TEDGlobal 2011
Ian Ritchie: The day I turned down Tim Berners-Lee
Ian Ritchie: Dan kada sam odbio Tima Berners-Leeja
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Zamislite da je kraj 1990-te i da ste upravo upoznali simpatičnog mladog čovjeka imena Tim Berners-Lee, koji vam počinje pričati o svojem sustavu koji se zove World Wide Web. Ian Ritchie je to doživio. I... nije bio impresioniran. Kratka priča o informacijama, povezanosti i učenju iz grešaka.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Well we all know the World Wide Web
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Svi znamo kako je World Wide Web
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has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting,
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u potpunosti transformirao izdavaštvo, emitiranje,
00:21
commerce and social connectivity,
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trgovinu i društvenu povezanost,
00:23
but where did it all come from?
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ali odakle je sve to došlo?
00:25
And I'll quote three people:
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Citirat ću troje ljudi:
00:27
Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee.
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Vannevara Busha, Douga Engelbarta i Tima Berners-Leeja.
00:30
So let's just run through these guys.
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Pa predstavimo tu trojicu.
00:32
This is Vannevar Bush.
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Ovo je Vannevar Bush.
00:34
Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war.
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Vannevar Bush bio je glavni znanstveni savjetnik američke vlade za vrijeme rata.
00:37
And in 1945,
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1945. godine
00:39
he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly.
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objavio je članak u časopisu Atlantic Monthly.
00:42
And the article was called "As We May Think."
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Naslov članka bio je "Kao što možemo misliti".
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And what Vannevar Bush was saying
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U tom je članku Vannevar Bush govorio
00:47
was the way we use information is broken.
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da je način na koji koristimo informacije neispravan.
00:50
We don't work in terms of libraries
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Ne radimo poput knjižnica
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and catalog systems and so forth.
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ili kataloških sustava i slično.
00:55
The brain works by association.
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Mozak radi kroz asocijacije.
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With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item.
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S jednom stvari u mislima, u trenu se prebaci na sljedeću stvar.
01:00
And the way information is structured
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Način na koji su informacije strukturirane
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is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
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potpuno je neprimjeren za praćenje tog procesa.
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And so he suggested a machine,
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I tako je on predložio stroj
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and he called it the memex.
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i nazvao ga memex.
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And the memex would link information,
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Memex bi povezivao informacije,
01:11
one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth.
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jednu informaciju s drugom, sličnom, i tako dalje.
01:14
Now this was in 1945.
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To je bilo 1945. godine.
01:16
A computer in those days
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Računalo je u to vrijeme
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was something the secret services used to use for code breaking.
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bilo nešto čime je tajna služba razbijala šifre.
01:21
And nobody knew anything about it.
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I nitko nije ništa znao o tome.
01:23
So this was before the computer was invented.
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Dakle, to je bilo prije nego što je računalo izumljeno.
01:25
And he proposed this machine called the memex.
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On je predložio neki stroj pod imenom memex
01:27
And he had a platform where you linked information to other information,
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Imao je platformu za povezivanje informacija,
01:30
and then you could call it up at will.
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do kojih ste mogli doći po želji.
01:32
So spinning forward,
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Zavrtimo unaprijed,
01:34
one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart,
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jedan od onih koj su pročitali taj članak bio je momak imenom Doug Engelbart,
01:36
and he was a U.S. Air Force officer.
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koji je bio časnik američkih zračnih snaga.
01:38
And he was reading it in their library in the Far East.
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Članak je pročitao u njihovoj knjižnici na Dalekom istoku.
01:41
And he was so inspired by this article,
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Taj ga je članak toliko inspirirao
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it kind of directed the rest of his life.
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da je na neki način usmjerio ostatak njegova života.
01:45
And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action
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Sredinom 1960-ih uspio je to pokrenuti
01:48
when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California.
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kad je radio u istraživačkom laboratoriju na Stanfordu u Kaliforniji.
01:52
He built a system.
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Izgradio je sustav.
01:54
The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called.
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Sustav je osmišljen kako bi povećao ljudsku inteligenciju, tako je bio nazvan.
01:57
And in a premonition of today's world
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Kao prethodnica današnjeg svijeta
02:00
of cloud computing and softwares of service,
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računalstva u oblacima i softvera za usluge,
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his system was called NLS
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njegov sustav zvao se NLS -
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for oN-Line System.
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oN-Line Sustav.
02:06
And this is Doug Engelbart.
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Ovo je Doug Engelbart.
02:08
He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference
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Držao je prezentaciju je na jesenskoj Zajedničkoj računalnoj konferenciji
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in 1968.
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1968. godine.
02:14
What he showed --
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Ono što je on pokazao --
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he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system.
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sjedio je podiju ovako i demonstrirao ovaj sustav.
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He had his head mic like I've got.
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Imao je mikrofon na glavi kao ja sada.
02:21
And he works this system.
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I radio je u tom sustavu.
02:23
And you can see, he's working between documents
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Vidite kako radi između dokumenata
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and graphics and so forth.
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i grafika i tako dalje.
02:27
And he's driving it all
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A sve to pokreće
02:29
with this platform here,
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ovom platformom ovdje,
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with a five-finger keyboard
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tipkovnicom za pet prstiju
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and the world's first computer mouse,
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i prvim mišem za računalo na svijetu,
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which he specially designed in order to do this system.
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koji je on posebno dizajnirao za upravljanje tim sustavom.
02:37
So this is where the mouse came from as well.
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Dakle, odatle je došao i miš.
02:39
So this is Doug Engelbart.
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Ovo je Doug Engelbart.
02:41
The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system
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Problem njegovog sustava
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was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds.
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bio je da su računala u to vrijeme stajala nekoliko milijuna funti.
02:46
So for a personal computer,
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Za osobno računalo,
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a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane;
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nekoliko milijuna funti je kao da imate privatni avion,
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it wasn't really very practical.
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nije bilo baš praktično.
02:52
But spin on to the 80s
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Ali pomaknimo se u 80-e
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when personal computers did arrive,
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kad su se pojavila osobna računala,
02:56
then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers.
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tada je bilo mjesta za tu vrstu sustava u osobnim računalima.
02:58
And my company, OWL
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Moja tvrtka, OWL,
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built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh.
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izradila sustav pod nazivom Guide za Apple Macintosh.
03:03
And we delivered the world's first hypertext system.
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Isporučili smo prvi hypertext sustav na svijetu.
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And this began to get a head of steam.
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I to je pokrenulo stvari.
03:09
Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard,
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Apple je predstavio nešto što se zove HyperCard
03:11
and they made a bit of a fuss about it.
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i napravili su veliku strku oko toga.
03:13
They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched.
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Imali su dodatak od 12 stranica u Wall Street Journalu na dan izlaska.
03:16
The magazines started to cover it.
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Časopisi su počeli pisati o tome.
03:18
Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM
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Časopis Byte i Communications na ACM-u
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had special issues covering hypertext.
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imali su posebna izdanja o hypertextu.
03:22
We developed a PC version of this product
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Razvili smo verziju ovog proizvoda za PC,
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as well as the Macintosh version.
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kao i za Macintosh.
03:26
And our PC version became quite mature.
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Verzija za PC prilično se razvila.
03:29
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s.
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Ovo su neki primjeri tog sustava na djelu krajem 80-ih.
03:33
You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks.
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Mogli ste isporučiti dokumente, mogli ste to učiniti preko mreže.
03:36
We developed a system such
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Razvili smo sustav
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that it had a markup language based on html.
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koji je imao programski jezik baziran na html-u.
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We called it hml: hypertext markup language.
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Nazvali smo ga hml: hypertext markup language.
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And the system was capable of doing
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A sustavom se moglo upravljati
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very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
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vrlo velikim dokumentacijskim sustavima preko računalnih mreža.
03:49
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris
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Predstavio sam taj sustav na sajmu u Versaillesu pokraj Pariza
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in late November 1990.
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krajem studenog 1990. godine.
03:55
And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee
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Pristupio mi je simpatičan mladić imenom Tim Berners-Lee
03:57
who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah."
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i rekao je: "Jeste li vi Ian Ritchie?", a ja sam rekao: "Aha."
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And he said, "I need to talk to you."
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A on je rekao: "Moram razgovarati s vama."
04:01
And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web.
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Ispričao mi je o tom sustavu koji predlaže - World Wide Web.
04:04
And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name,
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A ja sam pomislio, pa, to ima pretenciozno ime,
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especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office.
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posebno jer cijeli sustav pokreće jedno računalo u njegovom uredu.
04:10
But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web
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Ali on je bio u potpunosti uvjeren kako će njegov World Wide Web
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would take over the world one day.
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jednog dana osvojiti svijet.
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And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it,
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Pokušao me uvjeriti da isprogramiram preglednik za to
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because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything;
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jer njegov sustav nije imao nikakvu grafiku ni fontove ni predloške ni išta,
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it was just plain text.
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to je bio običan tekst.
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I thought, well, you know, interesting,
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Mislio sam, dobro, znaš, zanimljivo,
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but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this.
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ali momak iz CERN-a to neće napraviti.
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So we didn't do it.
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Tako da od toga nije bilo ništa.
04:29
In the next couple of years,
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U sljedećih nekoliko godina,
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the hypertext community didn't recognize him either.
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ni hypertext zajednica nije ga prepoznala.
04:33
In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference.
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1992. godine njegov je rad odbijen na konferenciji za Hypertext.
04:36
In 1993,
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1993. godine
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there was a table at the conference in Seattle,
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održavala se rasprava na konferenciji u Seatlleu,
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and a guy called Marc Andreessen
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a čovjek imenom Marc Andreessen
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was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web.
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demonstrirao je svoj mali preglednik za World Wide Web.
04:46
And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it.
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Ja sam ga vidio i pomislio, da, to je to.
04:48
And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh,
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Već sljedeće godine, 1994., imali smo konferenciju ovdje u Edinburghu,
04:51
and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
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i nitko se nije protivio da Tim Berners-Lee bude glavni govornik.
04:55
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company.
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Tako sam se našao u krasnom društvu.
04:57
There was a guy called Dick Rowe
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Tu je čovjek imenom Dick Rowe,
04:59
who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles.
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koji je radio u Decca Recordsu i odbio Beatlese.
05:01
There was a guy called Gary Kildall
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Tu je i Gary Kildall,
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who went flying his plane
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koji je otišao letjeti svojim avionom
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when IBM came looking for an operating system
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kad je IBM došao tražiti operativni sustav
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for the IBM PC,
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za IBM PC,
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and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates.
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a kako njega nije bilo, oni su otišli Billu Gatesu.
05:11
And the 12 publishers
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A tu je i onih 12 izdavača
05:13
who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
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koji su odbili J. K. Rowling i Harryja Pottera, pretpostavljam.
05:16
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen
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S druge strane, tu je Marc Andreessen,
05:18
who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
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koji je napravio prvi pretraživač za World Wide Web.
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And according to Fortune magazine,
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Prema časopisu Fortune,
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he's worth 700 million dollars.
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težak je 700 milijuna dolara.
05:24
But is he happy?
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No, je li sretan?
05:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ian Ritchie - Software entrepreneurIan Ritchie
Why you should listen
Ian Ritchie is chair of iomart plc. and several other computer and learning businesses, including Computer Application Services Ltd., the Interactive Design Institute and Caspian Learning Ltd. He is co-chair of the Scottish Science Advisory Council, a board member of the Edinburgh International Science Festival and the chair of Our Dynamic Earth, the Edinburgh Science Centre.
Ritchie founded and managed Office Workstations Limited (OWL) in Edinburgh in 1984 and its subsidiary OWL International Inc. in Seattle from 1985. OWL became the first and largest supplier of Hypertext/Hypermedia authoring tools (a forerunner to the World Wide Web) for personal computers based on its Guide product. OWL's customers used its systems to implement large interactive multimedia documentation systems in industry sectors such as automobile, defence, publishing, finance, and education. OWL was sold to Matsushita Electrical Industrial (Panasonic) of Japan in December 1989. He is the author of New Media Publishing: Opportunities from the digital revolution (1996).
He was awarded a CBE in the 2003 New Years Honours list for services to enterprise and education; he is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering; a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and a Fellow and a past-President of the British Computer Society (1998-99).
Ian Ritchie | Speaker | TED.com