.
10:38
And many of the tropical flowers are red,
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A mnogi od tropskih cvjetova su crveni
10:40
and that's because butterflies and birds
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i to je zato jer leptiri i ptice
10:42
see similarly to us, we think,
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vide slično nama, mi mislimo,
10:44
and can see the color red very well.
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i mogu vidjeti crvenu boju jako dobro.
10:47
But if you look at the spectrum,
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Ali ako pogledate u spektar
10:50
birds and us, we see red, green and blue
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nas i ptica, mi vidimo crveno, zeleno i plavo
10:53
and see that spectrum.
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i vidimo taj spektar.
10:55
Insects see green, blue and ultraviolet,
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Insekti vide zeleno, plavo i ultraljubičasto,
10:57
and they see various shades of ultraviolet.
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i oni vide različite sjene ultraljubičaste.
10:59
So there's something that goes on off the end there.
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Dakle postoji nešto što je tu na kraj.
11:02
"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what that is," I hear you ask.
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"I ne bi li bilo sjajno da na neki način možemo vidjeti što je to", čujem kako pitate.
11:05
Well yes we can.
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Dakle, možemo.
11:07
So what is an insect seeing?
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Što je to što insekt vidi?
11:10
Last week I took these pictures of rock rose,
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Prošlog tjedna sam snimio ove slike kamene ruže
11:12
helianthemum, in Dorset.
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sunčanice, u Dorsetu.
11:14
These are little yellow flowers like we all see,
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To su maleni žuti cvjetovi kao što svi možemo vidjeti,
11:17
little yellow flowers all over the place.
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maleni žuti cvjetovi po cijelom mjestu.
11:19
And this is what it looks like with visible light.
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A ovako to izgleda pod svjetlom.
11:22
This is what it looks like if you take out the red.
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Ovako izgleda kada bismo oduzeli crvenu boju.
11:25
Most bees don't perceive red.
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Većina pčela ne registrira crvenu.
11:28
And then I put some ultraviolet filters on my camera
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I onda sam stavio neke ultraljubičaste filtere na moju kameru
11:32
and took a very, very long exposure
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i uzeo jako, jako dugačku ekspoziciju
11:35
with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light
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sa specifičnim frekvencijama ultraljubičastog svjetla
11:38
and this is what I got.
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i ovo je što sam dobio.
11:40
And that's a real fantastic bull's eye.
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I to je stvarno fantastična meta.
11:43
Now we don't know
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Sada ne znamo
11:45
exactly what a bee sees,
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točno što pčele vide,
11:47
any more than you know what I'm seeing
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ništa više nego što znate što ja vidim
11:49
when I call this red.
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kada ovo nazivam crvenim.
11:52
We can't know what's going on in -- let alone an insect's --
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Mi ne možemo znati što se događa, a kamoli kukac,
11:55
another human being's mind.
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u glavi drugog čovjeka.
11:58
But the contrast will look something like that,
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Ali kontrast će izgledati otprilike ovako.
12:02
so standing out a lot from the background.
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Tako izgleda većina pozadine.
12:04
Here's another little flower --
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Evo još jednog malog cvijeta --
12:06
different range of ultraviolet frequencies,
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drugi raspon ultraljubičastih frekvencija,
12:09
different filters
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drugi filteri
12:11
to match the pollinators.
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koji odgovaraju oprašivačima.
12:13
And that's the sort of thing that it would be seeing.
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I to je neka vrsta stvari koju bi vidjeli.
12:16
Just in case you think
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Samo u slučaju ako mislite
12:18
that all yellow flowers have this property --
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da svi žuti cvjetovi imaju ovo obilježje --
12:21
no flower was damaged in the process of this shot;
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niti jedan cvijet nije oštečen tijekom ove snimke;
12:24
it was just attached to the tripod,
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samo je pričvršćen uz tronožac,
12:27
not killed --
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nije ubijen --
12:29
then under ultraviolet light,
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onda pod ultraljubičastim svjetlom,
12:31
look at that.
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pogledajte.
12:33
And that could be the basis of a sunscreen
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I to bi mogao biti temelj kreme za sunčanje,
12:35
because sunscreens work by absorbing ultraviolet light.
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jer kreme za sunčanje rade na način da apsorbiraju ultraljubičaste zrake.
12:37
So maybe the chemical in that would be useful.
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Možda bi ova kemikalija mogla biti korisna.
12:41
Finally, there's one of evening primrose
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Na kraju, evo jedne žute noćurke
12:44
that Bjorn Rorslett from Norway sent me --
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koju mi je poslao Bjorn Rorslett iz Norveške --
12:46
fantastic hidden pattern.
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sjajno prikriveni uzorak.
12:48
And I love the idea of something hidden.
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A ja obožavam kada je nešto skriveno.
12:50
I think there's something poetic here,
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Mislim da ovdje imamo nešto poetskog.
12:52
that these pictures taken with ultraviolet filter,
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Ove su slike napravljene s ultraljubičastim filterom,
12:55
the main use of that filter
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glavna uporaba ovog filtera
12:57
is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus --
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je za astronaute kada uzimaju slike Venere --
13:00
actually the clouds of Venus.
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u stvari oblaka na Veneri.
13:03
That's the main use of that filter.
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Za to se uglavnom koristi taj filter.
13:05
Venus, of course, is the god of love and fertility,
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Venera, je naravno, božica ljubavi i plodnosti,
13:08
which is the flower story.
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koja je priča o cvijetu.
13:10
And just as flowers spend a lot of effort
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I jednako kao što se cvijet jako trudi
13:12
trying to get pollinators to do their bidding,
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kako bi privukao oprašivače,
13:15
they've also somehow managed to persuade us to plant great fields full of them
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oni na neki način i nas nagovaraju da posadimo puna polja njih
13:18
and give them to each other
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i dajemo ih jedni drugima
13:20
at times of birth and death,
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kada se rađamo ili umiremo,
13:24
and particularly at marriage,
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a posebno za vjenčanje,
13:26
which, when you think of it,
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koje je, ako o tome razmisite,
13:28
is the moment that encapsulates
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moment koji obilježava
13:30
the transfer of genetic material
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transfer genetskog materijala
13:33
from one organism to another.
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od jednog organizma drugome.
13:35
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
13:37
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com