TED2014
Ed Yong: Zombie roaches and other parasite tales
Ed Jong (Ed Yong): Cvrčci samoubice, zombi bubašvabe i druge priče o parazitima
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Mi ljudi veoma cenimo svoju slobodnu volju i nezavisnost... a ipak postoji uticaj iz senke koji možda ne razmatramo. Kao što pisac naučnik Ed Jong objašnjava u ovom fascinantnom, urnebesnom i uznemirujućem govoru, paraziti su usavršili veštinu manipulacije do zavidnog nivoa. Da li oni utiču na nas? I više je nego verovatno.
Ed Yong - Science writer
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Ed Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
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Krdo zveri, jato riba,
00:15
a flock of birds.
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jato ptica.
00:16
Many animals gather in large groups
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Dosta životinja se skuplja u velike grupe
00:18
that are among the most wonderful spectacles
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koje su među najlepšim spektaklima
00:20
in the natural world.
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u svetu prirode.
00:22
But why do these groups form?
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Ali zašto se formiraju ove grupe?
00:25
The common answers include things like
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Česti odgovori su oni poput
00:26
seeking safety in numbers or hunting in packs
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traženja bezbednosti u grupi
ili lova u čoporima
ili lova u čoporima
00:29
or gathering to mate or breed,
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ili skupljanja radi razmnožavanja,
00:32
and all of these explanations,
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i sva ova objašnjenja,
00:34
while often true,
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iako su često tačna,
00:35
make a huge assumption about animal behavior,
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prave puno pretpostavki
o ponašanju životinja,
o ponašanju životinja,
00:38
that the animals are in control of their own actions,
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da životinje kontrolišu svoje radnje,
00:41
that they are in charge of their bodies.
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da kontrolišu svoje telo.
00:43
And that is often not the case.
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To često nije istina.
00:47
This is Artemia, a brine shrimp.
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Ovo je artemija, vrsta škampi.
00:50
You probably know it better as a sea monkey.
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Verovatno su vam poznatije
kao morski majmuni.
kao morski majmuni.
00:52
It's small, and it typically lives alone,
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Male su i obično žive same,
00:54
but it can gather in these large red swarms
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ali mogu da se skupljaju
u velika crvena jata
u velika crvena jata
00:57
that span for meters,
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koja idu metrima u širinu,
01:00
and these form because of a parasite.
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a stvaraju se zbog parazita.
01:03
These shrimp are infected with a tapeworm.
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Ove škampe napada pantljičara.
01:06
A tapeworm is effectively a long, living gut
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Pantljičara je dugo, živo crevo
01:08
with genitals at one end and
a hooked mouth at the other.
a hooked mouth at the other.
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sa genitaljama na jednoj
i kukastim ustima na drugoj strani.
i kukastim ustima na drugoj strani.
01:11
As a freelance journalist, I sympathize.
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Kao honorarni novinar,
imam saosećanja.
imam saosećanja.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:15
The tapeworm drains nutrients from Artemia's body,
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Pantljičara izvlači hranljive sastojke
iz tela artemije
iz tela artemije
01:18
but it also does other things.
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ali radi i druge stvari.
01:20
It castrates them,
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Kastrira ih,
01:22
it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
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menja njihovu boju iz providne
u jarko crvenu,
u jarko crvenu,
01:27
it makes them live longer,
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čini da žive duže,
01:28
and as biologist Nicolas Rode has found,
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i kako je otkrio biolog Nikolas Roud,
01:31
it makes them swim in groups.
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čini da plivaju u grupama.
01:34
Why? Because the tapeworm,
like many other parasites,
like many other parasites,
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Zašto? Zato što pantljičara,
poput mnogih drugih parazita,
poput mnogih drugih parazita,
01:37
has a complicated life cycle
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ima komplikovan životni ciklus
01:39
involving many different hosts.
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gde postoji dosta različitih domaćina.
01:41
The shrimp are just one step on its journey.
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Škampi su samo jedan deo puta.
01:44
Its ultimate destination is this,
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Krajnje odredište je ovo,
01:46
the greater flamingo.
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ružičasti flamingo.
01:48
Only in a flamingo can the tapeworm reproduce,
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Pantljičara može da se razmnožava
samo u flamingu,
samo u flamingu,
01:51
so to get there, it manipulates its shrimp hosts
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tako da bi do njega došla,
manipuliše domaćinima škampima
manipuliše domaćinima škampima
01:54
into forming these conspicuous colored swarms
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da stvore ova upadljiva crvena jata
01:58
that are easier for a flamingo to spot
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koja će flamingo lakše primetiti
02:00
and to devour,
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i pojesti,
02:02
and that is the secret of the Artemia swarm.
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i to je tajna jata artemija.
02:05
They aren't sociable through their own volition,
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Nisu društvene svojom voljom,
02:07
but because they are being controlled.
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već zato što ih neko kontroliše.
02:09
It's not safety in numbers.
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Ne radi se o bezbednosti u grupi.
02:11
It's actually the exact opposite.
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Zapravo je sasvim suprotno.
02:13
The tapeworm hijacks their brains and their bodies,
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Pantljičara zaposeda
njihove mozgove i tela,
njihove mozgove i tela,
02:16
turning them into vehicles
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pretvarajući ih u sredstvo
02:17
for getting itself into a flamingo.
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za dolazak do flaminga.
02:21
And here is another example
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Evo još jednog primera
02:22
of a parasitic manipulation.
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manipulacije parazita.
02:25
This is a suicidal cricket.
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Ovo je cvrčak samoubica.
02:28
This cricket swallowed the
larvae of a Gordian worm,
larvae of a Gordian worm,
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Cvrčak je progutao larve
gordijevog crva,
gordijevog crva,
02:31
or horsehair worm.
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ili crva konjske dlake.
02:33
The worm grew to adult size within it,
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Crv unutar njega raste
do odrasle veličine
do odrasle veličine
02:35
but it needs to get into water in order to mate,
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ali mora da dođe do vode
kako bi se razmnožavao,
kako bi se razmnožavao,
02:38
and it does that by releasing proteins
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i to radi tako što oslobađa proteine
02:41
that addle the cricket's brain,
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koji zbunjuju mozak cvrčka
02:43
causing it to behave erratically.
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zbog čega se ponaša pomahnitalo.
02:45
When the cricket nears a body of water,
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Kada se cvrčak približi vodi,
02:47
such as this swimming pool,
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poput bazena,
02:48
it jumps in and drowns,
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uskače i davi se,
02:51
and the worm wriggles out
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a crv se izmigolji
02:52
of its suicidal corpse.
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iz tela koje je izvršilo samoubistvo.
02:56
Crickets are really roomy. Who knew?
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Cvrčci su baš prostrani.
Ko bi rekao?
Ko bi rekao?
03:00
The tapeworm and the Gordian worm are not alone.
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Pantljičara i gordijev crv nisu sami.
03:03
They are part of an entire cavalcade
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Deo su čitave armije
03:05
of mind-controlling parasites,
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parazita koji kontrolišu um,
03:07
of fungi, viruses, and worms and insects and more
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gljiva, virusa, crva, insekata i ostalog
03:11
that all specialize in subverting and overriding
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koji se svi usavršavaju
u podrivanju i zaobilaženju
u podrivanju i zaobilaženju
03:13
the wills of their hosts.
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volje svojih domaćina.
03:16
Now, I first learned about this way of life
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Prvi put sam saznao za ovaj način života
03:17
through David Attenborough's "Trials of Life"
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kroz "Procese života" Dejvida Atenboroa
03:20
about 20 years ago,
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pre oko 20 godina,
03:22
and then later through a wonderful book called
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a kasnije i kroz divnu knjigu
koja se zove
koja se zove
03:23
"Parasite Rex" by my friend Carl Zimmer.
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"Parazit Reks" mog prijatelja
Karla Cimera.
Karla Cimera.
03:26
And I've been writing about
these creatures ever since.
these creatures ever since.
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Od tada pišem o ovim stvorenjima.
03:28
Few topics in biology enthrall me more.
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Ima malo tema u biologiji
koje me više uzbuđuju.
koje me više uzbuđuju.
03:31
It's like the parasites have subverted my own brain.
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Kao da su paraziti omamili moj mozak.
03:35
Because after all, they are always compelling
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Ipak su uvek ubedljivi
03:37
and they are delightfully macabre.
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i predivno sablasni.
03:38
When you write about parasites,
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Kada pišete o parazitima,
03:40
your lexicon swells with phrases like
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vaš rečnik prepun je izraza poput
03:42
"devoured alive" and "bursts out of its body."
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"živ proždran" i "iskače iz svog tela."
03:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:46
But there's more to it than that.
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Ali tu postoji više od toga.
03:48
I'm a writer, and fellow writers in the audience
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Pisac sam, a kolege pisci iz publike
03:50
will know that we love stories.
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znaju da mi volimo priče.
03:53
Parasites invite us to resist the allure
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Paraziti nas pozivaju
da se odupremo mamcu
da se odupremo mamcu
03:55
of obvious stories.
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očiglednih priča.
03:57
Their world is one of plot twists
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Njihov svet prepun je obrta
03:59
and unexpected explanations.
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i neočekivanih objašnjenja.
04:03
Why, for example,
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Zašto, na primer,
04:04
does this caterpillar
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ova gusenica
04:06
start violently thrashing about
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počinje divlje da mlati
04:08
when another insect gets close to it
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kada se drugi insekt približi
04:10
and those white cocoons that it seems
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njoj i tim belim čaurama
04:12
to be standing guard over?
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koje ona kao da brani?
04:14
Is it maybe protecting its siblings?
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Da li možda štiti braću i sestre?
04:17
No.
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Ne.
04:18
This caterpillar was attacked
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Gusenicu je napala
04:20
by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
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osa parazit koja je
snela jaja unutar nje.
snela jaja unutar nje.
04:23
The eggs hatched and the young wasps
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Jaja su se izlegla i mlade ose
04:24
devoured the caterpillar alive
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su proždrale gusenicu dok je živa
04:26
before bursting out of its body.
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pre nego što joj izlete iz tela.
04:27
See what I mean?
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Vidite o čemu pričam?
04:30
Now, the caterpillar didn't die.
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Gusenica nije uginula.
04:33
Some of the wasps seemed to stay behind
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Neke ose kao da zaostaju
04:35
and controlled it into defending their siblings
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i kontrolišu je da brani
njihovu braću i sestre
njihovu braću i sestre
04:38
which are metamorphosing
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koje se pretvaraju
04:40
into adults within those cocoons.
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u odrasle jedinke u tim čaurama.
04:42
This caterpillar is a head-banging
zombie bodyguard
zombie bodyguard
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Ova gusenica je zombi čuvar
koji mlati glavom
koji mlati glavom
04:46
defending the offspring
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i brani potomstvo
04:47
of the creature that killed it.
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stvorenja koje ju je ubilo.
04:49
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:53
We have a lot to get through.
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
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Imamo dosta toga da pređemo.
Imam samo 13 minuta. (Smeh)
Imam samo 13 minuta. (Smeh)
04:57
Now, some of you are probably just
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Neki od vas verovatno
04:59
desperately clawing for some solace
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očajnički traže neku utehu
05:01
in the idea that these things are oddities
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u ideji da su ove stvari neobičnosti
05:04
of the natural world, that they are outliers,
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prirodnog sveta, da su pojedinačne
05:06
and that point of view is understandable,
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i to gledište je veoma razumljivo,
05:07
because by their nature, parasites are quite small
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jer su paraziti po prirodi veoma mali
05:10
and they spend a lot of their time
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i veliki deo vremena provode
05:11
inside the bodies of other things.
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unutar tela drugih organizama.
05:14
They're easy to overlook,
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Lako je prevideti ih,
05:16
but that doesn't mean that they aren't important.
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ali to ne znači da nisu bitni.
05:18
A few years back, a man called Kevin Lafferty
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Pre nekoliko godina,
čovek zvani Kevin Laferti
čovek zvani Kevin Laferti
05:21
took a group of scientists
into three Californian estuaries
into three Californian estuaries
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poveo je grupu naučnika
u tri estuara u Kaliforniji
u tri estuara u Kaliforniji
05:24
and they pretty much weighed and dissected
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i u principu su merili i disecirali
05:26
and recorded everything they could find,
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i snimali sve što su našli
05:28
and what they found
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i otkrili su
05:29
were parasites in extreme abundance.
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ogromne količine parazita.
05:32
Especially common were trematodes,
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Naročito prisutni su bili metilji,
05:34
tiny worms that specialize in castrating their hosts
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crvi koji se specijalizuju
za kastriranje svojih domaćina,
za kastriranje svojih domaćina,
05:37
like this unfortunate snail.
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poput ovog nesrećnog puža.
05:39
Now, a single trematode is tiny, microscopic,
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Jedan metilj je sićušan,
mikroskopske veličine
mikroskopske veličine
05:42
but collectively they weighed as much
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ali zajedno imaju težinu
05:44
as all the fish in the estuaries
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koliko i sve ribe u estuarima
05:46
and three to nine times more than all the birds.
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i tri do devet puta više od svih ptica.
05:50
And remember the Gordian worm that I showed you,
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Sećate li se gordijevog crva
kojeg sam vam pokazao,
kojeg sam vam pokazao,
05:52
the cricket thing?
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sa cvrčkom?
05:53
One Japanese scientist called Takuya Sato
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Jedan japanski naučnik, Takuja Soto,
05:56
found that in one stream,
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otkrio je da u jednom potoku
05:58
these things drive so many crickets
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ove stvari vode toliko cvrčaka
06:00
and grasshoppers into the water
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i skakavaca u vodu
06:01
that the drowned insects
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da udavljeni insekti
06:02
make up some 60 percent of the diet of local trout.
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čine oko 60% ishrane lokalne pastrmke.
06:06
Manipulation is not an oddity.
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Manipulacija nije poseban slučaj.
06:09
It is a critical and common part
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To ključni i čest deo
06:12
of the world around us,
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sveta oko nas,
06:13
and scientists have now found
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i naučnici su sada otkrili
06:15
hundreds of examples of such manipulators,
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stotine primera takvih manipulatora,
06:17
and more excitingly, they're starting to understand
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i što je zanimljivije,
počinju da razumevaju
počinju da razumevaju
06:20
exactly how these creatures control their hosts.
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tačno kako ova stvorenja
kontrolišu svoje domaćine.
kontrolišu svoje domaćine.
06:24
And this is one of my favorite examples.
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Ovo je jedan od mojih omiljenih primera.
06:26
This is Ampulex compressa,
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Ovo je Ampulex compressa,
06:29
the emerald cockroach wasp,
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smaragdna osa,
06:31
and it is a truth universally acknowledged
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i generalno se priznaje
06:33
that an emerald cockroach wasp in possession
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da kada smaragdna osa poseduje
06:35
of some fertilized eggs
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neka oplođena jaja,
06:37
must be in want of a cockroach.
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ona mora da traži bubašvabu.
06:39
When she finds one,
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Kada je nađe,
06:41
she stabs it with a stinger
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ubada je žaokom
06:43
that is also a sense organ.
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koja je takođe čulni organ.
06:44
This discovery came out three weeks ago.
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Ovo otkriće je nastalo pre tri nedelje.
06:47
She stabs it with a stinger that is a sense organ
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Ubada je žaokom koja je čulni organ
06:49
equipped with small sensory bumps
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sa malim malim čulnim izbočinama
06:51
that allow her to feel the distinctive texture
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koje je joj omogućavaju da oseti
posebnu teksturu
posebnu teksturu
06:54
of a roach's brain.
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mozga bubašvabe.
06:56
So like a person blindly rooting about in a bag,
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Kao osoba koja naslepo opipava torbu,
06:59
she finds the brain, and she injects it with venom
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nalazi mozak i u njega ubacuje otrov,
07:01
into two very specific clusters of neurons.
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u posebna dva skupa neurona.
07:05
Israeli scientists Frederic Libersat and Ram Gal
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Izraelski naučnici Frederik Libersat
i Ram Gal
i Ram Gal
07:08
found that the venom is a
very specific chemical weapon.
very specific chemical weapon.
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otkrili su da je otrov
veoma posebno hemijsko oružje.
veoma posebno hemijsko oružje.
07:12
It doesn't kill the roach, nor does it sedate it.
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Ne ubija bubašvabu, niti je omami.
07:15
The roach could walk away
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Bubašvaba može da odšeta,
07:17
or fly or run if it chose to,
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odleti ili otrči ako želi,
07:20
but it doesn't choose to,
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ali ona to ne radi,
07:22
because the venom nixes its motivation to walk,
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jer joj otrov uništava
motivaciju da hoda,
motivaciju da hoda,
07:25
and only that.
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i samo to.
07:26
The wasp basically un-checks
the escape-from-danger box
the escape-from-danger box
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Osa zapravo isključuje sistem
za bežanje od opasnosti
za bežanje od opasnosti
07:30
in the roach's operating system,
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u operativnom sistemu bubašvabe,
07:32
allowing her to lead her helpless victim
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što joj pomaže da bespomoćnu žrtvu
07:35
back to her lair by its antennae
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odvede u svoje sklonište
držeći je za antene
držeći je za antene
07:37
like a person walking a dog.
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kao kada bi neko šetao psa.
07:40
And once there, she lays an egg on it,
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Kada je tamo, ona položi jaja u nju,
07:41
egg hatches, devoured alive, bursts out of body,
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jaja se izlegu, pojedu je živu,
izleću iz tela,
izleću iz tela,
07:44
yadda yadda yadda, you know the drill.
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bla bla bla, znate već kako ide.
07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh)
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
07:49
Now I would argue that, once stung,
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Rekao bih da, kada je ubode osa,
07:52
the cockroach isn't a roach anymore.
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bubašvaba nije više bubašvaba.
07:54
It's more of an extension of the wasp,
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Više je produžetak ose,
07:56
just like the cricket was an
extension of the Gordian worm.
extension of the Gordian worm.
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kao što je cvrčak bio
produžetak gordijevog crva.
produžetak gordijevog crva.
07:59
These hosts won't get to survive or reproduce.
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Ovi domaćini neće preživeti
i neće se razmnožavati.
i neće se razmnožavati.
08:02
They have as much control over their own fates
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Nad svojom sudbinom imaju kontrolu
08:04
as my car.
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koliko i moj auto.
08:06
Once the parasites get in,
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Kada paraziti uđu,
08:07
the hosts don't get a say.
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domaćini se ništa ne pitaju.
08:10
Now humans, of course,
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Ljudi su naravno,
08:11
are no stranger to manipulation.
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takođe skloni manipulaciji.
08:13
We take drugs to shift the chemistries of our brains
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Uzimamo lekove da promenimo
hemijski sastav svojih mozgova
hemijski sastav svojih mozgova
08:15
and to change our moods,
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i da promenimo raspoloženje,
08:17
and what are arguments or advertising or big ideas
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i šta su argumenti,
reklame ili velike ideje
reklame ili velike ideje
08:21
if not an attempt to influence someone else's mind?
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ako ne pokušaj da se utiče
na nečije mišljenje?
na nečije mišljenje?
08:24
But our attempts at doing this
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Ali naši pokušaji da radimo ovo
08:26
are crude and blundering compared
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grubi su i prosti u poređenju
08:28
to the fine-grained specificity of the parasites.
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sa istančanim pojedinostima parazita.
08:31
Don Draper only wishes he was as elegant
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Don Drejper bi voleo da je elegantan
08:33
and precise as the emerald cockroach wasp.
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i precizan kao smaragdna osa.
08:38
Now, I think this is part of what makes parasites
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Mislim da je ovo deo onoga
što parazite čini
što parazite čini
08:42
so sinister and so compelling.
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tako zlobnim i ubedljivim.
08:45
We place such a premium on our free will
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Toliko cenimo našu slobodnu volju
08:47
and our independence
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i nezavisnost
08:48
that the prospect of losing those qualities
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da mogućnost da nam ih oduzmu
08:50
to forces unseen
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neviđene sile,
08:51
informs many of our deepest societal fears.
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budi neke od naših najdubljih
društvenih strahova.
društvenih strahova.
08:54
Orwellian dystopias and shadowy cabals
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Orvelovske distopije i sumnjive spletke
08:57
and mind-controlling supervillains --
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i zlikovci koji kontrolišu um -
08:59
these are tropes that fill our darkest fiction,
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ovo su tropi koji ispunjavaju
najtamnije delove naše mašte,
najtamnije delove naše mašte,
09:02
but in nature, they happen all the time.
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ali se u prirodi stalno dešavaju.
09:07
Which leads me to an obvious
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Što me dovodi do očiglednog
09:09
and disquieting question:
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i uznemirujućeg pitanja:
09:11
Are there dark, sinister parasites
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Ima li tamnih, zlobnih parazita
09:13
that are influencing our behavior
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koji utiču na naše ponašanje
09:15
without us knowing about it,
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a da mi to ne znamo,
09:17
besides the NSA?
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pored NSA?
09:20
If there are any —
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Ako postoje -
09:21
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh)
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
09:25
I've got a red dot on my forehead now, don't I?
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Stoji mi crvena tačka na čelu, zar ne?
09:27
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:30
If there are any, this is a good candidate for them.
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Ako postoje, ovo je dobar kandidat.
09:33
This is Toxoplasma gondii, or Toxo, for short,
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Ovo je Toxoplasma gondii
ili ukratko Tokso,
ili ukratko Tokso,
09:36
because the terrifying creature
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jer zastrašujućem stvorenju
09:37
always deserves a cute nickname.
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uvek pogoduje simpatičan nadimak.
09:40
Toxo infects mammals,
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Tokso pogađa sisare,
09:42
a wide variety of mammals,
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veliki broj sisara,
09:43
but it can only sexually reproduce in a cat.
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ali seksualno može da se razmnožava
samo u mačkama.
samo u mačkama.
09:47
And scientists like Joanne Webster have shown that
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Naučnici poput Džoen Vebster
su pokazali da,
su pokazali da,
09:49
if Toxo gets into a rat or a mouse,
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ako Tokso uđe u pacova ili miša,
09:52
it turns the rodent into a cat-seeking missile.
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pretvara glodara u projektil
koji traži mačku.
koji traži mačku.
09:55
If the infected rat smells the delightful odor
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Ako inficirani pacov namiriše
predivnu aromu
predivnu aromu
09:58
of cat piss,
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mačjeg urina,
09:59
it runs towards the source of the smell
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on trči prema izvoru mirisa
10:02
rather than the more sensible direction of away.
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umesto smislenijeg pravca
koji podrazumeva bežanje.
koji podrazumeva bežanje.
10:06
The cat eats the rat. Toxo gets to have sex.
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Mačka pojede pacova.
Tokso ima seksualni odnos.
Tokso ima seksualni odnos.
10:08
It's a classic tale of Eat, Prey, Love.
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Klasična priča "Jedi, lovi, voli."
10:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smeh)
(Aplauz)
(Aplauz)
10:19
You're very charitable, generous people.
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Vi ste veoma milosrdni
i darežljivi ljudi.
i darežljivi ljudi.
10:22
Hi, Elizabeth, I loved your talk.
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Zdravo Elizabet,
jako mi se dopao tvoj govor.
jako mi se dopao tvoj govor.
10:25
How does the parasite control its host
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Kako parazit kontroliše domaćina
10:28
in this way?
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na ovaj način?
10:29
We don't really know.
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Zaista ne znamo.
10:31
We know that Toxo releases an enzyme
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Znamo da Tokso ispušta enzim
10:32
that makes dopamine, a substance involved
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koji proizvodi dopamin,
supstancu koja ima veze
supstancu koja ima veze
10:34
in reward and motivation.
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sa nagrađivanjem i motivacijom.
10:36
We know it targets certain parts of a rodent's brain,
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Znamo da cilja na određene delove
mozga glodara,
mozga glodara,
10:39
including those involved in sexual arousal.
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uključujući i one za seksualno uzbuđenje.
10:41
But how those puzzle pieces fit together
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Ali kako se ti delići slagalice uklapaju,
10:43
is not immediately clear.
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nije sasvim jasno.
10:45
What is clear is that this thing
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Jasno je da je ova stvar
10:47
is a single cell.
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jedna ćelija.
10:49
This has no nervous system.
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Nema nervni sistem.
10:50
It has no consciousness.
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Nema svest.
10:51
It doesn't even have a body.
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Čak nema ni telo.
10:53
But it's manipulating a mammal?
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Ali manipuliše sisarom?
10:55
We are mammals.
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Mi smo sisari.
10:57
We are more intelligent than a mere rat, to be sure,
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Sigurno smo inteligentniji od pacova,
10:59
but our brains have the same basic structure,
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ali naši mozgovi imaju
istu osnovnu strukturu,
istu osnovnu strukturu,
11:02
the same types of cells,
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istu vrstu ćelija,
11:03
the same chemicals running through them,
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iste hemikalije koje idu kroz njih,
11:05
and the same parasites.
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i iste parazite.
11:07
Estimates vary a lot, but some figures suggest
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Procene variraju, ali po nekim brojkama,
11:09
that one in three people around the world
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jedna od tri osobe u svetu
11:12
have Toxo in their brains.
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imaju Tokso u svojim mozgovima.
11:13
Now typically, this doesn't lead to any overt illness.
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Ovo obično ne vodi
ni do kakve bolesti.
ni do kakve bolesti.
11:17
The parasite holds up in a dormant state
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Parazit stoji u uspavanom stanju
11:19
for a long period of time.
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dug period vremena.
11:21
But there's some evidence that those people
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Ali postoje neki dokazi da ti ljudi
11:23
who are carriers score slightly differently
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3034
koji nose parazite imaju pomalo
drugačije rezultate
drugačije rezultate
11:26
on personality questionnaires than other people,
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2729
na ispitivanjima ličnosti od drugih ljudi,
11:29
that they have a slightly
higher risk of car accidents,
higher risk of car accidents,
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imaju neznatno veći rizik
od saobraćajnih nesreća,
od saobraćajnih nesreća,
11:31
and there's some evidence
that people with schizophrenia
that people with schizophrenia
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i postoje neki dokazi
da ljudi sa šizofrenijom
da ljudi sa šizofrenijom
11:34
are more likely to be infected.
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2546
imaju veću sklonost da se zaraze.
11:36
Now, I think this evidence is still inconclusive,
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Mislim da dokazi još uvek nisu jasni,
11:39
and even among Toxo researchers,
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i čak među istraživačima Toksoa
11:40
opinion is divided as to whether the parasite
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su podeljena mišljenja
o tome da li parazit
o tome da li parazit
11:43
is truly influencing our behavior.
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zaista utiče na naše ponašanje.
11:45
But given the widespread
nature of such manipulations,
nature of such manipulations,
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2659
Ali s obzirom na rasprostranjenost
takvih manipulacija,
takvih manipulacija,
11:48
it would be completely implausible
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bilo bi potpuno neverovatno
11:50
for humans to be the only species
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da ljudi budu jedina vrsta
11:51
that weren't similarly affected.
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koja nije slično pogođena.
11:54
And I think that this capacity to constantly
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Mislim da ovaj kapacitet da stalno
11:59
subvert our way of thinking about the world
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podrivaju način na koji mislimo o svetu
12:02
makes parasites amazing.
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1547
čini parazite izuzetnim.
12:03
They're constantly inviting us to
look at the natural world sideways,
look at the natural world sideways,
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Stalno nas pozivaju
da na prirodni svet gledamo sa strane,
da na prirodni svet gledamo sa strane,
12:06
and to ask if the behaviors we're seeing,
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i da se pitamo da su li ponašanja
koja vidimo
koja vidimo
12:09
whether they're simple and obvious
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jednostavna i očigledna
12:10
or baffling and puzzling,
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ili zbunjujuća i zagonetna,
12:12
are not the results of individuals
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da nisu posledica pojedinaca
12:14
acting through their own accord
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koji se ponašaju po svom nahođenju
12:15
but because they are being bent
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već ih nešto drugo
12:17
to the control of something else.
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upravlja i kontroliše.
12:20
And while that idea may be disquieting,
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Iako je ta ideja možda uznemirujuća,
12:22
and while parasites' habits may be very grisly,
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i dok su navike parazita jezive,
12:25
I think that ability to surprise us
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mislim da ih ta mogućnost da nas iznenade
12:27
makes them as wonderful and as charismatic
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čini divnim i harizmatičnim
12:30
as any panda or butterfly or dolphin.
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poput bilo kog pande, leptira ili delfina.
12:33
At the end of "On the Origin of Species,"
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Na kraju "Porekla vrsta",
12:35
Charles Darwin writes about the grandeur of life,
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Čarls Darvin piše
o veličanstvenosti života,
o veličanstvenosti života,
12:38
and of endless forms most beautiful
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i o beskrajnim oblicima, prelepim
12:41
and most wonderful,
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i predivnim,
12:43
and I like to think he could easily have been talking
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i mislim da je veoma lako mogao da priča
12:45
about a tapeworm that makes shrimp sociable
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o pantljičari koja čini
škampe društvenijim
škampe društvenijim
12:48
or a wasp that takes cockroaches for walks.
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3249
ili osi koja šeta bubašvabe.
12:52
But perhaps, that's just a parasite talking.
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Ali možda to samo priča parazit.
12:55
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:56
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ed Yong - Science writerEd Yong blogs with a mission: to ignite excitement for science in everyone, regardless of their education or background.
Why you should listen
Whether he's exploring a possible resurrection for extinct mouth-birthing amphibians or skewering media misunderstandings of hyped hormones like oxytocin, Ed Yong has a gift for illuminating the beauty (or controversy) in difficult and complex topics.
The award-winning blog Not Exactly Rocket Science (hosted by National Geographic) is the epicenter of Yong’s formidable web and social media presence. In its posts, he tackles the hottest and most bizarre topics in science journalism. As he says, “The only one that matters to me, as far as my blog is concerned, is that something interests me. That is, excites or inspires or amuses me.” When not blogging, he also finds time to contribute to Nature, Wired, Scientific American and many other web and print outlets.
He is also the author of the book I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life.
Ed Yong | Speaker | TED.com