TEDGlobal 2011
Richard Wilkinson: How economic inequality harms societies
Richard Wilkinson : Kako ekonomska nejednakost šteti društvima
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Instinktivno osjećamo da društva sa velikom razlikom u dohocima nekako idu krivim putem. Richard Wilkinson grafički prikazuje čvrste podatke o ekonomskim nejednakostima i pokazuje što se pogoršava kada su bogati i siromašni previše udaljeni : stvarni efekti na zdravlje, životni vijek, čak i na osnovne vrijednosti poput povjerenja.
Richard Wilkinson - Public health researcher
In "The Spirit Level," Richard Wilkinson charts data that proves societies that are more equal are healthier, happier societies. Full bio
In "The Spirit Level," Richard Wilkinson charts data that proves societies that are more equal are healthier, happier societies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
You all know the truth of what I'm going to say.
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Svi vi znate istinu o onome što ću reći.
00:18
I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and socially corrosive
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Mislim da je intuicija kako je nejednakost razdvajajuća i društveno korozivna
00:22
has been around since before the French Revolution.
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bila tu još otprije Francuske revolucije.
00:26
What's changed
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Ono što se promijenilo
00:28
is we now can look at the evidence,
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je da sada možemo promotriti dokaze,
00:30
we can compare societies, more and less equal societies,
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možemo usporediti društva, više ili manje jednaka društva,
00:33
and see what inequality does.
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i vidjeti što nejednakost čini.
00:36
I'm going to take you through that data
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Provest ću vas kroz te podatke
00:39
and then explain why
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i onda objasniti zašto
00:41
the links I'm going to be showing you exist.
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poveznice koje ću vam pokazivati postoje.
00:45
But first, see what a miserable lot we are.
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No prvo, pogledajte kako smo jadna gomila.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:50
I want to start though
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Želio bih započeti
00:52
with a paradox.
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s paradoksom.
00:55
This shows you life expectancy
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Ovo pokazuje očekivani životni vijek
00:57
against gross national income --
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u usporedbi sa bruto nacionalnim dohotkom --
00:59
how rich countries are on average.
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koliko su zemlje u prosjeku bogate.
01:01
And you see the countries on the right,
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I možete vidjeti da su zemlje na desnoj strani,
01:03
like Norway and the USA,
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poput Norveške ili Amerike,
01:05
are twice as rich as Israel, Greece, Portugal on the left.
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dvostruko bogatije od Izraela, Grčke, Portugala na lijevoj strani.
01:10
And it makes no difference to their life expectancy at all.
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I to ne čini ikakvu razliku u njihovom očekivanom životnom vijeku.
01:14
There's no suggestion of a relationship there.
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Tu nema sugestija o povezanosti.
01:16
But if we look within our societies,
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No ukoliko pogledamo unutar naših društava,
01:19
there are extraordinary social gradients in health
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postoje izvanredni društveni gradijenti u zdravlju
01:22
running right across society.
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preko cijelog društva.
01:24
This, again, is life expectancy.
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Ovo je, opet, očekivani životni vijek.
01:26
These are small areas of England and Wales --
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Ovdje su prikazana mala područja Engleske i Walesa --
01:28
the poorest on the right, the richest on the left.
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najsiromašnija su na desnoj strani, a najbogatija na lijevoj.
01:32
A lot of difference between the poor and the rest of us.
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Velika je razlika između siromašnih i nas ostalih.
01:35
Even the people just below the top
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Čak i ljudi odmah ispod vrha
01:37
have less good health
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imaju lošije zdravlje
01:39
than the people at the top.
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od ljudi na vrhu.
01:41
So income means something very important
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Stoga dohodak predstavlja nešto jako bitno
01:43
within our societies,
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unutar naših društava,
01:45
and nothing between them.
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i ništa između njih.
01:48
The explanation of that paradox
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Objašnjenje toga paradoksa
01:51
is that, within our societies,
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je da, unutar naših društava,
01:53
we're looking at relative income
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gledamo u relativni dohodak
01:55
or social position, social status --
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ili socijalnu poziciju, socijalni status --
01:58
where we are in relation to each other
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gdje smo u povezanosti s ostalima
02:01
and the size of the gaps between us.
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i veličinu jaza između nas.
02:04
And as soon as you've got that idea,
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I čim shvatite tu ideju,
02:06
you should immediately wonder:
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trebate se odmah zapitati:
02:08
what happens if we widen the differences,
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što se događa ako proširimo razlike,
02:11
or compress them,
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ili ih smanjimo,
02:13
make the income differences bigger or smaller?
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učinimo razlike u dohocima veće ili manje?
02:15
And that's what I'm going to show you.
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I to je ono što ću vam pokazati.
02:18
I'm not using any hypothetical data.
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Ne koristim hipotetske podatke.
02:20
I'm taking data from the U.N. --
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Uzeo sam podatke od Ujedinjenih Naroda --
02:22
it's the same as the World Bank has --
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isti su kao i oni koje ima Svjetska banka --
02:24
on the scale of income differences
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na ljestvici razlike u dohocima
02:26
in these rich developed market democracies.
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u ovim bogatim, razvijenim tržišnim demokracijama.
02:29
The measure we've used,
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Mjera koju smo koristili,
02:31
because it's easy to understand and you can download it,
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pošto je jednostavna za razumjeti i može se "downloadati",
02:33
is how much richer the top 20 percent
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je koliko su bogatiji prvih 20%
02:35
than the bottom 20 percent in each country.
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od posljednjih 20% u svakoj zemlji.
02:38
And you see in the more equal countries on the left --
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I vidite da u zemljama s većom jednakosti na lijevoj strani,
02:41
Japan, Finland, Norway, Sweden --
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Japan, Finska, Norveška, Švedska,
02:43
the top 20 percent are about three and a half, four times as rich
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prvih 20% su oko 3.5, 4 puta bogatiji
02:45
as the bottom 20 percent.
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od posljednjih 20%.
02:48
But on the more unequal end --
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Ali na kraju s većom nejednakosti --
02:50
U.K., Portugal, USA, Singapore --
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Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Portugal, Amerika, Singapur,
02:52
the differences are twice as big.
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razlike su dvostruko veće.
02:55
On that measure, we are twice as unequal
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Po toj mjeri, mi smo dvostruko više nejednaki
02:58
as some of the other successful market democracies.
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od nekih drugih uspješnih tržišnih demokracija.
03:02
Now I'm going to show you what that does to our societies.
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Sada ću vam pokazati što to čini našem društvu.
03:06
We collected data on problems with social gradients,
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Skupili smo podatke o problemima sa društvenim gradijentima,
03:09
the kind of problems that are more common
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vrstama problema koji su češći
03:11
at the bottom of the social ladder.
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na dnu društvene ljestvice.
03:13
Internationally comparable data on life expectancy,
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Internacionalno usporedivi podaci o životnom vijeku,
03:16
on kids' maths and literacy scores,
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o rezultatima iz matematike i pismenosti djece,
03:19
on infant mortality rates, homicide rates,
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o mortalitetu djece, broju ubojstava,
03:22
proportion of the population in prison, teenage birthrates,
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proporciji populacije u zatvoru, tinejdžerske trudnoće,
03:25
levels of trust,
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razini povjerenja,
03:27
obesity, mental illness --
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pretilosti, mentalnim bolestima,
03:29
which in standard diagnostic classification
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koje u standardnim klasifikacijama dijagnoza
03:32
includes drug and alcohol addiction --
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uključuju ovisnost o drogi i alkoholu
03:34
and social mobility.
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i socijalnu mobilnost.
03:36
We put them all in one index.
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Stavili smo ih sve u jedan pokazatelj.
03:39
They're all weighted equally.
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Svi su jednako težili.
03:41
Where a country is is a sort of average score on these things.
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Položaj zemlje je vrsta prosječnog rezultata u ovim stvarima.
03:44
And there, you see it
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I tu, vidite
03:46
in relation to the measure of inequality I've just shown you,
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u odnosu na mjeru nejednakosti koju sam vam upravo pokazao,
03:49
which I shall use over and over again in the data.
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i koju ću iznova koristiti u podacima.
03:52
The more unequal countries
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Zemljama s većom nejednakosti
03:54
are doing worse
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ide lošije
03:56
on all these kinds of social problems.
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u svim ovim socijalnim problemima.
03:58
It's an extraordinarily close correlation.
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To je izvanredno bliska korelacija.
04:01
But if you look at that same index
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Ali ukoliko pogledate u taj isti pokazatelj
04:03
of health and social problems
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zdravstvenih i socijalnih problema
04:05
in relation to GNP per capita,
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u odnosu s BNP-om po glavi stanovnika,
04:07
gross national income,
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bruto domaćim proizvodom,
04:09
there's nothing there,
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nema ništa,
04:11
no correlation anymore.
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nikakve korelacije.
04:14
We were a little bit worried
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Bili smo pomalo zabrinuti
04:16
that people might think
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da bi ljudi mogli misliti
04:18
we'd been choosing problems to suit our argument
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da smo birali probleme koji bi zadovoljavali naše argumente
04:20
and just manufactured this evidence,
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i samo proizveli dokaze,
04:23
so we also did a paper in the British Medical Journal
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pa smo stoga napravili rad u Britanskom Medicinskom Dnevniku
04:26
on the UNICEF index of child well-being.
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o UNICEF-ovom pokazatelju o dobrobiti djece.
04:30
It has 40 different components
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Ima 40 različitih komponenata
04:32
put together by other people.
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sastavljenih zajedno od strane drugih ljudi.
04:34
It contains whether kids can talk to their parents,
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Sadrži mogu li djeca razgovarati sa svojim roditeljima,
04:37
whether they have books at home,
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imaju li knjige kod kuće,
04:39
what immunization rates are like, whether there's bullying at school.
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kolike su stope imunizacije, jesu li izložena nasilju u školi.
04:42
Everything goes into it.
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Sve ide u taj pokazatelj.
04:44
Here it is in relation to that same measure of inequality.
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Ovdje je u odnosu s tim istim pokazateljem nejednakosti.
04:48
Kids do worse in the more unequal societies.
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Djeci ide lošije u društvima s većom nejednakosti.
04:51
Highly significant relationship.
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Vrlo važna veza.
04:54
But once again,
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Ali opet,
04:56
if you look at that measure of child well-being,
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pogledate li tu mjeru o dobrobiti djece,
04:59
in relation to national income per person,
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u povezanosti s nacionalnim dohotkom po glavi stanovnika,
05:01
there's no relationship,
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nema povezanosti,
05:03
no suggestion of a relationship.
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nema sugestije o povezanosti.
05:06
What all the data I've shown you so far says
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Ono što svi podaci koje sam vam do sada pokazao govore
05:09
is the same thing.
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je ista stvar.
05:11
The average well-being of our societies
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Prosječno blagostanje naših društava
05:13
is not dependent any longer
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više ne ovisi
05:16
on national income and economic growth.
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o nacionalnom dohotku i ekonomskom rastu.
05:19
That's very important in poorer countries,
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To je vrlo važno u siromašnijim zemljama,
05:21
but not in the rich developed world.
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ali ne u bogatom, razvijenom svijetu.
05:24
But the differences between us
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No razlike između nas,
05:26
and where we are in relation to each other
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i gdje smo u odnosu jedni s drugima,
05:28
now matter very much.
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su sada vrlo bitne.
05:31
I'm going to show you some of the separate bits of our index.
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Pokazat ću vam neke odvojene dijelove našeg pokazatelja.
05:34
Here, for instance, is trust.
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Ovdje, na primjer, je povjerenje.
05:36
It's simply the proportion of the population
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To je jednostavno proporcija populacije
05:38
who agree most people can be trusted.
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koja se slaže da se većini ljudi može vjerovati.
05:40
It comes from the World Values Survey.
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Dolazi iz Svjetske ankete o vrijednostima.
05:42
You see, at the more unequal end,
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Možete vidjeti da je, na strani s većom nejednakosti,
05:44
it's about 15 percent of the population
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oko 15% populacije
05:47
who feel they can trust others.
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koji osjećaju da mogu vjerovati drugima.
05:49
But in the more equal societies,
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No u društvima s većom jednakosti,
05:51
it rises to 60 or 65 percent.
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broj se povećava na 60 do 65%.
05:55
And if you look at measures of involvement in community life
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Ukoliko pogledate mjere uključenosti u život zajednice,
05:58
or social capital,
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ili socijalni kapital,
06:00
very similar relationships
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vrlo slični odnosi
06:02
closely related to inequality.
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su blisko povezani s nejednakošću.
06:05
I may say, we did all this work twice.
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Mogu reći, cijeli ovaj posao smo odradili dva puta.
06:08
We did it first on these rich, developed countries,
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Prvo smo ga izveli na ovim bogatim, razvijenim zemljama,
06:11
and then as a separate test bed,
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potom kao poseban test,
06:13
we repeated it all on the 50 American states --
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ponovili smo ga na svih 50 američkih država,
06:16
asking just the same question:
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pitajući jedno te isto pitanje :
06:18
do the more unequal states
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ide li državama s većom nejednakosti
06:20
do worse on all these kinds of measures?
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lošije po ovim mjerama?
06:22
So here is trust from a general social survey of the federal government
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Dakle,ovdje je povjerenje iz opće društvene ankete o saveznoj vladi
06:26
related to inequality.
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povezano s nejednakošću.
06:28
Very similar scatter
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Vrlo slična raspršenost
06:30
over a similar range of levels of trust.
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preko sličnog raspona razina povjerenja.
06:32
Same thing is going on.
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Ista stvar se događa.
06:34
Basically we found
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Općenito, pronašli smo
06:36
that almost anything that's related to trust internationally
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kako je gotovo sve što je povezano s povjerenjem međunarodno
06:39
is related to trust amongst the 50 states
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je povezano s povjerenjem među 50 država
06:41
in that separate test bed.
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u tom posebnom testu.
06:43
We're not just talking about a fluke.
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Ovdje ne govorimo o slučajnosti.
06:45
This is mental illness.
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Ovo je mentalna bolest.
06:47
WHO put together figures
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Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija sastavila je podatke
06:49
using the same diagnostic interviews
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koristeći iste dijagnostičke intervjue
06:51
on random samples of the population
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na nasumičnim uzorcima populacije
06:53
to allow us to compare rates of mental illness
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kako bi nam omogućili da usporedimo razine mentalnih oboljenja
06:56
in each society.
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u svakom društvu.
06:58
This is the percent of the population
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Ovo je postotak populacije
07:00
with any mental illness in the preceding year.
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s bilo kojom mentalnom bolešću u protekloj godini.
07:03
And it goes from about eight percent
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I kreće se od oko 8%
07:06
up to three times that --
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do tri puta toliko --
07:08
whole societies
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cijela društva
07:10
with three times the level of mental illness of others.
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s tri puta višom razinom mentalnih oboljenja od drugih.
07:13
And again, closely related to inequality.
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I opet, blisko povezano s nejednakošću.
07:17
This is violence.
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Ovo je nasilje.
07:19
These red dots are American states,
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Ove crvene točke su američke države,
07:21
and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.
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a plavi trokuti su kanadske provincije.
07:25
But look at the scale of the differences.
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No pogledajte omjer razlika.
07:28
It goes from 15 homicides per million
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Kreće se od 15 ubojstava na milijun ljudi
07:31
up to 150.
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pa sve do 150.
07:34
This is the proportion of the population in prison.
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Ovo je proporcija populacije u zatvoru.
07:37
There's a about a tenfold difference there,
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Tu je otprilike deseterostruka razlika,
07:40
log scale up the side.
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logaritamska ljestvica je sa strane.
07:42
But it goes from about 40 to 400
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No ide od oko 40 do 400
07:44
people in prison.
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ljudi u zatvoru.
07:47
That relationship
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Taj odnos
07:49
is not mainly driven by more crime.
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nije nužno potaknut većim brojem zločina.
07:51
In some places, that's part of it.
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U nekim mjestima, to je dio njega.
07:54
But most of it is about more punitive sentencing,
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Ali većina toga je zbog više kaznenih presuda,
07:56
harsher sentencing.
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oštrijeg kažnjavanja.
07:58
And the more unequal societies
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I društva s većom nejednakosti
08:00
are more likely also to retain the death penalty.
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imaju veću vjerojatnost zadržavanja smrtne kazne.
08:04
Here we have children dropping out of high school.
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Ovdje imamo djecu koja se ispisuju iz srednje škole.
08:09
Again, quite big differences.
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Opet, velike razlike.
08:11
Extraordinarily damaging,
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Izvanredno oštećujuće,
08:13
if you're talking about using the talents of the population.
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ukoliko govorimo o korištenju talenata populacije.
08:16
This is social mobility.
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Ovo je socijalna mobilnost.
08:19
It's actually a measure of mobility
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Ona je zapravo mjera pokretljivosti
08:21
based on income.
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utemeljena na dohotku.
08:23
Basically, it's asking:
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U osnovi, ona pita :
08:25
do rich fathers have rich sons
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imaju li bogati očevi bogate sinove,
08:27
and poor fathers have poor sons,
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a siromašni očevi siromašne sinove,
08:29
or is there no relationship between the two?
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ili ne postoji veza između njih?
08:32
And at the more unequal end,
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Na kraju s većom nejednakosti,
08:34
fathers' income is much more important --
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očev dohodak je mnogo važniji --
08:37
in the U.K., USA.
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u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, SAD-u.
08:40
And in Scandinavian countries,
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A u skandinavskim zemljama
08:42
fathers' income is much less important.
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očev prihod je mnogo manje važan.
08:44
There's more social mobility.
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Postoji veća socijalna mobilnost.
08:47
And as we like to say --
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I, kako mi volimo to reći --
08:49
and I know there are a lot of Americans in the audience here --
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a znam da je ovdje u publici mnogo Amerikanaca,
08:52
if Americans want to live the American dream,
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ako Amerikanci žele živjeti Američki san,
08:55
they should go to Denmark.
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trebali bi otići u Dansku.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:03
I've shown you just a few things in italics here.
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Pokazao sam vam ovdje samo par stvari u kurzivu.
09:06
I could have shown a number of other problems.
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Mogao sam pokazati i brojne druge probleme.
09:08
They're all problems that tend to be more common
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Sve su to problemi koji su uobičajeniji
09:10
at the bottom of the social gradient.
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na dnu društvenog gradijenta.
09:12
But there are endless problems with social gradients
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No postoje beskonačni problemi s društvenim gradijentima
09:17
that are worse in more unequal countries --
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koji su gori u zemljama s većom nejednakosti --
09:19
not just a little bit worse,
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ne samo malo gori,
09:21
but anything from twice as common to 10 times as common.
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već od dva do 10 puta češći.
09:24
Think of the expense,
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Pomislite na trošak,
09:26
the human cost of that.
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na ljudsku cijenu toga.
09:29
I want to go back though to this graph that I showed you earlier
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No želim se vratiti na ovaj graf koji sam vam ranije pokazao
09:31
where we put it all together
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gdje smo ih sve spojili
09:33
to make two points.
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kako bi ukazali na dvije poante.
09:35
One is that, in graph after graph,
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Jedna je da, u grafu za grafom,
09:38
we find the countries that do worse,
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nalazimo da zemlje kojima lošije ide,
09:40
whatever the outcome,
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bez obzira na ishod,
09:42
seem to be the more unequal ones,
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su one s više nejednakosti,
09:44
and the ones that do well
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a one kojima ide dobro
09:46
seem to be the Nordic countries and Japan.
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su Nordijske zemlje i Japan.
09:49
So what we're looking at
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Dakle, ono što vidimo
09:51
is general social disfunction related to inequality.
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je opća društvena disfunkcija povezana s nejednakosti.
09:54
It's not just one or two things that go wrong,
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Nije da samo jedna ili dvije stvari pođu krivo,
09:56
it's most things.
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već većina njih.
09:58
The other really important point I want to make on this graph
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Druga vrlo važna poanta na koju bih htio ukazati na ovom grafu
10:01
is that, if you look at the bottom,
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je da, ako pogledate na dno,
10:03
Sweden and Japan,
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Švedska i Japan,
10:06
they're very different countries in all sorts of ways.
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one su vrlo različite zemlje u mnogim pogledima.
10:09
The position of women,
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Položaj žena,
10:11
how closely they keep to the nuclear family,
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koliko se blizu drže jezgri obitelji,
10:13
are on opposite ends of the poles
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su na potpuno suprotnim krajevima
10:15
in terms of the rich developed world.
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u uvjetima bogatog, razvijenog svijeta.
10:17
But another really important difference
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No još jedna vrlo važna razlika
10:19
is how they get their greater equality.
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je kako postižu svoju veliku jednakost.
10:22
Sweden has huge differences in earnings,
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Švedska ima ogromne razlike u zaradama,
10:25
and it narrows the gap through taxation,
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i smanjuje jaz putem poreza,
10:27
general welfare state,
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opće države blagostanja,
10:29
generous benefits and so on.
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velikodušnih povlastica i tako dalje.
10:32
Japan is rather different though.
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Japan je prilično drugačiji.
10:34
It starts off with much smaller differences in earnings before tax.
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Počinje s mnogo manjim razlikama u zaradama prije poreza.
10:37
It has lower taxes.
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Ima niže poreze.
10:39
It has a smaller welfare state.
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Ima manju socijalnu državu.
10:41
And in our analysis of the American states,
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I u našoj analizi američkih država,
10:43
we find rather the same contrast.
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pronalazimo gotovo isti kontrast.
10:45
There are some states that do well through redistribution,
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Neke države postižu dobre rezultate kroz redistribuciju,
10:48
some states that do well
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nekim državama ide dobro
10:50
because they have smaller income differences before tax.
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zato što imaju manje razlike u dohotku prije poreza.
10:53
So we conclude
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Zato zaključujemo
10:55
that it doesn't much matter how you get your greater equality,
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da nije previše važno kako postignete veću jednakost,
10:58
as long as you get there somehow.
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sve dok do nje nekako dođete.
11:00
I am not talking about perfect equality,
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Ne govorim o savršenoj jednakosti,
11:02
I'm talking about what exists in rich developed market democracies.
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govorim o onome što postoji u bogatim, razvijenim, tržišnim demokracijama.
11:08
Another really surprising part of this picture
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Drugi, vrlo iznenađujuć dio ove slike
11:13
is that it's not just the poor
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je da nisu samo siromašni
11:15
who are affected by inequality.
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oni na koje utječe nejednakost.
11:18
There seems to be some truth in John Donne's
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Čini se da ima nešto istine u John Donneovom
11:20
"No man is an island."
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"Nijedan čovjek nije otok."
11:23
And in a number of studies, it's possible to compare
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I u više studija, moguće je usporediti
11:26
how people do in more and less equal countries
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kako ide ljudima u državama s većom i manjom jednakosti
11:29
at each level in the social hierarchy.
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na svakoj razini društvene ljestvice.
11:32
This is just one example.
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Ovo je samo jedan primjer.
11:35
It's infant mortality.
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Ovo je smrtnost dojenčadi.
11:37
Some Swedes very kindly classified a lot of their infant deaths
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Neki Šveđani su vrlo ljubazno klasificirali mnoge smrti dojenčadi
11:40
according to the British register of general socioeconomic classification.
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prema Britanskom registru opće socioekonomske klasifikacije.
11:45
And so it's anachronistically
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I to je anakronistično
11:48
a classification by fathers' occupations,
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klasifikacija prema profesiji očeva,
11:50
so single parents go on their own.
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stoga samohrani roditelji idu zasebno.
11:52
But then where it says "low social class,"
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No tamo gdje piše "niža društvena klasa,"
11:55
that's unskilled manual occupations.
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to su nekvalificirani manuelni radnici.
11:58
It goes through towards the skilled manual occupations in the middle,
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Ide prema kvalificiranim manuelnim radnicima u sredini,
12:02
then the junior non-manual,
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pa nižim ne-manuelnim,
12:04
going up high to the professional occupations --
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idući više prema stručnim zanimanjima --
12:07
doctors, lawyers,
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liječnici, odvjetnici,
12:09
directors of larger companies.
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direktori velikih tvrtki.
12:11
You see there that Sweden does better than Britain
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Vidite ovdje da Švedskoj ide bolje nego Britaniji
12:14
all the way across the social hierarchy.
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po cijeloj društvenoj ljestvici.
12:19
The biggest differences are at the bottom of society.
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Najveće razlike su na dnu društva.
12:21
But even at the top,
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No čak i na vrhu,
12:23
there seems to be a small benefit
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čini se da postoji neka mala korist
12:25
to being in a more equal society.
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od života u društvu s većom jednakosti.
12:27
We show that on about five different sets of data
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Pokazujemo to na otprilike pet različitih skupina podataka
12:30
covering educational outcomes
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koje pokrivaju obrazovne ishode
12:32
and health in the United States and internationally.
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i zdravlje u Sjedinjenim Državama i internacionalno.
12:35
And that seems to be the general picture --
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I izgleda da je to opća slika --
12:38
that greater equality makes most difference at the bottom,
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da veća jednakost čini najveću razliku na dnu,
12:41
but has some benefits even at the top.
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no nosi neke beneficije čak i na vrhu.
12:44
But I should say a few words about what's going on.
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No trebao bih reći par riječi o tome što se događa.
12:48
I think I'm looking and talking
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Mislim da gledam i govorim
12:50
about the psychosocial effects of inequality.
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o psihosocijalnim učincima nejednakosti.
12:53
More to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority,
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VIše imaju veze s osjećajima superiornosti i inferiornosti,
12:56
of being valued and devalued,
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o osjećaju cijenjenosti i podcijenjenosti,
12:58
respected and disrespected.
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bivanju poštovanim ili nepoštovanim.
13:01
And of course, those feelings
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I dakako, ti osjećaji
13:03
of the status competition that comes out of that
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statusnog natjecanja koji proizlaze iz toga
13:06
drives the consumerism in our society.
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pogone konzumerizam u našem društvu.
13:09
It also leads to status insecurity.
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To također vodi i do statusne nesigurnosti.
13:12
We worry more about how we're judged and seen by others,
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Brinemo se više o tome kako o nama sude te kako nas vide drugi,
13:16
whether we're regarded as attractive, clever,
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smatraju li nas atraktivnima, pametnima,
13:19
all that kind of thing.
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i slično.
13:22
The social-evaluative judgments increase,
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Društveno-evaluativni sudovi povećavaju
13:25
the fear of those social-evaluative judgments.
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strah od tih društveno-evaluativnih sudova.
13:29
Interestingly,
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Zanimljivo,
13:31
some parallel work going on in social psychology:
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nešto paralelnog rada se odvija u društvenoj psihologiji:
13:35
some people reviewed 208 different studies
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neki ljudi su recenzirali 208 različitih studija
13:38
in which volunteers had been invited
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u kojima su volonteri pozvani
13:41
into a psychological laboratory
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u psihološki laboratorij
13:43
and had their stress hormones,
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i njihovi hormoni stresa,
13:45
their responses to doing stressful tasks, measured.
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njihove reakcije na obavljanje stresnih zadataka su izmjerene.
13:49
And in the review,
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I u recenziji,
13:51
what they were interested in seeing
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ono za što su bili zainteresirani
13:53
is what kind of stresses
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je koje vrste stresa
13:55
most reliably raise levels of cortisol,
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najpouzdanije podižu razine kortizola,
13:58
the central stress hormone.
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središnjeg hormona stresa.
14:00
And the conclusion was
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I zaključak je bio
14:02
it was tasks that included social-evaluative threat --
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da su to bili zadaci koji uključuju društveno-evaluativne prijetnje --
14:05
threats to self-esteem or social status
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prijetnje samopoštovanju ili društvenom statusu
14:08
in which others can negatively judge your performance.
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u kojima drugi mogu negativno ocijeniti vašu izvedbu.
14:11
Those kind of stresses
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Te vrste stresa
14:13
have a very particular effect
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imaju vrlo osobit učinak
14:16
on the physiology of stress.
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na fiziologiju stresa.
14:20
Now we have been criticized.
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Sad, bili smo kritizirani.
14:22
Of course, there are people who dislike this stuff
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Naravno, postoje ljudi kojima se ovakve stvari ne sviđaju
14:25
and people who find it very surprising.
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i ljudi kojima se čine vrlo iznenađujućima.
14:28
I should tell you though
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No trebao bih vam reći
14:30
that when people criticize us for picking and choosing data,
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da kada nas ljudi kritiziraju zbog izabiranja podataka,
14:33
we never pick and choose data.
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mi nikad ne izabiremo podatke.
14:35
We have an absolute rule
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Imamo jedno apsolutno pravilo
14:37
that if our data source has data for one of the countries we're looking at,
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da ako naš izvor podataka ima podatke za jednu od zemalja koje promatramo,
14:40
it goes into the analysis.
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oni idu u analizu.
14:42
Our data source decides
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Naš izvor podataka odlučuje
14:44
whether it's reliable data,
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jesu li podaci pouzdani,
14:46
we don't.
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ne mi.
14:48
Otherwise that would introduce bias.
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Inače bi to uvelo pristranost.
14:50
What about other countries?
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A što je s drugim zemljama?
14:52
There are 200 studies
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Ima 200 studija
14:55
of health in relation to income and equality
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zdravlja u odnosu na dohodak i jednakost
14:58
in the academic peer-reviewed journals.
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u akademskim recenziranim časopisima.
15:01
This isn't confined to these countries here,
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Ovo nije ograničeno na ove zemlje ovdje,
15:04
hiding a very simple demonstration.
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krijući vrlo jednostavnu demonstraciju.
15:06
The same countries,
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Iste zemlje,
15:08
the same measure of inequality,
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ista mjera nejednakosti.
15:10
one problem after another.
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jedan problem za drugim.
15:14
Why don't we control for other factors?
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Zašto ne koristimo kontrolu i za druge faktore?
15:16
Well we've shown you that GNP per capita
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Pa, pokazali smo vam da BNP po glavi
15:18
doesn't make any difference.
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ne čini ikakvu razliku.
15:20
And of course, others using more sophisticated methods in the literature
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I naravno, drugi koji su koristili sofisticiranije metode u literaturi
15:24
have controlled for poverty and education
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su koristili kontrole za siromaštvo i obrazovanje
15:26
and so on.
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i tako dalje.
15:30
What about causality?
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Što je s kauzalitetom?
15:32
Correlation in itself doesn't prove causality.
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Korelacija sama po sebi ne dokazuje kauzalitet.
15:35
We spend a good bit of time.
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Trošimo značajnu količinu vremena.
15:37
And indeed, people know the causal links quite well
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I doista, ljudi znaju uzročne veze prilično dobro
15:39
in some of these outcomes.
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u nekim od ovih ishoda.
15:41
The big change in our understanding
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Velika promjena u našem razumijevanju
15:43
of drivers of chronic health
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pokretača kroničnog zdravlja
15:45
in the rich developed world
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u bogatom, razvijenom svijetu
15:47
is how important chronic stress from social sources
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je koliko važan kronični stres iz društvenih izvora
15:51
is affecting the immune system,
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utječe na imunosni sustav,
15:53
the cardiovascular system.
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kardiovaskularni sustav.
15:56
Or for instance, the reason why violence
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Ili na primjer, razlog zbog kojeg nasilje
15:58
becomes more common in more unequal societies
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postaje češće u društvima s većom nejednakosti
16:01
is because people are sensitive to being looked down on.
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je taj što su ljudi osjetljivi na to da ih se promatra s visoka.
16:06
I should say that to deal with this,
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Trebao bih reći da kako bi se pozabavili s tim,
16:09
we've got to deal with the post-tax things
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moramo se pozabaviti s poslije-poreznim stvarima
16:11
and the pre-tax things.
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i prije-poreznim stvarima.
16:13
We've got to constrain income,
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Moramo ograničiti dohotke,
16:16
the bonus culture incomes at the top.
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dohotke bonusne kulture na vrhu.
16:18
I think we must make our bosses accountable to their employees
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Mislim da moramo učiniti naše šefove odgovornima njihovim zaposlenicima
16:21
in any way we can.
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na koji god način možemo.
16:24
I think the take-home message though
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No mislim da je poruka koju trebate ponijeti kući,
16:27
is that we can improve the real quality of human life
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da možemo unaprijediti stvarnu kvalitetu ljudskog života
16:31
by reducing the differences in incomes between us.
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smanjujući razliku u dohotcima između nas.
16:34
Suddenly we have a handle
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Odjednom razumijemo
16:36
on the psychosocial well-being of whole societies,
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psihosocijalnu dobrobit cijelih društava,
16:38
and that's exciting.
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i to je uzbudljivo.
16:40
Thank you.
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Hvala.
16:42
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Wilkinson - Public health researcherIn "The Spirit Level," Richard Wilkinson charts data that proves societies that are more equal are healthier, happier societies.
Why you should listen
For decades, Richard Wilkinson has studied the social effects of income inequality and how social forces affect health. In The Spirit Level, a book coauthored with Kate Pickett, he lays out reams of statistical evidence that, among developed countries, societies that are more equal – with a smaller income gap between rich and poor -- are happier and healthier than societies with greater disparities in the distribution of wealth.
While poverty has long been recognized as an indicator for such social ills as crime, obesity, teen pregnancy, Wilkinson and Pickett have demonstrated that societal well-being bears no relation to per capita income. They’ve also found that the symptoms of inequality trouble all levels of society. Across the board, mental health, levels of violence and addiction, even life expectancy are affected by the psycho-social stress caused by income gaps and status anxiety.
In the UK, The Spirit Level won support from politicians both left and right. Wilkinson, who is Professor Emeritus of Social Epidemiology at the University of Nottingham, also cofounded The Equality Trust, a nonprofit that aims to reduce income inequality by educating and engaging the public while supporting political commitment to address the problem.
He says: "While I'd always assumed that an equal society must score better on social cohesion, I never expected to find such clear differences between existing market economies."
NEW: Read the TED Blog's Q&A with Richard Wilkinson >>
Richard Wilkinson | Speaker | TED.com