TEDGlobal 2011
Ian Ritchie: The day I turned down Tim Berners-Lee
Ian Ritchie: Hari di mana saya menolak Tim Berners-Lee
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
644,332 views
Bayangkan pada akhir tahun 1990, Anda baru saja bertemu pria muda yang baik bernama Tim Berners-Lee yang mulai berbicara tentang sistem bernama Waring Wera Wanua (World Wide Web), Ian Ritchie ada di sana. Dan ... dia tidak membelinya. Sebuah cerita singkat tentang informasi, keterhubungan, dan belajar dari kesalahan.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Well we all know the World Wide Web
0
0
2000
Kita semua tahu Waring Wera Wanua (World Wide Web)
00:17
has absolutely transformed publishing, broadcasting,
1
2000
4000
telah benar-benar mengubah percetakan, penyiaran,
00:21
commerce and social connectivity,
2
6000
2000
perdagangan, dan hubungan sosial kita,
00:23
but where did it all come from?
3
8000
2000
namun dari mana semua itu berasal?
00:25
And I'll quote three people:
4
10000
2000
Saya akan mengutip 3 orang:
00:27
Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee.
5
12000
3000
Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart, dan Tim Berners-Lee.
00:30
So let's just run through these guys.
6
15000
2000
Mari kita melihat pada orang-orang ini.
00:32
This is Vannevar Bush.
7
17000
2000
Inilah Vannevar Bush.
00:34
Vannevar Bush was the U.S. government's chief scientific adviser during the war.
8
19000
3000
Vannevar Bush adalah ketua penasihat ilmiah Amerika Serikat di masa perang.
00:37
And in 1945,
9
22000
2000
Dan pada tahun 1945,
00:39
he published an article in a magazine called Atlantic Monthly.
10
24000
3000
dia menerbitkan artikel di majalah yang bernama Atlantic Monthly.
00:42
And the article was called "As We May Think."
11
27000
3000
Artikel itu berjudul "Seperti yang mungkin kita pikirkan."
00:45
And what Vannevar Bush was saying
12
30000
2000
Dan Vannever Bush mengatakan
00:47
was the way we use information is broken.
13
32000
3000
bahwa cara kita menggunakan informasi itu telah rusak
00:50
We don't work in terms of libraries
14
35000
3000
Kita tidak bekerja seperti perpustakaan,
00:53
and catalog systems and so forth.
15
38000
2000
sistem katalog, dan sejenisnya.
00:55
The brain works by association.
16
40000
2000
Otak bekerja dengan asosiasi
00:57
With one item in its thought, it snaps instantly to the next item.
17
42000
3000
Dengan berpikir satu hal, otak langsung mengambil hal berikutnya.
01:00
And the way information is structured
18
45000
2000
Dan cara informasi itu tersusun
01:02
is totally incapable of keeping up with this process.
19
47000
3000
benar-benar tidak dapat mengikuti proses yang ada.
01:05
And so he suggested a machine,
20
50000
2000
Lalu dia mengusulkan sebuah mesin
01:07
and he called it the memex.
21
52000
2000
yang disebutnya "memex."
01:09
And the memex would link information,
22
54000
2000
Memex akan menghubungkan informasi
01:11
one piece of information to a related piece of information and so forth.
23
56000
3000
satu potong informasi dengan informasi lain yang berhubungan dan seterusnya.
01:14
Now this was in 1945.
24
59000
2000
Saat itu tahun 1945.
01:16
A computer in those days
25
61000
2000
Komputer pada masa itu
01:18
was something the secret services used to use for code breaking.
26
63000
3000
adalah sesuatu yang digunakan agen rahasia untuk memecahkan sandi.
01:21
And nobody knew anything about it.
27
66000
2000
Dan tidak ada yang tahu akan komputer.
01:23
So this was before the computer was invented.
28
68000
2000
Saat itu komputer belum ditemukan.
01:25
And he proposed this machine called the memex.
29
70000
2000
Dan dia mengusulkan mesin bernama memex ini.
01:27
And he had a platform where you linked information to other information,
30
72000
3000
Dan dia memiliki alat untuk menghubungkan informasi satu dengan informasi lain
01:30
and then you could call it up at will.
31
75000
2000
yang kemudian dapat dipanggil sesuai keinginan.
01:32
So spinning forward,
32
77000
2000
Lalu kita maju ke masa depan,
01:34
one of the guys who read this article was a guy called Doug Engelbart,
33
79000
2000
salah satu orang yang membaca artikel ini adalah Doug Engelbart,
01:36
and he was a U.S. Air Force officer.
34
81000
2000
dia adalah seorang perwira Angkatan Udara AS.
01:38
And he was reading it in their library in the Far East.
35
83000
3000
Dia membacanya di perpustakaan di Timur jauh.
01:41
And he was so inspired by this article,
36
86000
2000
Dan dia begitu terilhami oleh artikel ini,
01:43
it kind of directed the rest of his life.
37
88000
2000
artikel ini seperti mengarahkan sisa hidupnya.
01:45
And by the mid-60s, he was able to put this into action
38
90000
3000
Dan pada pertengahan 60-an, dia dapat mulai mengerjakannya
01:48
when he worked at the Stanford Research Lab in California.
39
93000
3000
saat bekerja di Lab Penelitian Stanford di California.
01:52
He built a system.
40
97000
2000
Dia membangun sistem.
01:54
The system was designed to augment human intelligence, it was called.
41
99000
3000
Sistem itu dirancang untuk memperbesar kecerdasan manusia
01:57
And in a premonition of today's world
42
102000
3000
Dan dalam perkiraan pada dunia saat ini,
02:00
of cloud computing and softwares of service,
43
105000
2000
akan komputasi awan dan layanan piranti lunak,
02:02
his system was called NLS
44
107000
2000
sistem itu disebut NLS
02:04
for oN-Line System.
45
109000
2000
"oN-Line System."
02:06
And this is Doug Engelbart.
46
111000
2000
Inilah Doug Engelbart.
02:08
He was giving a presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference
47
113000
3000
Dia memberikan presentasi di Konferensi Komputer Fall Joint
02:11
in 1968.
48
116000
3000
di tahun 1968.
02:14
What he showed --
49
119000
2000
Yang ditunjukkannya --
02:16
he sat on a stage like this, and he demonstrated this system.
50
121000
3000
dia duduk di panggung seperti ini, dan mendemonstrasikan sistemnya.
02:19
He had his head mic like I've got.
51
124000
2000
Dia memakai mikrofon di kepala seperti saya.
02:21
And he works this system.
52
126000
2000
Dan dia menunjukkan sistem ini.
02:23
And you can see, he's working between documents
53
128000
2000
Dan Anda bisa melihat di sini, dia bekerja dengan dokumen,
02:25
and graphics and so forth.
54
130000
2000
grafik, dan seterusnya.
02:27
And he's driving it all
55
132000
2000
Dan dia mengarahkan semuanya
02:29
with this platform here,
56
134000
2000
dengan perangkat di sini,
02:31
with a five-finger keyboard
57
136000
2000
dengan papan ketik lima jari
02:33
and the world's first computer mouse,
58
138000
2000
dan tikus komputer pertama di dunia
02:35
which he specially designed in order to do this system.
59
140000
2000
yang dirancangnya secara khusus untuk sistem ini.
02:37
So this is where the mouse came from as well.
60
142000
2000
Jadi dari sinilah asal tikus komputer itu.
02:39
So this is Doug Engelbart.
61
144000
2000
Lalu inilah Doug Engelbart.
02:41
The trouble with Doug Engelbart's system
62
146000
2000
Masalah dengan sistem Doug Engelbart
02:43
was that the computers in those days cost several million pounds.
63
148000
3000
adalah komputer pada masa itu harganya beberapa juta pound.
02:46
So for a personal computer,
64
151000
2000
Jadi untuk komputer pribadi,
02:48
a few million pounds was like having a personal jet plane;
65
153000
2000
beberapa juta pound itu seperti membeli pesawat jet pribadi,
02:50
it wasn't really very practical.
66
155000
2000
tidak begitu praktis.
02:52
But spin on to the 80s
67
157000
2000
Namun kita maju ke tahun 80-an
02:54
when personal computers did arrive,
68
159000
2000
saat komputer pribadi benar-benar muncul
02:56
then there was room for this kind of system on personal computers.
69
161000
2000
lalu ada ruangan untuk sistem seperti ini pada komputer pribadi.
02:58
And my company, OWL
70
163000
2000
Dan perusahaan saya, OWL
03:00
built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh.
71
165000
3000
membuat sistem yang disebut Guide untuk Apple Macintosh.
03:03
And we delivered the world's first hypertext system.
72
168000
4000
Dan kami meluncurkan sistem hiperteks pertama di dunia.
03:07
And this began to get a head of steam.
73
172000
2000
Dan hal ini mulai mendapat energi untuk maju.
03:09
Apple introduced a thing called HyperCard,
74
174000
2000
Apple memperkenalkan sesuatu yang disebut HyperCard,
03:11
and they made a bit of a fuss about it.
75
176000
2000
dengan penuh kehebohan.
03:13
They had a 12-page supplement in the Wall Street Journal the day it launched.
76
178000
3000
Ada 12 halaman tambahan dalam Wall Street Journal pada saat peluncurannya.
03:16
The magazines started to cover it.
77
181000
2000
Majalah itu mulai meliputnya.
03:18
Byte magazine and Communications at the ACM
78
183000
2000
Majalah Byte dan Communications di ACM
03:20
had special issues covering hypertext.
79
185000
2000
menerbitkan edisi spesial yang meliput hiperteks.
03:22
We developed a PC version of this product
80
187000
2000
Kami mengembangkan versi komputer pribadi untuk produk ini
03:24
as well as the Macintosh version.
81
189000
2000
dan juga versi untuk Macintosh.
03:26
And our PC version became quite mature.
82
191000
3000
Versi komputer pribadi ini menjadi cukup matang.
03:29
These are some examples of this system in action in the late 80s.
83
194000
3000
Inilah beberapa contoh dari sistem ini pada akhir 80-an.
03:33
You were able to deliver documents, were able to do it over networks.
84
198000
3000
Anda bisa mengirimkan dokumen, melakukan kerja melalui jaringan.
03:36
We developed a system such
85
201000
2000
Kami mengembangkan sistem
03:38
that it had a markup language based on html.
86
203000
2000
yang memiliki bahasa markup berbasis html.
03:40
We called it hml: hypertext markup language.
87
205000
3000
Kami menyebutnya html: "hypertext markup language."
03:43
And the system was capable of doing
88
208000
2000
Dan sistem ini mampu mengerjakan
03:45
very, very large documentation systems over computer networks.
89
210000
4000
pendokumentasian sistem yang sangat besar dari jaringan komputer.
03:49
So I took this system to a trade show in Versailles near Paris
90
214000
3000
Saya membawa sistem ini pada pameran perdagangan di Versailles di dekat Paris
03:52
in late November 1990.
91
217000
3000
pada akhir November 1990.
03:55
And I was approached by a nice young man called Tim Berners-Lee
92
220000
2000
Dan seorang pria muda yang baik bernama Tim Berners-Lee menemui saya
03:57
who said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" and I said, "Yeah."
93
222000
2000
dan berkata, "Kamu Ian Ritchie?" dan saya menjawab, "Benar."
03:59
And he said, "I need to talk to you."
94
224000
2000
Dia berkata, "Saya perlu berbicara denganmu."
04:01
And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web.
95
226000
3000
Dan dia memberi tahu gagasannya tentang sistem bernama Waring Wera Wanua (World Wide Web).
04:04
And I thought, well, that's got a pretentious name,
96
229000
3000
Dan saya pikir, itu nama yang anggun
04:07
especially since the whole system ran on his computer in his office.
97
232000
3000
terutama karena semua sistem itu dijalankan pada komputer di kantornya.
04:10
But he was completely convinced that his World Wide Web
98
235000
3000
Namun dia benar-benar yakin bahwa Waring Wera Wanua (World Wide Web) miliknya
04:13
would take over the world one day.
99
238000
2000
akan menguasai dunia suatu hari nanti
04:15
And he tried to persuade me to write the browser for it,
100
240000
2000
Dan dia mencoba membujuk saya untuk menulis peramban
04:17
because his system didn't have any graphics or fonts or layout or anything;
101
242000
3000
karena sistemnya tidak memiliki grafik, bentuk tulisan, atau susunan, atau apapun,
04:20
it was just plain text.
102
245000
2000
hanya teks biasa saja.
04:22
I thought, well, you know, interesting,
103
247000
3000
Saya pikir, itu cukup menarik,
04:25
but a guy from CERN, he's not going to do this.
104
250000
2000
namun pria dari CERN tidak akan melakukannya.
04:27
So we didn't do it.
105
252000
2000
Jadi kami tidak melakukannya.
04:29
In the next couple of years,
106
254000
2000
Dalam beberapa tahun berikutnya
04:31
the hypertext community didn't recognize him either.
107
256000
2000
komunitas hiperteks juga tidak mengenalinya.
04:33
In 1992, his paper was rejected for the Hypertext Conference.
108
258000
3000
Pada tahun 1992, makalahnya ditolak oleh Konferensi Hiperteks.
04:36
In 1993,
109
261000
3000
Pada tahun 1993,
04:39
there was a table at the conference in Seattle,
110
264000
2000
pada sebuah acara konferensi di Seattle,
04:41
and a guy called Marc Andreessen
111
266000
2000
seseorang bernama Marc Andressen
04:43
was demonstrating his little browser for the World Wide Web.
112
268000
3000
menunjukkan peramban kecilnya untuk Waring Wera Wanua (World Wide Web).
04:46
And I saw it, and I thought, yep, that's it.
113
271000
2000
Saya melihatnya dan berpikir, ya, ini dia.
04:48
And the very next year, in 1994, we had the conference here in Edinburgh,
114
273000
3000
Pada tahun berikutnya, 1994, ada konferensi di sini di Edinburgh,
04:51
and I had no opposition in having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
115
276000
4000
dan saya sama sekali tidak keberatan Tim Berners-Lee menjadi pembicara utama.
04:55
So that puts me in pretty illustrious company.
116
280000
2000
Itu membuat saya mendapat teman yang cukup termasyur.
04:57
There was a guy called Dick Rowe
117
282000
2000
Ada seseorang bernama Dick Rowe
04:59
who was at Decca Records and turned down The Beatles.
118
284000
2000
yang pernah bekerja di Decca Records dan menolak The Beatles.
05:01
There was a guy called Gary Kildall
119
286000
2000
Ada seseorang bernama Gary Kildall
05:03
who went flying his plane
120
288000
2000
yang pergi dengan pesawatnya
05:05
when IBM came looking for an operating system
121
290000
2000
saat IBM datang untuk mencari sistem operasi
05:07
for the IBM PC,
122
292000
2000
dari komputer pribadi IBM
05:09
and he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates.
123
294000
2000
dia tidak ada di sana, sehingga mereka pergi menemui Bill Gates.
05:11
And the 12 publishers
124
296000
2000
Dan kedua belas penerbit
05:13
who turned down J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, I guess.
125
298000
3000
yang menolak J. K. Rowling dengan Harry Potternya.
05:16
On the other hand, there's Marc Andreessen
126
301000
2000
Di sisi lain ada Marc Andressen
05:18
who wrote the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
127
303000
2000
yang menulis peramban pertama untuk Waring Wera Wanua di dunia.
05:20
And according to Fortune magazine,
128
305000
2000
Dan menurut majalah Fortunes,
05:22
he's worth 700 million dollars.
129
307000
2000
kekayaannya senilai 700 juta dolar.
05:24
But is he happy?
130
309000
2000
Namun apakah dia gembira?
05:26
(Laughter)
131
311000
2000
(Tawa)
05:28
(Applause)
132
313000
7000
(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ian Ritchie - Software entrepreneurIan Ritchie
Why you should listen
Ian Ritchie is chair of iomart plc. and several other computer and learning businesses, including Computer Application Services Ltd., the Interactive Design Institute and Caspian Learning Ltd. He is co-chair of the Scottish Science Advisory Council, a board member of the Edinburgh International Science Festival and the chair of Our Dynamic Earth, the Edinburgh Science Centre.
Ritchie founded and managed Office Workstations Limited (OWL) in Edinburgh in 1984 and its subsidiary OWL International Inc. in Seattle from 1985. OWL became the first and largest supplier of Hypertext/Hypermedia authoring tools (a forerunner to the World Wide Web) for personal computers based on its Guide product. OWL's customers used its systems to implement large interactive multimedia documentation systems in industry sectors such as automobile, defence, publishing, finance, and education. OWL was sold to Matsushita Electrical Industrial (Panasonic) of Japan in December 1989. He is the author of New Media Publishing: Opportunities from the digital revolution (1996).
He was awarded a CBE in the 2003 New Years Honours list for services to enterprise and education; he is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering; a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and a Fellow and a past-President of the British Computer Society (1998-99).
Ian Ritchie | Speaker | TED.com