TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Jonathan Drori: The beautiful tricks of flowers
Jonathan Drori: 花朵的美麗小花招
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,073,427 views
在這個視覺上讓人目炫神移的演講裡, Jonathan Drori 展示了花兒們演化出來吸引昆蟲的各式絕妙的方法，像是長出"導引線"來引導昆蟲進去、散發出紫外線、精心建造的陷井，甚至是模仿別種昆蟲發出的體熱。
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Do you know
0
2000
2000
你們知道嗎~~
00:19
how many species of flowering plants there are?
1
4000
3000
這世上到底有多少種類的開花植樹呢？
00:22
There are a quarter of a million -- at least those are the ones we know about --
2
7000
3000
光是我們已知的，就有大約25萬種!!
00:25
a quarter of a million species of flowering plants.
3
10000
3000
25萬種的開花植物....
00:28
And flowers are a real bugger.
4
13000
2000
而花朵真的是個大麻煩,
00:30
They're really difficult for plants to produce.
5
15000
2000
對植物來說，花朵是非常難長出來的，
00:32
They take an enormous amount of energy and a lot of resources.
6
17000
3000
那要耗費極大量的能量和許多的的資源
00:35
Why would they go to that bother?
7
20000
2000
這麼麻煩為什麼還是要做呢？
00:37
And the answer of course, like so many things in the world,
8
22000
2000
這答案正是像世界上許多其它的事情都一樣的，
00:39
is sex.
9
24000
2000
為了"性"
00:41
I know what's on your mind when you're looking at these pictures.
10
26000
3000
嘿嘿~ 我知道當你們在看這些圖片的時候，心裡在想些什麼 :P
00:45
And the reason that sexual reproduction is so important --
11
30000
3000
而有性生殖之所以這麼重要.....
00:48
there are lots of other things that plants can do to reproduce.
12
33000
3000
植物有許多其它(除了有性生殖之外)的方法可以繁殖
00:51
You can take cuttings;
13
36000
2000
你可以用切枝繁殖
00:53
they can sort of have sex with themselves;
14
38000
2000
植物可以和它們自己性愛...
00:55
they can pollinate themselves.
15
40000
2000
自己對自己傳播花粉
00:57
But they really need to spread their genes
16
42000
2000
但其實它們真正需要的，是傳播它們的基因。
00:59
to mix with other genes
17
44000
2000
並和其它的基因混合，
01:01
so that they can adapt to environmental niches.
18
46000
2000
藉此得到生態上的利基，
01:03
Evolution works that way.
19
48000
2000
演化，就是這麼進行的。
01:05
Now the way that plants transmit that information
20
50000
2000
植物用以傳播這個生命訊息的方法
01:07
is through pollen.
21
52000
2000
就是透過授粉
01:09
Some of you may have seen some of these pictures before.
22
54000
2000
也許你們有人曾看過這些照片
01:11
As I say, every home should have a scanning electron microscope
23
56000
2000
就像我說的，每個人家裡都應該放台電子顯微鏡
01:13
to be able to see these.
24
58000
2000
來看這些東西。
01:15
And there is as many different kinds of pollen
25
60000
2000
花粉的種類，
01:17
as there are flowering plants.
26
62000
2000
正如開花植物那樣的多。
01:19
And that's actually rather useful for forensics and so on.
27
64000
3000
而且其實那只對愛好辯論的人有用。
01:22
Most pollen that causes hay fever for us
28
67000
3000
大多數會引起花粉症的花粉
01:25
is from plants that use the wind
29
70000
2000
是從用風力授粉的植物而來
01:27
to disseminate the pollen,
30
72000
2000
傳播花粉
01:29
and that's a very inefficient process,
31
74000
3000
(風力授粉) 是一種非常沒有效益的過程，
01:32
which is why it gets up our noses so much.
32
77000
2000
這也是為什麼它傳這麼多到我們鼻子裡的原因，
01:34
Because you have to chuck out masses and masses of it,
33
79000
2000
因為這植物必需要發出非常非常大量的花粉，
01:36
hoping that your sex cells, your male sex cells,
34
81000
3000
來使性胞子, 這邊特指雄性胞子,
01:39
which are held within the pollen,
35
84000
2000
也就是花粉所攜帶著的，
01:41
will somehow reach another flower just by chance.
36
86000
2000
可以最終有希望到達別的花朵上，
01:43
So all the grasses, which means all of the cereal crops,
37
88000
3000
所以所有的草, 這邊"草"指的是所有的穀類植物，
01:46
and most of the trees
38
91000
2000
和大多數的樹木，
01:48
have wind-borne pollen.
39
93000
2000
有著隨風而散佈的花粉，
01:50
But most species
40
95000
2000
但事實上大多數的種類，
01:52
actually use insects to do their bidding,
41
97000
2000
是靠昆蟲來達到它們的目地，
01:54
and that's more intelligent in a way,
42
99000
3000
從某個角度來說，這是相較之下較聰明的，
01:57
because the pollen, they don't need so much of it.
43
102000
3000
因為它們不需要用這麼多的花粉，
02:00
The insects
44
105000
2000
昆蟲
02:02
and other species
45
107000
3000
和其它的生物，
02:05
can take the pollen,
46
110000
2000
可以帶著花粉，
02:07
transfer it directly to where it's required.
47
112000
2000
把它傳到目的地，
02:09
So we're aware, obviously, of the relationship
48
114000
3000
所以我們可以很明白的發現
02:12
between insects and plants.
49
117000
2000
昆蟲和植物之間的關係
02:14
There's a symbiotic relationship there,
50
119000
2000
那是一種共生的關係，
02:16
whether it's flies or birds or bees,
51
121000
3000
不論是蟲子或是鳥類，
02:19
they're getting something in return,
52
124000
2000
它們都可以從中獲得某些回饋,
02:21
and that something in return is generally nectar.
53
126000
3000
這裡所謂的回饋在大多數的情況下是花蜜，
02:24
Sometimes that symbiosis
54
129000
2000
有時候這種共生關系
02:26
has led to wonderful adaptations --
55
131000
2000
會因著適應生存環境而產生美妙的變化
02:28
the hummingbird hawk-moth
56
133000
2000
蜂鳥鷹一般的長喙,
02:30
is beautiful in its adaptation.
57
135000
2000
就是一種美麗的適應作用
02:32
The plant gets something,
58
137000
2000
植物也得到一些好處
02:34
and the hawk-moth spreads the pollen somewhere else.
59
139000
3000
這鷹一般的長喙把花粉散佈到其它地方時
02:38
Plants have evolved
60
143000
2000
植物已逐步成型
02:40
to create little landing strips here and there
61
145000
2000
用小的降落用的帶狀記號在這個部位和那個部位
02:42
for bees that might have lost their way.
62
147000
2000
讓錯失方向的蜜蜂可以找到
02:44
There are markings on many plants
63
149000
2000
許多植物都有特別的記號
02:46
that look like other insects.
64
151000
3000
看起來就像是其它的昆蟲
02:49
These are the anthers of a lily,
65
154000
2000
這些是百合花的花藥
02:51
cleverly done
66
156000
2000
聰明的構造
02:53
so that when the unsuspecting insect
67
158000
2000
讓不疑有它的昆蟲
02:55
lands on it,
68
160000
2000
停留在上面
02:57
the anther flips up and whops it on the back
69
162000
2000
花藥翻開並拍打在昆蟲的背上
02:59
with a great load of pollen that it then goes to another plant with.
70
164000
3000
讓大量的花粉可以在昆蟲身上並帶去另一棵植物
03:02
And there's an orchid
71
167000
3000
這是一棵蘭花
03:05
that might look to you as if it's got jaws,
72
170000
2000
也許對你們來說，它看起來就像長了下巴一樣
03:07
and in a way, it has; it forces the insect to crawl out,
73
172000
3000
而就某方面而言，它的確是。它迫使昆蟲從裡面爬出來，
03:10
getting covered in pollen that it takes somewhere else.
74
175000
3000
因而覆蓋著花粉並帶到別處。
03:14
Orchids: there are 20,000, at least,
75
179000
2000
蘭花有著，至少...
03:16
species of orchids --
76
181000
2000
2萬以上的種類
03:18
amazingly, amazingly diverse.
77
183000
2000
非常非常神奇的多樣性
03:20
And they get up to all sorts of tricks.
78
185000
2000
並擁有著各式各樣的花招
03:22
They have to try and attract pollinators
79
187000
3000
它們必需試著去吸引播粉者
03:25
to do their bidding.
80
190000
2000
來達到它們的目的
03:27
This orchid, known as Darwin's orchid,
81
192000
3000
這棵蘭花，也就是所知的"達爾文的蘭花" (中文學名:慧星蘭)
03:30
because it's one that he studied
82
195000
2000
因為這就是達爾文所研究
03:32
and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it --
83
197000
2000
並在看到它時做出驚人的預測
03:34
you can see that there's a very long nectar tube
84
199000
3000
你可以看出那有著很長的花蜜管 (學名:花距)
03:37
that descends down
85
202000
2000
往下生長
03:39
from the orchid.
86
204000
2000
從蘭花本身開始。
03:41
And basically what the insect has to do --
87
206000
2000
而且基本上，昆蟲所必需做的是
03:43
we're in the middle of the flower --
88
208000
2000
從花的中間
03:45
it has to stick its little proboscis
89
210000
2000
要把它細細的取食器
03:47
right into the middle of that
90
212000
2000
伸進這中間
03:49
and all the way down that nectar tube
91
214000
2000
一直順著花距下去，
03:51
to get to the nectar.
92
216000
2000
來取得花蜜。
03:53
And Darwin said, looking at this flower,
93
218000
3000
看著這花，達爾文說：
03:56
"I guess something has coevolved with this."
94
221000
2000
"我猜有某個物種和這個一同進化了"
03:58
And sure enough,
95
223000
2000
而正是如此
04:00
there's the insect.
96
225000
2000
這就是那昆蟲的樣子，
04:02
And I mean, normally it kind of rolls it away,
97
227000
2000
我的意思是，雖然通常它都是卷著的
04:04
but in its erect form,
98
229000
2000
但在伸直之後
04:06
that's what it looks like.
99
231000
3000
它看起來就是這樣
04:09
Now you can imagine
100
234000
2000
現在，你可想像
04:11
that if nectar
101
236000
2000
如果花蜜
04:13
is such a valuable thing
102
238000
3000
是如此寶貴的東西
04:16
and expensive for the plant to produce
103
241000
2000
而且對植物來說生產的代價又高
04:18
and it attracts lots of pollinators,
104
243000
3000
又吸引這麼多的播種者
04:21
then, just as in human sex,
105
246000
2000
那麼，若將此觀念轉移到人類的性愛裡，
04:23
people might start to deceive.
106
248000
2000
人類也許會開始去欺騙，
04:25
They might say, "I've got a bit of nectar. Do you want to come and get it?"
107
250000
3000
也許他們會說，"我這裡有一點花蜜唷！你們想過來弄一些嗎？"
04:28
Now this is a plant.
108
253000
3000
現在，這裡有棵植物，
04:31
This is a plant here
109
256000
2000
這裡的這棵植物
04:33
that insects in South Africa just love,
110
258000
4000
是南非的昆蟲所衷愛的，
04:37
and they've evolved with a long proboscis
111
262000
3000
而且他們演化出長的口器，
04:40
to get the nectar at the bottom.
112
265000
2000
來取得底部的花蜜，
04:42
And this is the mimic.
113
267000
2000
這個則是所謂的"擬態"
04:44
So this is a plant that is mimicking the first plant.
114
269000
3000
而這棵植物則是做出了擬態來模擬前棵植物的樣子
04:47
And here is the long-probosced fly
115
272000
3000
這是一隻有著長吸食器的蒼蠅
04:50
that has not gotten any nectar from the mimic,
116
275000
3000
它從做出擬態的花得不到任何的花蜜
04:53
because the mimic doesn't give it any nectar. It thought it would get some.
117
278000
3000
因為這個擬態者並不提供任何花蜜，蒼蠅卻覺得它應該可得到一些
04:56
So not only has the fly
118
281000
2000
所以不光是這個蒼蠅
04:58
not got the nectar from the mimic plant,
119
283000
2000
沒辦法從擬態的植物得到花蜜，
05:00
it's also -- if you look very closely
120
285000
2000
它也是...假如你很靠近的觀察
05:02
just at the head end, you can see that it's got a bit of pollen
121
287000
3000
在頭的項端，你可以看到那兒有一點花粉，
05:05
that it would be transmitting to another plant,
122
290000
2000
可以被傳播到另一株植物
05:07
if only some botanist hadn't come along
123
292000
2000
不過這也是如果植物學家沒有過來
05:09
and stuck it to a blue piece of card.
124
294000
2000
把它黏到藍色的卡片上面的話啦...(被拿去做實驗了)
05:11
(Laughter)
125
296000
5000
（笑聲）
05:16
Now deceit carries on through the plant kingdom.
126
301000
3000
這種欺詐的手段遍佈著植物界
05:19
This flower with its black dots:
127
304000
2000
這種花上有黑點:
05:21
they might look like black dots to us,
128
306000
2000
對我們來說它們也許看起來就像黑點，
05:23
but if I tell you, to a male insect of the right species,
129
308000
3000
但如果我告訴你們~ 對於適當種類的雄性昆蟲來說，
05:26
that looks like two females
130
311000
2000
那看起來像是
05:28
who are really, really hot to trot.
131
313000
2000
兩隻非常非常的讓它欲火焚身的雌性昆蟲
05:30
(Laughter)
132
315000
2000
（笑聲）
05:32
And when the insect gets there and lands on it,
133
317000
3000
而當昆蟲落在它上面的時候，
05:35
dousing itself in pollen, of course, that it's going to take to another plant,
134
320000
3000
把它自己浸在花粉中，當然，那是它要帶到別株植物去的，
05:38
if you look at the every-home-should-have-one scanning electron microscope picture,
135
323000
4000
如果你看每戶人家都該有的電子顯微鏡照片
05:42
you can see that there are actually some patterning there,
136
327000
2000
你可以看到實際那上面有一些紋路，
05:44
which is three-dimensional.
137
329000
2000
是三維立體的，
05:46
So it probably even feels good for the insect,
138
331000
3000
所以它說不定會讓昆蟲感覺很舒服，
05:49
as well as looking good.
139
334000
3000
不單只是很好看。
05:52
And these electron microscope pictures --
140
337000
2000
接下來這些電子顯微鏡的相片--
05:54
here's one of an orchid mimicking an insect --
141
339000
3000
這是一棵蘭花擬態成昆蟲，
05:57
you can see that different parts of the structure
142
342000
3000
你看可看到構造上不同的部份
06:00
have different colors and different textures to our eye,
143
345000
3000
有著看來不一樣的顏色和不同的紋理
06:03
have very, very different textures
144
348000
2000
有著非常非常特別的質地
06:05
to what an insect might perceive.
145
350000
3000
尤其是對於會被吸引的昆蟲而言
06:08
And this one is evolved to mimic
146
353000
2000
接著這個演化出模仿
06:10
a glossy metallic surface
147
355000
3000
一個發亮的金屬般的表面，
06:13
you see on some beetles.
148
358000
2000
就像你可以在一些甲蟲身上看到的一樣
06:15
And under the scanning electron microscope,
149
360000
3000
而在電子顯微鏡下面來看
06:18
you can see the surface there --
150
363000
3000
你可以看到那邊的表面
06:21
really quite different from the other surfaces we looked at.
151
366000
4000
和我們所看到的其它的表面非常的不同
06:25
Sometimes the whole plant
152
370000
2000
有時候這整棵植物
06:27
mimics an insect, even to us.
153
372000
3000
看起來像一隻昆蟲，甚至對我們人類來說也是
06:30
I mean, I think that looks like some sort of flying animal or beast.
154
375000
3000
我的意思是，我覺得那看起來像是某種飛行中的動物或野獸
06:33
It's a wonderful, amazing thing.
155
378000
3000
這是一個美妙的、驚人的東西
06:36
This one's clever. It's called obsidian.
156
381000
3000
這個非常的聰明，它叫做黑曜石
06:39
I think of it as insidium sometimes.
157
384000
2000
我想它有時被稱為insidium。
06:41
To the right species of bee,
158
386000
3000
對於某些蜂類而言，
06:44
this looks like another very aggressive bee,
159
389000
2000
這看起來像是非常有侵略性的蜂，
06:46
and it goes and bonks it on the head lots and lots of times to try and drive it away,
160
391000
3000
所以用頭去撞這個花好多次以試著去驅逐它，
06:49
and, of course, covers itself with pollen.
161
394000
2000
而當然的，它也就被覆蓋著花粉了。
06:51
The other thing it does
162
396000
2000
其它模仿的例子中
06:53
is that this plant mimics another orchid
163
398000
3000
也有植物擬態成
06:56
that has a wonderful store
164
401000
3000
那種蘊藏著很好的
06:59
of food for insects.
165
404000
2000
昆蟲食物的蘭花。
07:01
And this one doesn't have anything for them.
166
406000
2000
而這棵裡面卻沒有任何東西可以提供給昆蟲。
07:03
So it's deceiving on two levels --
167
408000
2000
所以它的欺騙有兩個層次上
07:05
fabulous.
168
410000
2000
實在難以置信。
07:07
(Laughter)
169
412000
2000
(眾人笑)
07:09
Here we see ylang ylang,
170
414000
2000
這邊我們可看到"依蘭依蘭"(香水樹)
07:11
the component of many perfumes.
171
416000
2000
是許多香水的原料
07:13
I actually smelt someone with some on earlier.
172
418000
3000
我剛剛其實有聞到有人有噴一些在身上。
07:16
And the flowers don't really have to be that gaudy.
173
421000
2000
這花並不需要那樣的艷麗
07:18
They're sending out a fantastic array of scent
174
423000
3000
它們大量散發出迷人的香氣
07:21
to any insect that'll have it.
175
426000
3000
讓任何昆蟲都沾上。
07:24
This one doesn't smell so good.
176
429000
2000
這個植物聞起來不那麼好
07:26
This is a flower
177
431000
2000
這是一朵
07:28
that really, really smells pretty nasty
178
433000
3000
聞起來非常非常惡心的花
07:31
and is designed, again, evolved,
179
436000
3000
是經設計，也就是演化
07:34
to look like carrion.
180
439000
3000
聞起來像是腐肉
07:37
So flies love this.
181
442000
2000
所以蒼蠅很喜歡
07:39
They fly in and they pollinate.
182
444000
3000
會飛來幫它授粉
07:42
This, which is helicodiceros,
183
447000
4000
白星海芋
07:46
is also known as dead horse arum.
184
451000
3000
也就是所知的死馬海芋
07:49
I don't know what a dead horse actually smells like,
185
454000
2000
我不知道一頭死馬實際上聞起來怎樣，
07:51
but this one probably smells pretty much like it.
186
456000
2000
但這個大概聞起來就像那樣，
07:53
It's really horrible.
187
458000
2000
真的很糟
07:55
And blowflies just can't help themselves.
188
460000
2000
緣頭蒼蠅會禁不起誘惑的
07:57
They fly into this thing,
189
462000
2000
飛進這個東西
07:59
and they fly all the way down it.
190
464000
2000
而且飛到最裡面
08:01
They lay their eggs in it,
191
466000
2000
在那產卵
08:03
thinking it's a nice bit of carrion,
192
468000
2000
並以為這是一塊很合適的腐肉
08:05
and not realizing that there's no food for the eggs, that the eggs are going to die,
193
470000
3000
卻不知道那裡並沒有可供給那些蛋的食物，那些蛋會死掉
08:08
but the plant, meanwhile, has benefited,
194
473000
3000
但這種植物卻同時得到好處
08:11
because the bristles release
195
476000
2000
因為
08:13
and the flies disappear
196
478000
2000
而這些蒼蠅會走掉
08:15
to pollinate the next flower -- fantastic.
197
480000
3000
去將下一朵花授粉 -- 太美妙了。
08:18
Here's arum, arum maculatum,
198
483000
2000
這是一棵斑葉疆南星
08:20
"lords and ladies," or "cuckoo-pint" in this country.
199
485000
3000
叫做君子與淑女，我國稱之為水芋百合
08:23
I photographed this thing last week in Dorset.
200
488000
2000
我上週在多實郡(英國英格蘭西南部的郡)照了這張相
08:25
This thing heats up
201
490000
2000
這種植物可以升溫到
08:27
by about 15 degrees above ambient temperature --
202
492000
2000
比週圍高15度
08:29
amazing.
203
494000
2000
真厲害~
08:31
And if you look down into it,
204
496000
2000
如果你往下看進去
08:33
there's this sort of dam past the spadix,
205
498000
3000
有點像是堤壩的東西穿過這個肉穗花序，
08:36
flies get attracted by the heat --
206
501000
2000
蒼蠅會被熱所吸引
08:38
which is boiling off volatile chemicals, little midges --
207
503000
2000
熱將化學物質蒸散, 而小蚊子
08:40
and they get trapped underneath in this container.
208
505000
3000
和蒼蠅被困在這個容器中。
08:43
They drink this fabulous nectar
209
508000
3000
他們喝這個極佳的花蜜，
08:46
and then they're all a bit sticky.
210
511000
2000
然後他們也都變的有點黏黏的
08:48
At night they get covered in pollen,
211
513000
3000
到了晚上，他們披覆著
08:51
which showers down over them,
212
516000
2000
灑在他們身上的花粉，
08:53
and then the bristles that we saw above,
213
518000
2000
我們剛剛看到的短硬毛
08:55
they sort of wilt and allow all these midges out, covered in pollen --
214
520000
3000
會變得有些枯萎並讓這些小蚊蟲覆蓋著花粉離開，
08:58
fabulous thing.
215
523000
2000
多美妙的事啊！
09:00
Now if you think that's fabulous, this is one of my great favorites.
216
525000
3000
若你覺得剛剛的是很棒的，現在的這個是我最愛的之一
09:03
This is the philodendron selloum.
217
528000
3000
這是"裂葉蔓綠絨" (或稱"春羽蔓綠絨"，或"天使蔓綠絨")
09:06
For anyone here from Brazil, you'll know about this plant.
218
531000
3000
對於這裡任何一位來自巴西的人來說，你們其實知道這個植物
09:09
This is the most amazing thing.
219
534000
2000
這是最神奇的東西
09:11
That sort of phallic bit there
220
536000
2000
那個有點像陽具的東西
09:13
is about a foot long.
221
538000
2000
大約一呎長
09:15
And it does something
222
540000
2000
據我所知
09:17
that no other plant that I know of does,
223
542000
3000
沒有任何其他植物會進行像它那樣的行為，
09:20
and that is that when it flowers --
224
545000
2000
那就是當它開花時
09:22
that's the spadix in the middle there --
225
547000
2000
這中間的這個是肉穗花序
09:24
for a period of about two days,
226
549000
3000
為期兩天
09:27
it metabolizes in a way
227
552000
2000
它會某方面的變形
09:29
which is rather similar to mammals.
228
554000
2000
變得有點像是哺乳類動物一般
09:31
So instead of having starch,
229
556000
2000
所以它與其像植物般的使用澱粉
09:33
which is the food of plants,
230
558000
2000
也就是植物的食物
09:35
it takes something rather similar to brown fat
231
560000
2000
它反而使用像是棕脂肪這類的東西
09:37
and burns it at such a rate
232
562000
2000
以某種速率燃燒它
09:39
that it's burning fat, metabolizing,
233
564000
3000
它燃燒脂肪, 新陳代謝
09:42
about the rate of a small cat.
234
567000
3000
用像是一隻小貓的速度
09:45
And that's twice the energy output, weight for weight,
235
570000
3000
若和一隻相等重量的蜂鳥相比
09:48
than a hummingbird --
236
573000
2000
相當於是兩倍的能量輸出
09:50
absolutely astonishing.
237
575000
2000
絕對是另人震驚的
09:52
This thing does something else which is unusual.
238
577000
2000
這個東西還有另一個非比尋常的事情
09:54
Not only will it raise itself to 115 Fahrenheit,
239
579000
3000
它不但將它提升到華氏115度的溫度
09:57
43 or 44 degrees Centigrade, for two days,
240
582000
3000
或攝氏43或44度, 兩天
10:00
but it keeps constant temperature.
241
585000
3000
還保持恆定的溫度
10:03
There's a thermoregulation mechanism in there
242
588000
2000
那是一種自體溫度調結的機制
10:05
that keeps constant temperature.
243
590000
2000
並且保持固定的溫度
10:07
"Now why does it do this," I hear you ask.
244
592000
2000
為什麼它要這樣做呢？我聽你這樣問
10:09
Now wouldn't you know it,
245
594000
2000
其實你有所不知
10:11
there's some beetles that just love to make love at that temperature.
246
596000
4000
有某種的金龜子就喜歡在那種溫度作愛，
10:15
And they get inside, and they get it all on.
247
600000
3000
它們到那裡面，全力以赴~
10:18
(Laughter)
248
603000
2000
(眾人笑~)
10:20
And the plant showers them with pollen,
249
605000
2000
而這植物在它們身上灑上花粉
10:22
and off they go and pollinate.
250
607000
3000
當它們走之後也順便授粉
10:25
And what a wonderful thing it is.
251
610000
3000
這是多麼奇妙的事啊!!
10:28
Now most pollinators
252
613000
3000
大多數的授粉者
10:31
that we think about are insects,
253
616000
2000
我們覺得是昆蟲
10:33
but actually in the tropics,
254
618000
2000
但其實在熱帶地區
10:35
many birds and butterflies pollinate.
255
620000
3000
很多是鳥類或蝴蝶
10:38
And many of the tropical flowers are red,
256
623000
2000
很多的熱帶花朵是紅色的，
10:40
and that's because butterflies and birds
257
625000
2000
那是因為蝴蝶和鳥類
10:42
see similarly to us, we think,
258
627000
2000
我們認為和人類一樣有類似的視覺，
10:44
and can see the color red very well.
259
629000
3000
可以很容易的看到紅色
10:47
But if you look at the spectrum,
260
632000
3000
但如果你就光譜來看
10:50
birds and us, we see red, green and blue
261
635000
3000
鳥類和我們可以看到紅色、綠色和藍色，
10:53
and see that spectrum.
262
638000
2000
並看到這個光譜
10:55
Insects see green, blue and ultraviolet,
263
640000
2000
昆蟲看到綠色、藍色和紫外線，
10:57
and they see various shades of ultraviolet.
264
642000
2000
並且是各種不同色調的紫外線，
10:59
So there's something that goes on off the end there.
265
644000
3000
因此，在這光譜以外的範圍，可看見一些不同情形
11:02
"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what that is," I hear you ask.
266
647000
3000
我聽到你問說"如果我們也可以看到不是很好嗎？"
11:05
Well yes we can.
267
650000
2000
嗯... 是的，我們可以。
11:07
So what is an insect seeing?
268
652000
3000
那麼昆蟲看到的是什麼樣子呢？
11:10
Last week I took these pictures of rock rose,
269
655000
2000
上週我照了這些岩玫瑰的照片
11:12
helianthemum, in Dorset.
270
657000
2000
半日花, 在多實郡 (英國)
11:14
These are little yellow flowers like we all see,
271
659000
3000
正如我們所見的這些小黃花
11:17
little yellow flowers all over the place.
272
662000
2000
小黃花開滿了那個地方
11:19
And this is what it looks like with visible light.
273
664000
3000
這是在可見光下它看起來的樣子
11:22
This is what it looks like if you take out the red.
274
667000
3000
這是拿掉紅色之後它看起來的樣子
11:25
Most bees don't perceive red.
275
670000
3000
大部份的蜂類不能看到紅色
11:28
And then I put some ultraviolet filters on my camera
276
673000
4000
然後我在我的相機放上幾片紫外線濾鏡
11:32
and took a very, very long exposure
277
677000
3000
然後讓它非常非常長時間的曝光
11:35
with the particular frequencies of ultraviolet light
278
680000
3000
在某些特別的紫外光下
11:38
and this is what I got.
279
683000
2000
這是我所照到的
11:40
And that's a real fantastic bull's eye.
280
685000
3000
那是一個真的絕佳的靶心
11:43
Now we don't know
281
688000
2000
我們不知道
11:45
exactly what a bee sees,
282
690000
2000
蜜蜂真正看到了什麼
11:47
any more than you know what I'm seeing
283
692000
2000
正如你對我所能看到的東西也是有限的
11:49
when I call this red.
284
694000
3000
當我叫這個是紅的
11:52
We can't know what's going on in -- let alone an insect's --
285
697000
3000
我們並不能知道...先撇除昆蟲不說
11:55
another human being's mind.
286
700000
3000
另一個人的心境
11:58
But the contrast will look something like that,
287
703000
3000
但對比之下就像是那樣
12:02
so standing out a lot from the background.
288
707000
2000
從背景中如此的突出
12:04
Here's another little flower --
289
709000
2000
這是另一種小的花
12:06
different range of ultraviolet frequencies,
290
711000
3000
不同的紫外光頻率範圍
12:09
different filters
291
714000
2000
不同的濾鏡
12:11
to match the pollinators.
292
716000
2000
來對應授粉者
12:13
And that's the sort of thing that it would be seeing.
293
718000
3000
那就像是它可能看到的樣子
12:16
Just in case you think
294
721000
2000
就為了你你也許會想
12:18
that all yellow flowers have this property --
295
723000
3000
所有的黃花都有這種特性
12:21
no flower was damaged in the process of this shot;
296
726000
3000
沒有一朵花在這個拍攝過程中被傷害
12:24
it was just attached to the tripod,
297
729000
3000
它只是被安裝到三角架上了
12:27
not killed --
298
732000
2000
而不是被殺了
12:29
then under ultraviolet light,
299
734000
2000
在紫外光下面
12:31
look at that.
300
736000
2000
看那個
12:33
And that could be the basis of a sunscreen
301
738000
2000
那可以是防曬乳的基礎
12:35
because sunscreens work by absorbing ultraviolet light.
302
740000
2000
因為防曬乳借由吸收紫外線來作用
12:37
So maybe the chemical in that would be useful.
303
742000
3000
也許那裡面所含的化學物質會有用
12:41
Finally, there's one of evening primrose
304
746000
3000
最後那是月見草的一種
12:44
that Bjorn Rorslett from Norway sent me --
305
749000
2000
挪威的 Bjorn Rorslett 送給我的
12:46
fantastic hidden pattern.
306
751000
2000
絕妙的隱藏圖案
12:48
And I love the idea of something hidden.
307
753000
2000
我喜歡"隱藏"的這個概念
12:50
I think there's something poetic here,
308
755000
2000
我想那有某種的詩意
12:52
that these pictures taken with ultraviolet filter,
309
757000
3000
這些照片是用紫外光濾鏡所照
12:55
the main use of that filter
310
760000
2000
而這個濾鏡主要的用途
12:57
is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus --
311
762000
3000
是讓太空人照金星的
13:00
actually the clouds of Venus.
312
765000
3000
實際上是金星的雲
13:03
That's the main use of that filter.
313
768000
2000
那是這個濾鏡主要的用途
13:05
Venus, of course, is the god of love and fertility,
314
770000
3000
維納斯女神 (金星在英文中的另一個意思), 當然, 是愛與繁殖之神
13:08
which is the flower story.
315
773000
2000
是花一般的故事
13:10
And just as flowers spend a lot of effort
316
775000
2000
而正如花朵用盡了許多的努力
13:12
trying to get pollinators to do their bidding,
317
777000
3000
讓授粉者完成他們的使命
13:15
they've also somehow managed to persuade us to plant great fields full of them
318
780000
3000
某方面而言他們也說服了我們種植了滿滿是花朵的大園地
13:18
and give them to each other
319
783000
2000
將它們贈與對方
13:20
at times of birth and death,
320
785000
4000
無論是在誕生或是死亡的時候
13:24
and particularly at marriage,
321
789000
2000
特別是在婚禮
13:26
which, when you think of it,
322
791000
2000
也就是 － 當你細細的想著
13:28
is the moment that encapsulates
323
793000
2000
是一個特別的時刻，它包含了
13:30
the transfer of genetic material
324
795000
3000
遺傳物質的轉換
13:33
from one organism to another.
325
798000
2000
從一個生命體到另一個
13:35
Thank you very much.
326
800000
2000
十分的感謝
13:37
(Applause)
327
802000
5000
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com