TEDxVancouver
Jack Horner: Where are the baby dinosaurs?
Jack Horner: Dinosauri promjenjivog izgleda
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Gdje su dinosauri bebe? U očaravajućem govoru s TEDxVancouvera paleontolog Jack Horner opisuje kako je otvaranje lubanja fosila otkrilo šokantnu tajnu o nekima od naših voljenih dinosaura.
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Shall I ask for a show of hands
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Da zatražim da dignu ruku
00:18
or a clapping
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ili zaplješću
00:20
of people in different generations?
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ljudi različitih generacija?
00:23
I'm interested in how many
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Zanima me koliko vas je
00:25
are three to 12 years old.
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staro između tri i 12 godina.
00:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:31
None, huh?
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Nitko, ha?
00:34
All right.
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U redu.
00:36
I'm going to talk about dinosaurs.
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Govorit ću o dinosaurima.
00:38
Do you remember dinosaurs when you were that age?
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Sjećate li se dinosaura kada ste bili toliko stari?
00:41
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
00:48
Dinosaurs are kind of funny, you know.
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Dinosauri su pomalo smiješni, znate.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:53
We're going to kind of go in a different direction right now.
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Sada ćemo poći u malo drugačijem smjeru.
00:55
I hope you all realize that.
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Nadam se da svi to shvaćate.
00:58
So I'll just give you my message up front:
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Pa ću vam direktno reći svoju poruku:
01:00
Try not to go extinct.
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Probajte ne izumrijeti.
01:02
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:04
That's it.
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To je to.
01:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:10
People ask me a lot --
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Ljudi me često pitaju -
01:12
in fact, one of the most asked questions I get
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zapravo, jedno od najčešćih pitanja koje me pitaju
01:15
is, why do children like dinosaurs so much?
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jest: zašto djeca toliko vole dinosaure?
01:19
What's the fascination?
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Što ih fascinira?
01:21
And I usually just say,
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A ja obično samo kažem:
01:24
"Well dinosaurs were big,
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"Pa, dinosauri su bili veliki,
01:26
different and gone."
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drugačiji i izumrli su."
01:29
They're all gone.
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Svi su izumrli.
01:31
Well that's not true,
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Ali to nije istina,
01:33
but we'll get to the goose in a minute.
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ali doći ćemo do toga za čas.
01:35
So that's sort of the theme:
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To je u nekom smislu i tema:
01:38
big, different and gone.
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veliki, drugačiji i izumrli.
01:42
The title of my talk:
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Naslov mog govora:
01:44
Shape-shifting Dinosaurs:
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Dinosauri promjenjivog izgleda.
01:46
The Cause of a Premature Extinction.
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Razlozi preranog izumiranja.
01:48
Now I assume that we remember dinosaurs.
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Pretpostavljam da se sjećamo dinosaura.
01:51
And there's lots of different shapes.
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I postoji mnogo različitih oblika.
01:54
Lots of different kinds.
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Mnogo različitih vrsta.
01:57
A long time ago,
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Nekad davno,
01:59
back in the early 1900s,
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početkom 20. stoljeća,
02:01
museums were out looking for dinosaurs.
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muzeji su bili u potrazi za dinosaurima.
02:04
They went out and gathered them up.
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Izašli su i skupljali ih.
02:07
And this is an interesting story.
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A to je jedna zanimljiva priča.
02:09
Every museum wanted a little bigger or better one
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Svaki muzej je htio malo većeg ili boljeg
02:12
than anybody else had.
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nego što je itko drugi imao.
02:14
So if the museum in Toronto went out
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Dakle, ako je muzej iz Toronta otišao
02:17
and collected a Tyrannosaur, a big one,
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i skupio kosti Tiranosaura, koji je velik,
02:20
then the museum in Ottawa wanted a bigger one
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onda je muzej iz Ottawe htio većeg
02:23
and a better one.
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i boljeg.
02:25
And that happened for all museums.
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I to se događalo sa svim muzejima.
02:27
So everyone was out looking
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Tako da su svi bili u potrazi
02:29
for all these bigger and better dinosaurs.
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za svim tim većim i boljim dinosaurima.
02:32
And this was in the early 1900s.
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I to je bilo početkom 20. stoljeća.
02:36
By about 1970,
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Do oko 1970.,
02:39
some scientists were sitting around
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neki znanstvenici su sjeli
02:41
and they thought, "What in the world?
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i zapitali se: "Što, pobogu?
02:44
Look at these dinosaurs.
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Pogledajte ove dinosaure.
02:46
They're all big.
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Svi su veliki.
02:48
Where are all the little ones?"
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Gdje su svi maleni?"
02:53
And they thought about it
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I razmišljali su o tome
02:55
and they even wrote papers about it:
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i čak pisali radove o tome:
02:57
"Where are the little dinosaurs?"
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"Gdje su maleni dinosauri?"
02:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:07
Well, go to a museum, you'll see,
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Pa, otiđite u muzej, vidjet ćete,
03:11
see how many baby dinosaurs there are.
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pogledajte koliko je beba dinosaura ondje.
03:14
People assumed -- and this was actually a problem --
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Ljudi su pretpostavljali - i to je zapravo bio problem -
03:17
people assumed
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ljudi su pretpostavljali
03:19
that if they had little dinosaurs,
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da kad bi imali male dinosaure,
03:21
if they had juvenile dinosaurs,
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kad bi imali mlade dinosaure,
03:23
they'd be easy to identify.
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bilo bi ih lako identificirati.
03:25
You'd have a big dinosaur
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Imali biste velikog dinosaura
03:27
and a littler dinosaur.
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i manjeg dinosaura.
03:30
But all they had were big dinosaurs.
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Ali imali su samo velike dinosaure.
03:33
And it comes down to a couple of things.
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I to se svodi na nekoliko stvari.
03:36
First off, scientists have egos,
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Kao prvo, znanstvenici imaju ego,
03:40
and scientists like to name dinosaurs.
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i znanstvenici vole davati imena dinosaurima.
03:44
They like to name anything.
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Vole davati imena bilo čemu.
03:46
Everybody likes to have their own animal that they named.
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Svatko bi volio imati životinju kojoj je sam dao ime.
03:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:52
And so every time they found something that looked a little different,
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Pa su svaki put kada bi našli nešto što je izgledalo malo drugačije,
03:55
they named it something different.
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dali i neko drugo ime.
03:58
And what happened, of course,
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Ono što se dogodilo, naravno, jest,
04:00
is we ended up with a whole bunch of different dinosaurs.
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da smo završili s hrpetinom različitih dinosaura.
04:05
In 1975,
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1975.,
04:08
a light went on in somebody's head.
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nekome se upalila lampica.
04:11
Dr. Peter Dodson
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Dr. Peter Dodson
04:13
at the University of Pennsylvania
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sa Sveučilišta u Pennsylvaniji
04:15
actually realized
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je zapravo shvatio
04:18
that dinosaurs grew
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da su dinosauri rasli
04:21
kind of like birds do,
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na neki način kao što ptice rastu,
04:23
which is different
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što je drugačije
04:25
than the way reptiles grow.
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od načina na koji gmazovi rastu.
04:27
And in fact,
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I zapravo,
04:29
he used the cassowary as an example.
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uzeo je kazuara kao primjer.
04:32
And it's kind of cool -- if you look at the cassowary,
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I pomalo je cool - ako pogledate kazuara,
04:35
or any of the birds that have crests on their heads,
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ili bilo koju pticu koja ima krijestu na glavi,
04:38
they actually grow
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one zapravo rastu
04:40
to about 80 percent adult size
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do oko 80% veličine odrasle jedinke
04:42
before the crest starts to grow.
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prije nego krijesta počne rasti.
04:45
Now think about that.
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Sada razmislite o tome.
04:48
They're basically retaining their juvenile characteristics
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One praktički zadržavaju mladolike karakteristike
04:51
very late in what we call ontogeny.
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dosta kasno u onome što zovemo ontogenezom.
04:54
So allometric cranial ontogeny
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Dakle, alometrijska lubanjska ontogeneza
04:58
is relative skull growth.
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je značajan rast lubanje.
05:01
So you can see
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Pa možete vidjeti,
05:03
that if you actually found one
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ako ste stvarno našli jednog
05:05
that was 80 percent grown
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koji je narastao 80 posto
05:08
and you didn't know that it was going to grow up to a cassowary,
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a ne znate da će odrasti u kazuara,
05:11
you would think they were two different animals.
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da ćete misliti da su to dvije različite životinje.
05:15
So this was a problem,
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I to je bio problem,
05:18
and Peter Dodson pointed this out
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a Peter Dodson je to istaknuo
05:21
using some duck-billed dinosaurs
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koristeći neke dinosaure sa pačjim kljunom
05:23
then called Hypacrosaurus.
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tada poznate kao Hypacrosaurus.
05:25
And he showed
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I pokazao je
05:27
that if you were to take a baby and an adult
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da kada biste uzeli bebu i odraslu jedinku
05:30
and make an average of what it should look like,
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i napravili prosjek onoga kako bi trebao izgledati,
05:33
if it grew in sort of a linear fashion,
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ako je rastao na donekle linearan način,
05:36
it would have a crest
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imao bi krijestu
05:38
about half the size of the adult.
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upola manju od krijeste odraslog.
05:41
But the actual sub-adult
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Ali jedinka na prijelazu u odraslu
05:43
at 65 percent
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kod 65 posto
05:45
had no crest at all.
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nije uopće imala krijestu.
05:47
So this was interesting.
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Tako da je to bilo zanimljivo.
05:49
So this is where
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To je gdje
05:52
people went astray again.
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su ljudi opet otišli u krivom smjeru.
05:55
I mean, if they'd have just taken that,
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Mislim, kada bi samo to sagledali,
05:57
taken Peter Dodson's work, and gone on with that,
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uzimajući u obzir rad Petera Dodsona, i krenuli od toga,
06:00
then we would have a lot less dinosaurs
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tada bismo imali mnogo manje dinosaura
06:02
than we have.
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nego što ih imamo.
06:04
But scientists have egos;
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Ali znanstvenici imaju ego,
06:06
they like to name things.
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vole imenovati stvari.
06:09
And so they went on naming dinosaurs
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I tako su nastavili imenovati dinosaure
06:12
because they were different.
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zato što su bili drugačiji.
06:15
Now we have a way of actually testing
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Sada postoji način kojim zapravo možemo ispitati
06:17
to see whether a dinosaur, or any animal,
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i provjeriti je li dinosaur, ili bilo koja životinja,
06:20
is a young one or an older one.
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mlađa ili starija.
06:23
And that's by actually cutting into their bones.
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I to tako da režemo njihove kosti.
06:26
But cutting into the bones of a dinosaur
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Ali rezanje dinosaurovih kosti
06:30
is hard to do, as you can imagine,
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je teško napraviti, kao što možete zamisliti,
06:33
because in museums
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zato što su u muzejima
06:36
bones are precious.
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kosti dragocjene.
06:40
You go into a museum and they take really good care of them.
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Otiđete u muzej i oni se stvarno dobro brinu o njima.
06:43
They put them in foam, little containers.
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Stave ih u pjenu, male spremnike.
06:46
They're very well taken care of.
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Zbilja su dobro zbrinute.
06:50
They don't like it if you come in
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Ne sviđa im se ako dođete
06:52
and want to saw them open and look inside.
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i želite ih prerezati pilom i pogledati u njih.
06:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:56
So they don't normally let you do that.
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Pa vam obično to ni ne dopuste.
06:59
But I have a museum
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Ali ja imam muzej
07:02
and I collect dinosaurs
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i skupljam dinosaure
07:04
and I can saw mine open.
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i svoje mogu prepiliti.
07:06
So that's what I do.
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Pa to i radim.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
07:13
So if you cut open a little dinosaur,
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Ako razrežete malog dinosaura,
07:18
it's very spongy inside like A.
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iznutra je jako spužvasto kao A.
07:20
And if you cut into an older dinosaur,
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A ako razrežete velikog dinosaura,
07:22
it's very massive.
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jako je masivan.
07:24
You can tell it's mature bone.
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Možete vidjeti da je to zrela kost.
07:26
So it's real easy to tell them apart.
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Tako da ih je jako lako razlikovati.
07:29
So what I want to do
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Pa ono što ja želim napraviti
07:31
is show you these.
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jest pokazati vam ovo.
07:33
In North America in the Northern Plains of the United States
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U Sjevernoj Americi u području Northern Plains u SAD-u
07:37
and the Southern Plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan,
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i u području Southern Plains Alberte i Saskatchewana,
07:41
there's this unit of rock called the Hell Creek Formation
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ondje se nalazi ova stijena koja se zove Hell Creek Formation
07:44
that produces the last dinosaurs that lived on Earth.
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koja daje posljednje dinosaure koji su živjeli na Zemlji.
07:47
And there are 12 of them
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Dvanaest je onih
07:49
that everyone recognizes --
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koje svi prepoznaju -
07:51
I mean the 12 primary dinosaurs
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mislim, dvanaest je primarnih dinosaura
07:53
that went extinct.
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koji su izumrli.
07:55
And so we will evaluate them.
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Pa ćemo ih mi procijeniti.
07:58
And that's sort of what I've been doing.
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I to je manje-više ono što sam ja radio.
08:00
So my students, my staff,
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Pa smo moji studenti, moje osoblje
08:03
we've been cutting them open.
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i ja rezali i otvarali kosti.
08:06
Now as you can imagine,
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Kao što možete zamisliti,
08:08
cutting open a leg bone is one thing,
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rezanje kosti noge je jedna stvar,
08:10
but when you go to a museum
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ali kada odete u muzej
08:13
and say, "You don't mind if I cut open
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i kažete: "Neće vam smetati ako razrežem
08:15
your dinosaur's skull do you?"
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lubanju vašeg dinosaura, zar ne?",
08:18
they say, "Go away."
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oni kažu: "Gubi se."
08:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:26
So here are 12 dinosaurs.
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Dakle, evo dvanaest dinosaura.
08:30
And we want to look at these three first.
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Najprije želimo pogledati ova tri.
08:33
So these are dinosaurs that are called Pachycephalosaurs.
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Ovo su dinosari koji se zovu Pachycephalosauri.
08:36
And everybody knows
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I svatko zna
08:38
that these three animals are related.
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da su ove tri životinje u srodstvu.
08:40
And the assumption is
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A pretpostavka je
08:42
is that they're related
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da su u srodstvu
08:44
like cousins or whatever.
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kao bratići ili slično.
08:47
But no one ever considered
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Ali nitko nikad nije uzeo u obzir
08:49
that they might be more closely related.
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da bi mogli biti u bližem srodstvu.
08:52
In other words,
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Drugim riječima,
08:54
people looked at them and they saw the differences.
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ljudi su ih gledali i vidjeli razliku.
08:57
And you all know
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A svi vi znate
08:59
that if you are going to determine
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ako želite odrediti
09:01
whether you're related to your brother or your sister,
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jeste li u srodstvu sa svojim bratom ili sestrom,
09:03
you can't do it by looking at differences.
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ne možete to učiniti promatrajući razlike.
09:07
You can only determine relatedness
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Možete utvrditi srodstvo samo
09:09
by looking for similarities.
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promatranjem sličnosti.
09:11
So people were looking at these
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Dakle, ljudi su gledali ove dinosaure
09:13
and they were talking about how different they are.
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i govorili o tome koliko su različiti.
09:15
Pachycephalosaurus has a big, thick dome on its head,
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Pachycephalosaur ima veliku, debelu kupolu na svojoj glavi,
09:18
and it's got some little bumps on the back of its head,
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a ima i nekoliko malih kvržica na zatiljku,
09:21
and it's got a bunch of gnarly things on the end of its nose.
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i ima hrpu čvorića na kraju njuške.
09:25
And then Stygimoloch, another dinosaur
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Zatim Stygimoloch, još jedan dinosaur
09:27
from the same age, lived at the same time,
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iz istog razdoblja, živio je u isto vrijeme,
09:31
has spikes sticking out the back of its head.
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ima šiljke koji strše iz njegovog zatiljka.
09:33
It's got a little, tiny dome,
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Ima malu, sićušnu kupolu,
09:35
and it's got a bunch of gnarly stuff on its nose.
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i hrpu čvorića na svojoj njušci.
09:39
And then there's this thing called Dracorex,
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A onda je tu i ova stvar koja se zove Dracorex,
09:41
Hogwart's Eye.
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Hogwartovo Oko.
09:43
Guess where that came from? Dragon.
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Pogodite otkuda je naziv došao? Zmaj.
09:46
So here's a dinosaur
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Tako imamo dinosaura
09:48
that has spikes sticking out of its head, no dome
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koji ima šiljke koji strše iz njegove glave, bez kupole,
09:51
and gnarly stuff on its nose.
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s čvorićima na nosu.
09:54
Nobody noticed the gnarly stuff sort of looked alike.
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Nitko nije primijetio da ti čvorići pomalo sliče.
09:57
But they did look at these three
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Ali pogledali su ova tri dinosaura
09:59
and they said, "These are three different dinosaurs,
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i rekli: "To su tri različita dinosaura,
10:01
and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them.
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a Dracorex je vjerojatno najprimitivniji od njih.
10:04
And the other one is more primitive than the other.
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A jedan je primitivniji od drugog."
10:07
It's unclear to me
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Meni nije jasno
10:10
how they actually sorted these three of them out.
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kako su oni zapravo njih troje razvrstali.
10:13
But if you line them up,
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Ali ako ih poredate,
10:15
if you just take those three skulls and just line them up,
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ako samo uzmete one tri lubanje i poredate ih,
10:18
they line up like this.
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oni se ovako poredaju.
10:20
Dracorex is the littlest one,
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Dracorex je najmanji,
10:22
Stygimoloch is the middle size one,
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Stygimoloch je srednje veličine,
10:24
Pachycephalosaurus is the largest one.
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Pachycephalosaurus je najveći.
10:27
And one would think,
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I čovjek bi pomislio
10:29
that should give me a clue.
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da bi ga to trebalo dovesti do nekog zaključka.
10:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
10:33
But it didn't give them a clue.
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Ali nije ih dovelo do nikakvog zaključka.
10:36
Because, well we know why.
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Zato što... ma znamo zašto.
10:39
Scientists like to name things.
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Znanstvenici vole imenovati stvari.
10:42
So if we cut open
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Ako razrežemo
10:44
Dracorex --
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Dracorexa -
10:46
I cut open our Dracorex --
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ja sam razrezao našeg Dracorexa -
10:48
and look, it was spongy inside,
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i gle, bio je spužvast iznutra,
10:50
really spongy inside.
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stvarno spužvast iznutra.
10:52
I mean, it is a juvenile
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Mislim, to je mladi dinosaur
10:54
and it's growing really fast.
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i raste stvarno brzo.
10:56
So it is going to get bigger.
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Pa će postati veći.
10:58
If you cut open Stygimoloch,
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Ako otvorite Stygimolocha,
11:00
it is doing the same thing.
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događa se ista stvar.
11:02
The dome, that little dome,
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Kupola, ta mala kupola
11:04
is growing really fast.
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raste zaista brzo.
11:06
It's inflating very fast.
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Veoma brzo se napuhuje.
11:08
What's interesting is the spike on the back of the Dracorex
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Ono što je zanimljivo su šiljci na zatiljku Dracorexa
11:11
was growing very fast as well.
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koji su isto tako brzo rasli.
11:13
The spikes on the back of the Stygimoloch
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Šiljci na zatiljku Stygimolocha
11:15
are actually resorbing,
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se zapravo povlače,
11:17
which means they're getting smaller
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što znači da se smanjuju
11:19
as that dome is getting bigger.
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i da kupola postaje veća.
11:21
And if we look at Pachycephalosaurus,
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A ako pogledamo Pachycephalosaura,
11:24
Pachycephalosaurus has a solid dome
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Pachycephalosaur ima tvrdu kupolu
11:27
and its little bumps on the back of its head
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i njegove male kvržice na zatiljku
11:30
were also resorbing.
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su se također povlačile.
11:32
So just with these three dinosaurs,
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Dakle, samo s ta tri dinosaura,
11:34
you can easily -- as a scientist --
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lako možete - kao znanstvenik -
11:36
we can easily hypothesize
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možemo lako pretpostaviti
11:38
that it is just a growth series
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da je to samo razvojni niz
11:40
of the same animal.
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iste životinje.
11:43
Which of course means
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Što naravmo znači
11:46
that Stygimoloch and Dracorex
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da su Stygimoloch i Dracorex
11:50
are extinct.
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izumrli.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:57
Okay.
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Dobro.
12:01
Which of course means
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Što naravno znači
12:04
we have 10 primary dinosaurs to deal with.
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da imamo 10 primarnih dinosaura s kojima se možemo baviti.
12:08
So a colleague of mine at Berkley,
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Jedan moj kolega s Berkleya,
12:10
he and I were looking at Triceratops.
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on i ja smo proučavali Triceratopsa.
12:13
And before the year 2000 --
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I prije 2000. godine -
12:15
now remember,
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sjetite se,
12:17
Triceratops was first found in the 1800s --
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Triceratops je prvi put pronađen u 19. stoljeću -
12:19
before 2000, no one had ever seen
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prije 2000., nitko nikad nije vidio
12:22
a juvenile Triceratops.
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mladog Triceratopsa.
12:25
There's a Triceratops in every museum in the world,
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Triceratops se nalazi u svakom muzeju u svijetu,
12:28
but no one had ever collected a juvenile.
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ali nitko nikad nije pronašao mladog.
12:32
And we know why, right?
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A mi znamo zašto, zar ne?
12:34
Because everybody wants to have a big one.
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Zato što svi žele imati velikog.
12:37
So everyone had a big one.
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Pa su svi imali velikog.
12:39
So we went out and collected a whole bunch of stuff
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Tako smo mi izašli i skupili cijelu hrpu stvari
12:41
and we found a whole bunch of little ones.
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i pronašli hrpu malih.
12:43
They're everywhere. They're all over the place.
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Svugdje su. Ima ih posvuda.
12:47
So we have a whole bunch of them at our museum.
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Ima ih hrpetina u našem muzeju.
12:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
12:54
And everybody says it's because I have a little museum.
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I svi kažu da je to zato što imam malen muzej.
12:56
When you have a little museum, you have little dinosaurs.
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Kada imate mali muzej, imate male dinosaure.
12:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:02
If you look at the Triceratops,
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Ako pogledate Triceratopsa,
13:04
you can see it's changing, it's shape-shifting.
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možete vidjeti da se mijenja, mijenja svoj izgled.
13:06
As the juveniles are growing up,
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Kako mladi odrastaju,
13:08
their horns actually curve backwards.
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njihovi rogovi se zapravo svijaju unatrag.
13:10
And then as they grow older,
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A onda, kako postaju stariji,
13:12
the horns grow forward.
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rogovi rastu prema naprijed.
13:14
And that's pretty cool.
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I to je stvarno cool.
13:16
If you look along the edge of the frill,
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Ako pogledate uz rubove nabora,
13:18
they have these little triangular bones
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oni imaju te male trokutne kosti
13:21
that actually grow big as triangles
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koje zapravo rastu kao trokuti
13:23
and then they flatten against the frill
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a onda se spljošte uz nabor
13:26
pretty much like the spikes do
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što je dosta slično onome što se događa sa šiljcima
13:28
on the Pachycephalosaurs.
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kod Pachycephalosaura.
13:31
And then, because the juveniles are in my collection,
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I onda, zato što su mladi u mojoj zbirci,
13:35
I cut them open
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razrežem ih
13:37
and look inside.
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i pogledam unutra.
13:39
And the little one is really spongy.
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I maleni je stvarno spužvast.
13:42
And the middle size one is really spongy.
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I srednji je stvarno spužvast.
13:45
But what was interesting
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Ali zanimljivo je
13:47
was the adult Triceratops was also spongy.
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da je i odrasli Triceratops bio spužvast.
13:49
And this is a skull that is two meters long.
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A to je lubanja koja je duga dva metra.
13:52
It's a big skull.
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To je velika lubanja.
13:55
But there's another dinosaur
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Ali postoji još jedan dinosaur
13:57
that is found in this formation
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pronađen u ovoj formaciji
14:00
that looks like a Triceratops, except it's bigger,
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koji izgleda kao Triceratops, ali je veći
14:03
and it's called Torosaurus.
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i zove se Torosaur.
14:06
And Torosaurus, when we cut into it,
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A Torosaur, kada ga razrežemo,
14:09
has mature bone.
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ima odrasle kosti.
14:11
But it's got these big holes in its shield.
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Ali ima ove velike rupe u svom štitu.
14:13
And everybody says, "A Triceratops and a Torosaurus
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I svi kažu: "Triceratops i Torosaur
14:16
can't possibly be the same animal
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nikako ne mogu biti ista životinja
14:18
because one of them's bigger than the other one."
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zato što je jedan veći od drugoga."
14:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:25
"And it has holes in its frill."
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"I ima rupe svom naboru."
14:27
And I said, "Well do we have any juvenile Torosauruses?"
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I, ja sam rekao: "Pa imamo li kojeg mladog Torosaura?"
14:30
And they said, "Well no,
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A oni su rekli: "Pa ne,
14:33
but it has holes in its frill."
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ali ima rupe u svom naboru."
14:36
So one of my graduate students, John Scannella,
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Jedan od mojih apsolvenata, John Scannella,
14:39
looked through our whole collection
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pregledao je našu cijelu zbirku
14:41
and he actually discovered
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i zapravo je otkrio
14:43
that the hole starting to form
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da se rupa počela stvarati
14:45
in Triceratops
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kod Triceratopsa
14:47
and, of course it's open, in Torosaurus --
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i, naravno, otvorena je kod Torosaura -
14:50
so he found the transitional ones
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pa je pronašao prijelazne oblike
14:53
between Triceratops and Torosaurus,
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između Triceratopsa i Torosaura,
14:55
which was pretty cool.
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što je stvarno cool.
14:57
So now we know
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Pa sada znamo
14:59
that Torosaurus
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da je Torosaur
15:01
is actually a grownup Triceratops.
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zapravo odrasli Triceratops.
15:04
Now when we name dinosaurs,
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Kada imenujemo dinosaure,
15:06
when we name anything,
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kada imenujemo bilo što,
15:08
the original name gets to stick
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izvorno ime će ostati,
15:10
and the second name is thrown out.
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a drugo ime će se izbaciti.
15:14
So Torosaurus is extinct.
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Pa je Torosaur izumro.
15:17
Triceratops, if you've heard the news,
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Triceratops, ako ste čuli na vijestima,
15:20
a lot of the newscasters got it all wrong.
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mnogo novinara je sve krivo shvatilo.
15:22
They thought Torosaurus should be kept and Triceratops thrown out,
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Mislili su da bi trebalo zadržati Torosaura, a Triceratopsa izbaciti,
15:25
but that's not going to happen.
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ali to se neće dogoditi.
15:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:33
All right, so we can do this with a bunch of dinosaurs.
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U redu, to možemo napraviti s hrpom dinosaura.
15:36
I mean, here's Edmontosaurus
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Mislim, tu je Edmontosaur
15:38
and Anatotitan.
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i Anatotitan.
15:40
Anatotitan: giant duck.
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Anatotitan, golema patka.
15:43
It's a giant duck-bill dinosaur.
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To je golemi dinosaur pačjeg kljuna.
15:45
Here's another one.
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Evo još jednog.
15:47
So we look at the bone histology.
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Dakle, gledamo histologiju kosti.
15:49
The bone histology tells us
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Histologija kosti nam govori
15:52
that Edmontosaurus is a juvenile,
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da je Edmontosaur mlad,
15:54
or at least a sub-adult,
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ili barem na prijelazu u odraslu jedinku,
15:56
and the other one is an adult
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a drugi je odrastao
15:59
and we have an ontogeny.
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i imamo ontogenezu.
16:02
And we get rid of Anatotitan.
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I rješili smo se Anatotitana.
16:05
So we can just keep doing this.
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Dakle, možemo samo nastaviti raditi ovo.
16:08
And the last one
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Zadnji je
16:10
is T. Rex.
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Tiranosaur.
16:12
So there's these two dinosaurs,
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Postoje ta dva dinosaura,
16:14
T. Rex and Nanotyrannus.
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Tiranosaur i Nanotyrannus.
16:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:19
Again, makes you wonder.
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Opet, zapitate se.
16:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:25
But they had a good question.
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Ali imali su dobro pitanje.
16:27
They were looking at them
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Gledali su ih
16:29
and they said, "One's got 17 teeth, and the biggest one's got 12 teeth.
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i rekli:"Jedan ima 17 zuba, a veći ima 12 zuba.
16:32
And that doesn't make any sense at all,
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I to uopće nema smisla,
16:34
because we don't know of any dinosaurs
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zato što ne znamo ni za jednog dinosaura
16:36
that gain teeth as they get older.
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koji dobiva zube kako stari.
16:38
So it must be true --
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Pa mora biti istina -
16:40
they must be different."
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moraju biti različiti."
16:43
So we cut into them.
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Pa smo ih razrezali.
16:45
And sure enough,
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I stvarno,
16:47
Nanotyrannus has juvenile bone
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Nanotyrannus ima mlade kosti,
16:50
and the bigger one has more mature bone.
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a veći ima zrelije kosti.
16:53
It looks like it could still get bigger.
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Čini se da bi još mogao rasti.
16:56
And at the Museum of the Rockies where we work,
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U muzeju gdje radimo, Museum of the Rockies,
16:58
I have four T. Rexes,
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imam četiri Tiranosaura
17:00
so I can cut a whole bunch of them.
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pa ih hrpetinu mogu i rezati.
17:02
But I didn't have to cut any of them really,
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Ali zapravo nisam morao niti jednog rezati,
17:05
because I just lined up their jaws
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zato što sam samo poredao njihove čeljusti
17:08
and it turned out the biggest one had 12 teeth
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i ispalo je da je najveći imao 12 zuba,
17:11
and the next smallest one had 13
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sljedeći najmanji ih je imao 13
17:13
and the next smallest had 14.
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i sljedeći najmanji 14.
17:15
And of course, Nano has 17.
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A Nano, naravno, ima 17 zuba.
17:17
And we just went out and looked at other people's collections
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Izašli smo i pogledali zbirke drugih ljudi
17:20
and we found one that has sort of 15 teeth.
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i našli jednog koji ima 15 zuba.
17:24
So again, real easy to say
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I opet, lako je ustvrditi
17:27
that Tyrannosaurus ontogeny
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da je Tiranosaurova ontogeneza
17:29
included Nanotyrannus,
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uključivala Nanotyrannusa
17:32
and therefore we can take out another dinosaur.
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i zato možemo isključiti još jednog dinosaura.
17:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:39
So when it comes down
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Pa kada se dođe
17:43
to our end cretaceous,
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na naš kraj krede,
17:45
we have seven left.
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preostalo ih je sedam.
17:48
And that's a good number.
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I to je dobar broj.
17:51
That's a good number to go extinct, I think.
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To je dobar broj za izumiranje, mislim.
17:54
Now as you can imagine,
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Kao što možete zamisliti,
17:56
this is not very popular with fourth-graders.
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ovo nije baš omiljeno kod četvrtaša.
17:59
Fourth-graders love their dinosaurs,
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10-ogodišnjaci vole svoje dinosaure,
18:01
they memorize them.
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uče njihova imena.
18:06
And they're not happy with this.
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I nisu zadovoljni ovime.
18:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
18:11
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala!
18:13
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur diggerJack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.
Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com