TED2014
Ed Yong: Zombie roaches and other parasite tales
Ed Yong: Cvrčci samoubojice, zombi žohari i druge priče o parazitima
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Ljudska vrsta stavlja veliku važnost na našu slobodnu volju i neovisnost...a ipak postoji sjenoviti utjecaj koji možda ne uzimamo u obzir. Kako nam znanstevni pisac Ed Yong objašnjava u ovom fascinantnom, smiješnom i uznemirujućem govoru, paraziti su usavršili umjetnost manipulacije do zapanjujuće razine. Pa utječu li na nas?Više je nego vjerojatno.
Ed Yong - Science writer
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
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Stado divljih zvijeri, plova ribe
00:15
a flock of birds.
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jato ptica.
00:16
Many animals gather in large groups
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Mnoge životinje se okupljaju u velike skupine
00:18
that are among the most wonderful spectacles
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koje su među najdivnijim prizorima
00:20
in the natural world.
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u prirodnom svijetu.
00:22
But why do these groups form?
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Ali zašto se ove grupe formiraju?
00:25
The common answers include things like
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Uobičajeni odgovori uključuju stvari kao
00:26
seeking safety in numbers or hunting in packs
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traženje sigurnosti u velikim brojkama ili lov u čoporu
00:29
or gathering to mate or breed,
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ili skupljanje kako bi se parili ili razmnožavali
00:32
and all of these explanations,
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i sva ova objašnjenja,
00:34
while often true,
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iako su često točna,
00:35
make a huge assumption about animal behavior,
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prave veliku pretpostavku vezanu uz ponašanje životinja,
00:38
that the animals are in control of their own actions,
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da životinje imaju kontrolu nad vlastitim akcijama,
00:41
that they are in charge of their bodies.
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da imaju kontrolu nad svojim tijelima.
00:43
And that is often not the case.
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Što često nije slučaj.
00:47
This is Artemia, a brine shrimp.
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Ovo je Artemia, mali škamp.
00:50
You probably know it better as a sea monkey.
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Vjerojatno vam je poznatiji kao morski majmunčić.
00:52
It's small, and it typically lives alone,
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Malen je, i uobičajeno živi sam,
00:54
but it can gather in these large red swarms
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ali se može skupiti u ove velike crvene rojeve
00:57
that span for meters,
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koji se prostiru metrima,
01:00
and these form because of a parasite.
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te se oni formiraju zbog parazita.
01:03
These shrimp are infected with a tapeworm.
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Ovi škampi zaraženi su trakavicom.
01:06
A tapeworm is effectively a long, living gut
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Trakavica je zapravo dugo, živuće crijevo
01:08
with genitals at one end and
a hooked mouth at the other.
a hooked mouth at the other.
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sa genitalijama na jednom kraju i ustima s kukicama na drugom.
01:11
As a freelance journalist, I sympathize.
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Kao novinar slobodnjak, suosjećam.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:15
The tapeworm drains nutrients from Artemia's body,
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Trakavica uzima hranjive tvari iz Artemiina tijela,
01:18
but it also does other things.
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ali također čini i druge stvari.
01:20
It castrates them,
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Kastrira ih,
01:22
it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
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mijenja im boju iz prozirne u žarko crvenu,
01:27
it makes them live longer,
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tjera ih da dulje žive,
01:28
and as biologist Nicolas Rode has found,
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i kako je biolog Nicolas Rode utvrdio,
01:31
it makes them swim in groups.
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tjera ih da plivaju u grupi.
01:34
Why? Because the tapeworm,
like many other parasites,
like many other parasites,
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Zašto? Jer trakavica, kao i mnogi drugi paraziti
01:37
has a complicated life cycle
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ima kompliciran životni ciklus
01:39
involving many different hosts.
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koji uključuje puno različitih domaćina.
01:41
The shrimp are just one step on its journey.
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Škampi su samo jedan korak na tom putovanju.
01:44
Its ultimate destination is this,
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Njihovo krajnje odredište je ovo,
01:46
the greater flamingo.
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veliki flamingo.
01:48
Only in a flamingo can the tapeworm reproduce,
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Samo se u flamingu može razmnožavati trakavica,
01:51
so to get there, it manipulates its shrimp hosts
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te kako bi došla tamo, manipulira svog škampa domaćina
01:54
into forming these conspicuous colored swarms
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u formiranje ovih urotničkih obojenih rojeva
01:58
that are easier for a flamingo to spot
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koji su lakši za uočavanje flamingu
02:00
and to devour,
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kako bi ih pojeo,
02:02
and that is the secret of the Artemia swarm.
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i to je tajna Artemia roja.
02:05
They aren't sociable through their own volition,
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Nisu druželjubivi svojom voljom,
02:07
but because they are being controlled.
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nego zato što ih kontroliraju.
02:09
It's not safety in numbers.
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To nije sigurnost u brojkama.
02:11
It's actually the exact opposite.
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To je čista suprotnost.
02:13
The tapeworm hijacks their brains and their bodies,
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Trakavica otima njihove mozgove i tijela,
02:16
turning them into vehicles
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pretvarajući ih u vozila
02:17
for getting itself into a flamingo.
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kojima dolaze do flaminga.
02:21
And here is another example
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I evo još jednog primjera
02:22
of a parasitic manipulation.
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parazitske manipulacije.
02:25
This is a suicidal cricket.
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Ovo je cvrčak samoubojica.
02:28
This cricket swallowed the
larvae of a Gordian worm,
larvae of a Gordian worm,
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Ovaj cvrčak progutao je larvu Gordijskog crva,
02:31
or horsehair worm.
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ili crva konjske dlake.
02:33
The worm grew to adult size within it,
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Crv je narastao do svoje odrasle veličine u njemu,
02:35
but it needs to get into water in order to mate,
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ali treba doći u vodu kako bi se pario,
02:38
and it does that by releasing proteins
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i to čini tako što ispušta proteine
02:41
that addle the cricket's brain,
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koji utječu na cvrčkov mozak,
02:43
causing it to behave erratically.
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uzrokujući neočekivano ponašanje.
02:45
When the cricket nears a body of water,
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Kada se cvrčak približi vodi,
02:47
such as this swimming pool,
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kao što je bazen,
02:48
it jumps in and drowns,
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on uskoči i utopi se,
02:51
and the worm wriggles out
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i crv izmigolji van
02:52
of its suicidal corpse.
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iz svog suicidalnog leša.
02:56
Crickets are really roomy. Who knew?
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Cvrčci su zaista prostrani. Tko bi rekao?
03:00
The tapeworm and the Gordian worm are not alone.
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Trakavica i Gordijski crv nisu usamljeni.
03:03
They are part of an entire cavalcade
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Oni su dio čitave kavalkade
03:05
of mind-controlling parasites,
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parazita koji kontroliraju um,
03:07
of fungi, viruses, and worms and insects and more
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gljivica, virusa, crva i insekata i drugih
03:11
that all specialize in subverting and overriding
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koji se specijaliziraju u rušenju i premošćivanju
03:13
the wills of their hosts.
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volje njihovih domaćina.
03:16
Now, I first learned about this way of life
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Prvi puta sam saznao za ovakav način života
03:17
through David Attenborough's "Trials of Life"
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kroz "Iskušenja života" Davida Attenborougha
03:20
about 20 years ago,
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prije dvadesetak godina,
03:22
and then later through a wonderful book called
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i onda kasnije kroz predivnu knjigu naziva
03:23
"Parasite Rex" by my friend Carl Zimmer.
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"Parazit Rex" moga prijatelja Carl Zimmera.
03:26
And I've been writing about
these creatures ever since.
these creatures ever since.
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I od tada pišem o ovim bićima.
03:28
Few topics in biology enthrall me more.
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Malo tema u biologiji me više zaokuplja.
03:31
It's like the parasites have subverted my own brain.
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To je kao da su paraziti premostili moj vlastiti mozak.
03:35
Because after all, they are always compelling
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Jer nakon svega oni su uvijek neodoljivi
03:37
and they are delightfully macabre.
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i divno jezivi.
03:38
When you write about parasites,
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Kada pišete o parazitima,
03:40
your lexicon swells with phrases like
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vaš riječnik vrvi frazama kao što su
03:42
"devoured alive" and "bursts out of its body."
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"živ pojeden" i "prsne iz svog tijela."
03:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:46
But there's more to it than that.
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Ali ima više u tome od navedenog.
03:48
I'm a writer, and fellow writers in the audience
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Ja sam pisac, i ostali pisci u publici
03:50
will know that we love stories.
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znaju da svi mi volimo priče.
03:53
Parasites invite us to resist the allure
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Paraziti nas pozivaju da se odupremo privlačnosti
03:55
of obvious stories.
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očitih priča.
03:57
Their world is one of plot twists
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Njihov svijet je svijet pun zapleta radnje
03:59
and unexpected explanations.
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i neočekivanih objašnjenja.
04:03
Why, for example,
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Zašto, na primjer,
04:04
does this caterpillar
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ova gusjenica
04:06
start violently thrashing about
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započne s nasilnim bacakanjem
04:08
when another insect gets close to it
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kada joj se približi drugi insekt
04:10
and those white cocoons that it seems
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i bijelim ličinkama koje izgledaju
04:12
to be standing guard over?
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kao da ih čuva?
04:14
Is it maybe protecting its siblings?
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Štiti li možda svoju braću?
04:17
No.
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Ne.
04:18
This caterpillar was attacked
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Ova je gusjenica napadnuta
04:20
by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
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od strane parazitske ose koja je u nju položila jaja.
04:23
The eggs hatched and the young wasps
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Jaja su se izlegla i mlade ose
04:24
devoured the caterpillar alive
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proždrle su gusjenicu živu
04:26
before bursting out of its body.
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prije nego su se probile van iz njenog tijela.
04:27
See what I mean?
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Vidite što mislim?
04:30
Now, the caterpillar didn't die.
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Sad, gusjenica nije umrla.
04:33
Some of the wasps seemed to stay behind
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Neke od osa su očito ostale
04:35
and controlled it into defending their siblings
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i kontrolirale ju da brani njihovu braću
04:38
which are metamorphosing
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koja su prolazila kroz metamorfozu
04:40
into adults within those cocoons.
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u odrasle jedinke u tim ličinkama.
04:42
This caterpillar is a head-banging
zombie bodyguard
zombie bodyguard
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Ova gusjenica je zombi čuvar koji mlati glavom
04:46
defending the offspring
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braneći potomke
04:47
of the creature that killed it.
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bića koje ga je ubilo.
04:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:53
We have a lot to get through.
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
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Imamo puno toga za proći.
Imam samo 13 minuta. (Smijeh)
Imam samo 13 minuta. (Smijeh)
04:57
Now, some of you are probably just
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Sad, neki od vas vjerojatno
04:59
desperately clawing for some solace
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očajnički traže neku utjehu
05:01
in the idea that these things are oddities
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u ideji da su ove stvari samo nepravilnosti
05:04
of the natural world, that they are outliers,
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prirodnog svijeta, da su to rijetki slučajevi,
05:06
and that point of view is understandable,
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i takav pogled je razumljiv,
05:07
because by their nature, parasites are quite small
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jer po prirodi, paraziti su poprilično mali
05:10
and they spend a lot of their time
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i provode puno svog vremena
05:11
inside the bodies of other things.
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unutar tijela drugih stvari.
05:14
They're easy to overlook,
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Lako ih je previdjeti,
05:16
but that doesn't mean that they aren't important.
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ali to ne znači da nisu važni.
05:18
A few years back, a man called Kevin Lafferty
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Prije nekoliko godina, čovjek imena Kevin Lafferty
05:21
took a group of scientists
into three Californian estuaries
into three Californian estuaries
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poveo je grupu znanstvenika na tri Kalifornijska estuarija
05:24
and they pretty much weighed and dissected
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i vagali su, razrezali
05:26
and recorded everything they could find,
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i zabilježili sve što su mogli naći,
05:28
and what they found
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i ono što su pronašli
05:29
were parasites in extreme abundance.
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bili su paraziti u ekstremno velikim brojkama,
05:32
Especially common were trematodes,
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Naročito uobičajeni bili su trematodi,
05:34
tiny worms that specialize in castrating their hosts
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maleni crvi koji se specijaliziraju za kastraciju svojih domaćina
05:37
like this unfortunate snail.
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kao ovog nesretnog puža.
05:39
Now, a single trematode is tiny, microscopic,
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Sad, jedna trematoda je minijaturna, mikroskopska,
05:42
but collectively they weighed as much
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ali zajedno težile su
05:44
as all the fish in the estuaries
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kao sve ribe u estuarijima
05:46
and three to nine times more than all the birds.
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i od tri do devet puta više nego sve ptice.
05:50
And remember the Gordian worm that I showed you,
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I sjećate se Gordijskog crva kojeg sam vam pokazao,
05:52
the cricket thing?
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stvar sa cvrčkom?
05:53
One Japanese scientist called Takuya Sato
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Jedan Japanski znanstvenik imena Takuya Saro
05:56
found that in one stream,
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pronašao je da u jednom potoku,
05:58
these things drive so many crickets
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ove stvari tjeraju toliko cvrčaka
06:00
and grasshoppers into the water
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i skakavaca na utapanje u vodi
06:01
that the drowned insects
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da utopljeni insekti
06:02
make up some 60 percent of the diet of local trout.
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čine oko 60 posto ishrane lokalnih pastrva.
06:06
Manipulation is not an oddity.
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Manipulacija nije nešto čudno.
06:09
It is a critical and common part
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To je kritični i uobičajeni dio
06:12
of the world around us,
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svijeta oko nas,
06:13
and scientists have now found
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i znanstvenici su našli
06:15
hundreds of examples of such manipulators,
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stotine primjera takve manipulacije,
06:17
and more excitingly, they're starting to understand
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i što je još uzbudljivije, počinju razumjevati
06:20
exactly how these creatures control their hosts.
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točno kako ova bića kontroliraju svoje domaćine.
06:24
And this is one of my favorite examples.
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I ovo je jedan od meni najdražih primjera.
06:26
This is Ampulex compressa,
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Ovo je Ampulex compressa,
06:29
the emerald cockroach wasp,
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smaragdna žoharova osa,
06:31
and it is a truth universally acknowledged
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i to je istina koja je univerzalno prihvaćena,
06:33
that an emerald cockroach wasp in possession
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da osa u posjedu
06:35
of some fertilized eggs
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oplođenih jaja
06:37
must be in want of a cockroach.
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mora biti u potrazi za žoharom.
06:39
When she finds one,
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Kada ga pronađe,
06:41
she stabs it with a stinger
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ubode ga žalcem
06:43
that is also a sense organ.
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koji je također i taktilni organ.
06:44
This discovery came out three weeks ago.
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Ovo otkriće dogodilo se prije otprilike tri tjedna.
06:47
She stabs it with a stinger that is a sense organ
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Ubode ga žalcem koji je taktilni organ
06:49
equipped with small sensory bumps
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opremljen malenim senzorskim kvrgama
06:51
that allow her to feel the distinctive texture
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koje joj dozvoljavaju da ispipa teksture
06:54
of a roach's brain.
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žoharova mozga.
06:56
So like a person blindly rooting about in a bag,
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Kao što osoba naslijepo kopa po torbi,
06:59
she finds the brain, and she injects it with venom
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ona pronalazi mozak, i ubrizgava mu otrov
07:01
into two very specific clusters of neurons.
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u dva vrlo specifična klastera neurona.
07:05
Israeli scientists Frederic Libersat and Ram Gal
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Izraelski znanstvenici Frederic Libersat i Ram Gal
07:08
found that the venom is a
very specific chemical weapon.
very specific chemical weapon.
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pronašli su da je otrov posebna vrsta kemijskog oružja.
07:12
It doesn't kill the roach, nor does it sedate it.
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On ne ubija žohara, niti ga omamljuje.
07:15
The roach could walk away
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Žohar bi mogao odšetati
07:17
or fly or run if it chose to,
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ili odletjeti ili pobjeći ako bi to odlučio,
07:20
but it doesn't choose to,
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no ne odlučuje to,
07:22
because the venom nixes its motivation to walk,
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jer mu otrov poništava motivaciju za hodanjem,
07:25
and only that.
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i čini samo to.
07:26
The wasp basically un-checks
the escape-from-danger box
the escape-from-danger box
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Osa u osnovi odznačuje kućicu za bježanje od opasnosti
07:30
in the roach's operating system,
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u operacijskom sustavu žohara,
07:32
allowing her to lead her helpless victim
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dozvoljavajući joj da vodi svoju bespomoćnu žrtvu
07:35
back to her lair by its antennae
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natrag u svoju jazbinu za njenu antenu
07:37
like a person walking a dog.
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kao što osoba šeta psa.
07:40
And once there, she lays an egg on it,
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I kad je tamo, polaže jaje na njega,
07:41
egg hatches, devoured alive, bursts out of body,
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jaje se izlegne, proždire ga živog, probije se iz tijela,
07:44
yadda yadda yadda, you know the drill.
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bla bla bla, znate kako to ide.
07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh) (Pljesak)
07:49
Now I would argue that, once stung,
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Sad, razmotrio bih stav, da kada je uboden,
07:52
the cockroach isn't a roach anymore.
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žohar više nije žohar.
07:54
It's more of an extension of the wasp,
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Više je produžetak ose,
07:56
just like the cricket was an
extension of the Gordian worm.
extension of the Gordian worm.
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baš kao što je cvrčak produžetak
Gordijskog crva.
Gordijskog crva.
07:59
These hosts won't get to survive or reproduce.
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Ovi domaćini neće preživjeti ili se reproducirati.
08:02
They have as much control over their own fates
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Imaju onoliko kontrole nad svojom sudbinom
08:04
as my car.
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koliko i moj automobil.
08:06
Once the parasites get in,
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Jednom kada paraziti uđu,
08:07
the hosts don't get a say.
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domaćini nemaju pravo glasa.
08:10
Now humans, of course,
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Ljudima, naravno,
08:11
are no stranger to manipulation.
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nije nepoznata manipulacija.
08:13
We take drugs to shift the chemistries of our brains
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Uzimamo lijekove kako bismo pomaknuli kemiju našeg mozga
08:15
and to change our moods,
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i promijenili svoje raspoloženje,
08:17
and what are arguments or advertising or big ideas
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i što su argumenti ili oglašavanje ili velike ideje
08:21
if not an attempt to influence someone else's mind?
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ako ne pokušaj da utječemo na nečiji um?
08:24
But our attempts at doing this
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Ali naš pokušaj da to učinimo
08:26
are crude and blundering compared
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je jednostavan i nepromišljen u usporedbi
08:28
to the fine-grained specificity of the parasites.
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sa fino vezenom specifičnošću parazita.
08:31
Don Draper only wishes he was as elegant
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Don Draper samo želi biti elegantan
08:33
and precise as the emerald cockroach wasp.
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i precizan kao smaragdna žoharova osa.
08:38
Now, I think this is part of what makes parasites
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Sad, mislim da je ovo dio onoga što čini parazite
08:42
so sinister and so compelling.
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tako zlokobnima i zaokupljajućima.
08:45
We place such a premium on our free will
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Stavljamo takvu važnost na našu slobodnu volju
08:47
and our independence
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i našu neovisnost
08:48
that the prospect of losing those qualities
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da mogućnost gubitka tih kvaliteta
08:50
to forces unseen
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od strane neviđenih sila
08:51
informs many of our deepest societal fears.
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potiče mnoge od naših najdubljih društvenih strahova.
08:54
Orwellian dystopias and shadowy cabals
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Orwellovska distopija i sjenovita kabala
08:57
and mind-controlling supervillains --
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i super-zločinci koji kontroliraju umove --
08:59
these are tropes that fill our darkest fiction,
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ovo su stvari koje ispunjavaju našu najmračniju fikciju,
09:02
but in nature, they happen all the time.
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ali u prirodi, to se događa cijelo vrijeme.
09:07
Which leads me to an obvious
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Što me vodi do očitog
09:09
and disquieting question:
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i uznemirujućeg pitanja:
09:11
Are there dark, sinister parasites
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Postoje li mračni, zlokobni paraziti
09:13
that are influencing our behavior
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koji utječu na naše ponašanje
09:15
without us knowing about it,
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bez da mi znamo za to,
09:17
besides the NSA?
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osim NSA?
09:20
If there are any —
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Ako ima --
09:21
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh)(Pljesak)
09:25
I've got a red dot on my forehead now, don't I?
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Imam crvenu točku na čelu sad, zar ne?
09:27
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:30
If there are any, this is a good candidate for them.
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Ako ih ima, ovo je dobar kandidat za njih.
09:33
This is Toxoplasma gondii, or Toxo, for short,
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Ovo je Toxoplasma gondii, ili skraćeno Toxo,
09:36
because the terrifying creature
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zato što zastrašujuća bića
09:37
always deserves a cute nickname.
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uvijek zaslužuju simpatični nadimak.
09:40
Toxo infects mammals,
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Toxo može zaraziti sisavce,
09:42
a wide variety of mammals,
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širok raspon sisavaca,
09:43
but it can only sexually reproduce in a cat.
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ali se može seksualno razmnožavati jedino u mački.
09:47
And scientists like Joanne Webster have shown that
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I znanstvenici kao što je Joanne Webster pokazali su nam da
09:49
if Toxo gets into a rat or a mouse,
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ako se Toxo nastani u mišu ili štakoru,
09:52
it turns the rodent into a cat-seeking missile.
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on pretvori glodavca u raketu koja traži mačke.
09:55
If the infected rat smells the delightful odor
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Ako zaraženi štakor namiriše divni miris
09:58
of cat piss,
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mačje mokraće,
09:59
it runs towards the source of the smell
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trči prema izvoru mirisa
10:02
rather than the more sensible direction of away.
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rađe nego u razumnom drugom smjeru.
10:06
The cat eats the rat. Toxo gets to have sex.
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Mačka pojede štakora. Toxo se može seksati.
10:08
It's a classic tale of Eat, Prey, Love.
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To je klasična priča Jedi, lovi, voli.
10:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh)(Pljesak)
10:19
You're very charitable, generous people.
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Vi ste vrlo velikodušni, dobrotvorni ljudi.
10:22
Hi, Elizabeth, I loved your talk.
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Hej, Elizabeth, svidio mi se tvoj govor.
10:25
How does the parasite control its host
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Kako parazit kontrolira domaćina
10:28
in this way?
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na ovaj način?
10:29
We don't really know.
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Zaista ne znamo.
10:31
We know that Toxo releases an enzyme
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Znamo da Toxo ispušta enzim
10:32
that makes dopamine, a substance involved
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koji stvara dopamin, supstancu koja je povezana
10:34
in reward and motivation.
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sa nagrađivanjem i motivacijom.
10:36
We know it targets certain parts of a rodent's brain,
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Znamo da cilja određene dijelove žoharova mozga,
10:39
including those involved in sexual arousal.
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ukljućujući i one koji su povezani sa seksualnim uzbuđenjem.
10:41
But how those puzzle pieces fit together
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Ali kako se ovi dijelovi slagalice slažu
10:43
is not immediately clear.
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nije odmah jasno.
10:45
What is clear is that this thing
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Jasno je da je ova stvar
10:47
is a single cell.
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1392
jedna ćelija.
10:49
This has no nervous system.
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Ovo nema živčani sustav.
10:50
It has no consciousness.
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Nema svijest.
10:51
It doesn't even have a body.
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Nema čak ni tijelo.
10:53
But it's manipulating a mammal?
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Ali manipulira sisavcem?
10:55
We are mammals.
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1426
Mi smo sisavci.
10:57
We are more intelligent than a mere rat, to be sure,
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Mi smo inteligentniji od štakora, to je sigurno,
10:59
but our brains have the same basic structure,
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ali naš mozak ima istu osnovnu strukturu,
11:02
the same types of cells,
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iste vrste stanica,
11:03
the same chemicals running through them,
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iste kemikalije koje teku kroz njih,
11:05
and the same parasites.
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i iste parazite.
11:07
Estimates vary a lot, but some figures suggest
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Procjene variraju, ali neke brojke sugeriraju
11:09
that one in three people around the world
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da jedna od tri osobe u svijetu
11:12
have Toxo in their brains.
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ima Toxo u svom mozgu.
11:13
Now typically, this doesn't lead to any overt illness.
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Najčešće, ovo ne vodi u neke očite bolesti.
11:17
The parasite holds up in a dormant state
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1878
Parazit ostaje u latentnom stanju
11:19
for a long period of time.
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duga vremenska razdoblja.
11:21
But there's some evidence that those people
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Ali postoje dokazi da ljudi
11:23
who are carriers score slightly differently
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3034
koji su nositelji imaju malo drugačije rezultate
11:26
on personality questionnaires than other people,
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2729
na upitnicima ličnosti nego drugi ljudi,
11:29
that they have a slightly
higher risk of car accidents,
higher risk of car accidents,
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da imaju nešto viši rizik od automobilskih nesreća,
11:31
and there's some evidence
that people with schizophrenia
that people with schizophrenia
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i postoje neki dokazi da su ljudi koji imaju šizofreniju
11:34
are more likely to be infected.
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ćešće zaraženi.
11:36
Now, I think this evidence is still inconclusive,
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2183
Vjerujem da su ovi dokazi još nepotpuni,
11:39
and even among Toxo researchers,
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čak među istraživačima Toxo-a,
11:40
opinion is divided as to whether the parasite
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mišljenja su podijeljena oko toga može li parazit
11:43
is truly influencing our behavior.
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zaista utjecati na naše ponašanje.
11:45
But given the widespread
nature of such manipulations,
nature of such manipulations,
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2659
Ali zbog raširene prirode ovakvih manipulacija
11:48
it would be completely implausible
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bilo bi potpuno nevjerojatno
11:50
for humans to be the only species
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da su ljudi jedina vrsta
11:51
that weren't similarly affected.
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na koju nemaju sličan utjecaj.
11:54
And I think that this capacity to constantly
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I mislim da ovaj kapacitet da stalno
11:59
subvert our way of thinking about the world
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mijenjaju naš način razmišljanja o svijetu
12:02
makes parasites amazing.
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čini parazite zadivljujućima.
12:03
They're constantly inviting us to
look at the natural world sideways,
look at the natural world sideways,
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Stalno nas pozivaju da gledamo svijet postrance,
12:06
and to ask if the behaviors we're seeing,
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i da se pitamo jesu li ponašanja koja vidimo
12:09
whether they're simple and obvious
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jednostavna i očita
12:10
or baffling and puzzling,
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ili zbunjujuća i složena,
12:12
are not the results of individuals
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2086
nisu rezultat individualaca
12:14
acting through their own accord
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koji djeluju po vlastitom nahođenju
12:15
but because they are being bent
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1809
nego zato što se povijaju
12:17
to the control of something else.
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kontroli nečeg drugog.
12:20
And while that idea may be disquieting,
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2040
I iako je ta ideja uznemirjuća,
12:22
and while parasites' habits may be very grisly,
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iako su navike parazita vrlo grozne,
12:25
I think that ability to surprise us
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mislim da je mogućnost da nas iznenade
12:27
makes them as wonderful and as charismatic
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3175
ono što ih čini divnima i karizmatičnima poput
12:30
as any panda or butterfly or dolphin.
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bilo koje pande, leptira ili delfina.
12:33
At the end of "On the Origin of Species,"
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Na kraju "O porijeklu vrsta,"
12:35
Charles Darwin writes about the grandeur of life,
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Charles Darwin piše o veličanstvenosti života,
12:38
and of endless forms most beautiful
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i o beskrajnim predivnim oblicima
12:41
and most wonderful,
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i najdivnijim,
12:43
and I like to think he could easily have been talking
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i volio bih misliti da je lako mogao pričati
12:45
about a tapeworm that makes shrimp sociable
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o trakavici koja čini škamp društvenim
12:48
or a wasp that takes cockroaches for walks.
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ili osi koja vodi žohare u šetnju.
12:52
But perhaps, that's just a parasite talking.
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Ali možda, možda je to samo parazit koji progovara iz mene.
12:55
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:56
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Yong - Science writerEd Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background.
Why you should listen
Whether he's exploring a possible resurrection for extinct mouth-birthing amphibians or skewering media misunderstandings of hyped hormones like oxytocin, Ed Yong has a gift for illuminating the beauty (or controversy) in difficult and complex topics.
The award-winning blog Not Exactly Rocket Science (hosted by National Geographic) is the epicenter of Yong’s formidable web and social media presence. In its posts, he tackles the hottest and most bizarre topics in science journalism. As he says, “The only one that matters to me, as far as my blog is concerned, is that something interests me. That is, excites or inspires or amuses me.” When not blogging, he also finds time to contribute to Nature, Wired, Scientific American and many other web and print outlets.
He is also the author of the book I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life.
Ed Yong | Speaker | TED.com