ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon NY2014

Paul Bloom: Can prejudice ever be a good thing?

Paul Bloom: Mogu li predrasude ikada biti pozitivna stvar?

Filmed:
1,233,148 views

Često mislimo da su predrasude i pristranosti rezultat neznanja, ali psiholog Paul Bloom pokušava pokazati da su one često prirodne, racionalne, pa čak i moralne. Bloom tvrdi da je ključno razumjeti kako one funkcioniraju da bismo bili u stanju preuzeti kontrolu kada pođu krivo.
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When we think about prejudicedovodeći u pitanje and biasprednapon,
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Kad razmišljamo o predrasudama i
pristranostima,
00:15
we tendskloni to think about stupidglup and evilzlo people
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obično nam na pamet padnu glupi, zli ljudi
00:17
doing stupidglup and evilzlo things.
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koji rade glupe i zlonamjerne stvari.
00:19
And this ideaideja is nicelylijepo summarizedsažeti
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Ovu je ideju lijepo sažeo
00:21
by the BritishBritanski critickritičar WilliamWilliam HazlittHazlitt,
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britanski kritičar William Hazlitt
00:24
who wrotenapisao, "PrejudiceDovodeći u pitanje is the childdijete of ignoranceneznanje."
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koji je napisao: "Predrasuda je
plod neznanja."
00:27
I want to try to convinceuvjeriti you here
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Ja vas želim uvjeriti da je ova ideja
00:29
that this is mistakenu zabludi.
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pogrešna.
00:31
I want to try to convinceuvjeriti you
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Želim vas uvjeriti da su
00:32
that prejudicedovodeći u pitanje and biasprednapon
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predrasude i pristranosti
00:34
are naturalprirodni, they're oftenčesto rationalracionalan,
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prirodne, često racionalne,
00:37
and they're oftenčesto even moralmoralan,
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pa čak i moralne.
00:39
and I think that oncejednom we understandrazumjeti this,
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Kad to jednom shvatimo,
00:41
we're in a better positionpoložaj to make senseosjećaj of them
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bolje ćemo ih razumjeti
00:44
when they go wrongpogrešno,
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kada pođu krivo,
00:45
when they have horribleužasno consequencesposljedice,
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kada počnu imati užasne posljedice
00:47
and we're in a better positionpoložaj to know what to do
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i znat ćemo se bolje snaći
00:49
when this happensdogađa se.
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kada se to dogodi.
00:51
So, startpočetak with stereotypesstereotipi. You look at me,
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Krenimo sa stereotipima. Pogledate me,
00:54
you know my nameime, you
know certainsiguran factsčinjenicama about me,
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znate mi ime, znate određene stvari o meni
00:56
and you could make certainsiguran judgmentssudovi.
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i možete donositi određene zaključke.
00:58
You could make guessespretpostavljene about my ethnicityetnička pripadnost,
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Možete nagađati moju etničku pripadnost,
01:01
my politicalpolitički affiliationpripadanje, my religiousvjerski beliefsvjerovanja.
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političku opredijeljenost,
vjerska uvjerenja.
01:04
And the thing is, these
judgmentssudovi tendskloni to be accuratetočan.
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Ovi su zaključci često i ispravni.
01:06
We're very good at this sortvrsta of thing.
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Dobri smo u takvim stvarima,
01:08
And we're very good at this sortvrsta of thing
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a to je zbog toga što
01:10
because our abilitysposobnost to stereotypestereotip people
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naša sposobnost stereotipiziranja ljudi
01:12
is not some sortvrsta of arbitraryproizvoljan quirkNeka tvoja of the mindum,
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nije neki proizvoljni hir uma,
01:16
but ratherradije it's a specificspecifično instanceprimjer
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već specifičan primjer
01:18
of a more generalgeneral processpostupak,
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jednog općenitijeg procesa,
01:20
whichkoji is that we have experienceiskustvo
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a to su naša iskustva sa
01:21
with things and people in the worldsvijet
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stvarima i ljudima u svijetu
01:23
that fallpad into categorieskategorije,
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koja spadaju u kategorije
01:24
and we can use our experienceiskustvo
to make generalizationsgeneralizacije
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i svoje iskustvo možemo koristiti za
generaliziranje
01:27
about novelroman instancesslučajevi of these categorieskategorije.
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o novim primjerima ovih kategorija.
01:29
So everybodysvi here has a lot of experienceiskustvo
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Svi mi imamo puno iskustva
01:31
with chairsstolice and applesjabuke and dogspsi,
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sa stolicama, jabukama i psima
01:34
and basedzasnovan on this, you could see
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i na temelju toga, možete vidjeti
01:35
unfamiliarnepoznato examplesprimjeri and you could guessnagađati,
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nepoznate primjere i
možete pretpostavljati,
01:37
you could sitsjediti on the chairstolica,
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možete sjesti na stolicu,
01:39
you could eatjesti the applejabuka, the dogpas will barkkora.
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jesti jabuku, pas će zalajati.
01:41
Now we mightmoć be wrongpogrešno.
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Mogli bismo biti u krivu.
01:43
The chairstolica could collapsekolaps if you sitsjediti on it,
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Stolica bi se mogla urušiti pod nama,
01:45
the applejabuka mightmoć be poisonOtrov, the dogpas mightmoć not barkkora,
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jabuka može biti otrovna,
pas ne mora zalajati.
01:47
and in factčinjenica, this is my dogpas TessieTessie, who doesn't barkkora.
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U biti, ovo je Tessie, moj pas
koji ne laje.
01:50
But for the mostnajviše partdio, we're good at this.
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Ali u većini slučajeva ovo nam ide.
01:53
For the mostnajviše partdio, we make good guessespretpostavljene
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Uglavnom radimo dobre pretpostavke
01:55
bothoba in the socialsocijalni domaindomena and the non-social-socijalne domaindomena,
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i na društvenom i na nedruštvenom
01:57
and if we weren'tnisu ableu stanju to do so,
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području, a da nismo u stanju
01:58
if we weren'tnisu ableu stanju to make guessespretpostavljene about
newnovi instancesslučajevi that we encountersusret,
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stvarati pretpostavke o novim primjerima
na koje nailazimo,
02:02
we wouldn'tne bi survivepreživjeti.
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ne bismo preživjeli.
02:03
And in factčinjenica, HazlittHazlitt laterkasnije on in his wonderfulpredivan essayesej
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U biti, Hazlitt se kasnije u
svom krasnom eseju
02:06
concedespriznaje this.
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složio s ovim.
02:07
He writespiše, "WithoutBez the aidpomoć of prejudicedovodeći u pitanje and customprilagođene,
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Napisao je: "Bez pomoći
predrasuda i običaja
02:10
I should not be ableu stanju to find
my way my acrosspreko the roomsoba;
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ne bih se mogao snaći u sobi,
02:12
norni know how to conductponašanja
myselfsebe in any circumstancesokolnosti,
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niti se znati ponašati
u bilo kakvim okolnostima,
02:15
norni what to feel in any relationodnos of life."
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niti znati kako se osjećati
u bilo kakvom životnom odnosu.
02:19
Or take biasprednapon.
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Promotrimo sad pristranosti.
02:21
Now sometimesponekad, we breakpauza the worldsvijet up into
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Nekada svijet podijelimo na
02:22
us versusprotiv them, into in-groupgrupe kontrola pogrešaka versusprotiv out-groupout-Group,
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"nas" i "njih", jedna grupa protiv druge
02:25
and sometimesponekad when we do this,
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i nekada kada to činimo,
02:26
we know we're doing something wrongpogrešno,
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znamo da radimo nešto krivo i
02:28
and we're kindljubazan of ashamedposramljen of it.
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sramimo se toga.
02:30
But other timesputa we're proudponos of it.
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Ali nekada se i ponosimo time.
02:31
We openlyotvoreno acknowledgepriznati it.
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Otvoreno to priznajemo.
02:33
And my favoriteljubimac exampleprimjer of this
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Moj omiljeni primjer ovoga
02:34
is a questionpitanje that camedošao from the audiencepublika
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odnosi se na pitanje iz publike
02:37
in a RepublicanRepublikanska debatedebata priorprije to the last electionizbor.
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na republikanskoj debati
prije prošlih izbora.
02:39
(VideoVideo) AndersonAnderson CooperCooper: GetsDobiva to your questionpitanje,
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(Video) Anderson Cooper:
Odgovara na pitanja,
02:42
the questionpitanje in the halldvorana, on foreignstrana aidpomoć? Yes, ma'ammadam.
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pitanje u dvorani, za inozemnu pomoć? Da,
gospođo?
02:46
WomanŽena: The AmericanAmerički people are sufferingpati
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Žena: Amerikanci trenutno pate
02:48
in our countryzemlja right now.
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u našoj zemlji.
02:51
Why do we continuenastaviti to sendposlati foreignstrana aidpomoć
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Zašto uporno šaljemo inozemnu pomoć
02:54
to other countrieszemlje
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drugim državama
02:55
when we need all the help we can get for ourselvessebe?
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kad i mi sami trebamo svu moguću pomoć?
02:59
ACAC: GovernorGuverner PerryPerry, what about that?
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AC: Guverneru Perry, zašto?
03:01
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
03:03
RickRick PerryPerry: AbsolutelyApsolutno, I think it's—
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Rick Perry: Apsolutno, mislim da je —
03:05
PaulPavao BloomCvatu: EachSvaki of the people onstagena pozornici
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Paul Bloom: Svatko od ljudi na
03:07
agreeddogovoren with the premisepretpostavka of her questionpitanje,
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pozornici složio se s premisom
njenog pitanja,
03:08
whichkoji is as AmericansAmerikanci, we should carebriga more
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a to je da kao Amerikanci
trebamo
03:11
about AmericansAmerikanci than about other people.
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više brinuti o nama nego o drugima.
03:13
And in factčinjenica, in generalgeneral, people are oftenčesto swayedplese
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Općenito, ljude često ponesu
03:16
by feelingsosjećaji of solidaritysolidarnost, loyaltylojalnost, prideponos, patriotismpatriotizam,
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osjećaji solidarnosti, vjernosti,
ponosa, domoljublja
03:19
towardsza theirnjihov countryzemlja or towardsza theirnjihov ethnicetnički groupskupina.
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prema vlastitoj zemlji ili
etničkoj skupini.
03:22
RegardlessBez obzira na to of your politicspolitika, manymnogi
people feel proudponos to be AmericanAmerički,
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Bez obzira na vaša politička uvjerenja,
mnogi su ponosni što su
03:25
and they favormilost AmericansAmerikanci over other countrieszemlje.
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Amerikanci i preferiraju Ameriku.
03:27
ResidentsStanovnici of other countrieszemlje
feel the sameisti about theirnjihov nationnarod,
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Stanovnici drugih država isto to
misle o svojoj naciji,
03:30
and we feel the sameisti about our ethnicitiesnacionalnosti.
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a ista je stvar i s nacionalnostima.
03:32
Now some of you maysvibanj rejectodbijanje this.
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Neki od vas se možda ne slažu.
03:34
Some of you maysvibanj be so cosmopolitankozmopolitski
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Neki su možda toliki kozmopoliti
03:36
that you think that ethnicityetnička pripadnost and nationalitynacionalnost
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da misle da etnička pripadnost i
nacionalnost
03:38
should holddržati no moralmoralan swayutjecaj.
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nemaju utjecaja na moral.
03:40
But even you sophisticatessophisticates acceptprihvatiti
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Ali čak i vi sofisticirani prihvaćate
03:43
that there should be some pullVuci
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da bi trebalo biti nekog povlačenja
03:45
towardsza the in-groupgrupe kontrola pogrešaka in the
domaindomena of friendsprijatelji and familyobitelj,
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prema vlastitoj grupi u domeni
prijatelja i obitelji,
03:47
of people you're closeblizu to,
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prema bliskim ljudima,
03:49
and so even you make a distinctionrazlika
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čak i vi pravite razlike
03:50
betweenizmeđu us versusprotiv them.
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između vas i njih.
03:52
Now, this distinctionrazlika is naturalprirodni enoughdovoljno
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Ova je distinkcija prirodna
03:55
and oftenčesto moralmoralan enoughdovoljno, but it can go awrynaopako,
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i često i moralna, ali može poći krivo i
03:58
and this was partdio of the researchistraživanje
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upravo je to bio dio istraživanja
04:00
of the great socialsocijalni psychologistpsiholog HenriHenri TajfelTajfel.
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velikog socijalnog psihologa
Henrija Tajfela.
04:02
TajfelTajfel was bornrođen in PolandPoljska in 1919.
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Tajfel je rođen u Poljskoj 1919.
04:05
He left to go to universitysveučilište in FranceFrancuska,
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Studirao je u Francuskoj jer mu nije
04:07
because as a JewŽidov, he couldn'tne mogu
go to universitysveučilište in PolandPoljska,
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bilo dozvoljeno studirati u Poljskoj
jer je bio Židov.
04:10
and then he enlistedu vojnoj službi in the Frenchfrancuski militaryvojni
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Tada se pridružio francuskoj vojsci
04:12
in WorldSvijet WarRat IIII.
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u Drugom svjetskom ratu.
04:14
He was captureduhvaćen and endedzavršeno up
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Zarobljen je i završio je
04:15
in a prisonerzatvorenik of warrat campkamp,
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kao zatočenik u ratnom kampu i
04:17
and it was a terrifyingzastrašujući time for him,
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bilo je to užasno razdoblje za njega
04:19
because if it was discoveredotkriven that he was a JewŽidov,
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jer da se otkrilo da je Židov,
04:21
he could have been movedpomaknuto to a concentrationkoncentracija campkamp,
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premjestili bi ga u koncentracijski logor,
04:23
where he mostnajviše likelyVjerojatno would not have survivedpreživio.
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a tamo vrlo vjerojatno ne bi preživio.
04:25
And in factčinjenica, when the warrat
endedzavršeno and he was releasedoslobođen,
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Kad je rat završio, a on oslobođen,
04:27
mostnajviše of his friendsprijatelji and familyobitelj were deadmrtav.
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većina njegovih prijatelja i obitelji
bila je mrtva.
04:30
He got involvedumiješan in differentdrugačiji pursuitspotrage.
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Uključio se u različite aktivnosti.
04:32
He helpedpomogao out the warrat orphanssiročad.
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Pomagao je ratnoj siročadi,
04:33
But he had a long-lastingDugotrajna interestinteres
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no imao je trajni interes za
04:35
in the scienceznanost of prejudicedovodeći u pitanje,
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znanost o predrasudama.
04:37
and so when a prestigiousprestižne BritishBritanski scholarshipstipendije
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Kad je otvoren natječaj za
prestižnu britansku stipendiju
04:39
on stereotypesstereotipi openedotvori up, he appliedprimijenjen for it,
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o stereotipima, prijavio se
04:41
and he wonwon it,
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i dobio ju je,
04:42
and then he beganpočeo this amazingnevjerojatan careerkarijera.
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i započeo svoju sjajnu karijeru.
04:45
And what startedpočeo his careerkarijera is an insightuvid
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Njegovu je karijeru pokrenula spoznaja
04:47
that the way mostnajviše people were thinkingmišljenje
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da većina ljudi o Holokaustu razmišlja
04:49
about the HolocaustSpomenik žrtvama holokausta was wrongpogrešno.
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na pogrešan način.
04:51
ManyMnogi people, mostnajviše people at the time,
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Mnogi ljudi, većina njih u to vrijeme,
04:54
viewedsu pogledali the HolocaustSpomenik žrtvama holokausta as sortvrsta of representingpredstavlja
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na Holokaust je gledalo kao na nešto što
04:56
some tragictragičan flawmana on the partdio of the GermansNijemci,
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predstavlja tragičnu manu Nijemaca,
04:59
some geneticgenetski taintljaga, some authoritarianautoritarno personalityosoba.
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neku genetičku mrlju,
neku autoritarnu osobnost.
05:03
And TajfelTajfel rejectedodbijen this.
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Tajfel je to odbacio.
05:05
TajfelTajfel said what we see in the HolocaustSpomenik žrtvama holokausta
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Rekao je da on Holokaust vidi kao
05:07
is just an exaggerationpretjerivanje
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tek preuveličavanje
05:09
of normalnormalan psychologicalpsihološki processesprocesi
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normalnih psiholoških procesa
05:11
that existpostojati in everysvaki one of us.
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koji postoje u svima nama.
05:13
And to exploreistražiti this, he did a seriesniz of classicklasik studiesstudije
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Kako bi to istražio, proveo je
serije klasičnih studija
05:16
with BritishBritanski adolescentsadolescenata.
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na britanskim adolescentima.
05:17
And in one of his studiesstudije, what he did was he askedpitao
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U jednoj od njegovih studija
05:19
the BritishBritanski adolescentsadolescenata all sortsvrste of questionspitanja,
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pitao ih je svakvakva pitanja
05:22
and then basedzasnovan on theirnjihov answersodgovori, he said,
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i na osnovu njihovih odgovora, rekao:
05:23
"I've lookedgledao at your answersodgovori,
and basedzasnovan on the answersodgovori,
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"Proučio sam tvoje odgovore
i na osnovu njih
05:26
I have determinedodlučan that you are eitherili" —
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utvrdio sam da si ti ili" --
05:28
he told halfpola of them —
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polovici je rekao --
05:29
"a KandinskyKandinski loverljubavnik, you love the work of KandinskyKandinski,
144
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2957
"obožavatelj Kandinskyja, voliš njegov rad
05:32
or a KleeKlee loverljubavnik, you love the work of KleeKlee."
145
320320
2978
ili obožavatelj Kleeja i njegovog rada."
05:35
It was entirelypotpuno bogusBukva.
146
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1816
Bilo je to posve lažno.
05:37
TheirNjihova answersodgovori had nothing
to do with KandinskyKandinski or KleeKlee.
147
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Njihovi odgovori nisu imali
nikakve veze s njima.
05:39
They probablyvjerojatno hadn'tnije heardčuo of the artistsizvođači.
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2728
Vjerojatno nikad nisu ni čuli za njih.
05:42
He just arbitrarilyproizvoljno dividedpodijeljen them up.
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On ih je samo proizvoljno podijelio.
05:44
But what he foundpronađeno was, these categorieskategorije matteredNije važno,
150
332872
3271
No otkrio je da su ove kategorije
važne, pa kad je kasnije
05:48
so when he laterkasnije gavedali the subjectsteme moneynovac,
151
336143
2511
ispitanicima davao novac,
05:50
they would preferradije to give the moneynovac
152
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1676
radije su davali taj novac
05:52
to membersčlanovi of theirnjihov ownvlastiti groupskupina
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1800
članovima vlastite grupe
05:54
than membersčlanovi of the other groupskupina.
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1833
nego članovima one druge.
05:55
WorseGore, they were actuallyzapravo mostnajviše interestedzainteresiran
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2327
Čak su bili voljni uspostavljati
05:58
in establishinguspostavljanje a differencerazlika
156
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2006
razliku
06:00
betweenizmeđu theirnjihov groupskupina and other groupsgrupe,
157
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2566
između svoje i drugih grupa,
06:02
so they would give up moneynovac for theirnjihov ownvlastiti groupskupina
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1908
pa bi odbijali novac za vlastitu grupu
06:04
if by doing so they could give
the other groupskupina even lessmanje.
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ako bi na taj način druga grupa
dobila još manje.
06:10
This biasprednapon seemsčini se to showpokazati up very earlyrano.
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2218
Ova se pristranost vrlo rano pojavljuje.
06:12
So my colleaguekolega and wifežena, KarenKaren WynnWynn, at YaleYale
161
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2300
Moja kolegica i supruga
Karen Wynn na Yaleu
06:14
has doneučinio a seriesniz of studiesstudije with babiesbebe
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odradila je serije studija s
06:16
where she exposesizlaže babiesbebe to puppetslutke,
163
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bebama gdje ih je izložila igračkama
06:18
and the puppetslutke have certainsiguran foodhrana preferencesosobne postavke.
164
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koje su imale određene
hranidbene preferencije.
06:21
So one of the puppetslutke mightmoć like greenzelena beansgrah.
165
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2182
Jedna je možda voljela mahune.
06:23
The other puppetlutka mightmoć like grahamGraham crackerskrekeri.
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Druga petit-kekse.
06:26
They testtest the babiesbebe ownvlastiti foodhrana preferencesosobne postavke,
167
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2369
Testirali su bebine
hranidbene preferencije
06:28
and babiesbebe typicallytipično preferradije the grahamGraham crackerskrekeri.
168
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i one obično preferiraju petit-kekse.
06:31
But the questionpitanje is, does this matterstvar to babiesbebe
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Pitanje je, ima li to veze s načinom
na koji se
06:33
in how they treatliječiti the puppetslutke? And it matterspitanja a lot.
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bebe odnose prema igračkama?
Da, i to velike.
06:36
They tendskloni to preferradije the puppetlutka
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1519
Preferirale su igračke
06:38
who has the sameisti foodhrana tastesokusi that they have,
172
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3479
s istim ukusom u hrani,
06:41
and worsegore, they actuallyzapravo preferradije puppetslutke
173
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2556
pa i gore, preferirale su igračke
06:44
who punishkazniti the puppetlutka with the differentdrugačiji foodhrana tasteukus.
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koje bi kažnjavale one s
drugačijim ukusom.
06:47
(LaughterSmijeh)
175
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2277
(Smijeh)
06:49
We see this sortvrsta of in-groupgrupe kontrola pogrešaka,
out-groupout-Group psychologyPsihologija all the time.
176
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Ovu psihologiju pripadnosti i
nepripadnosti grupi stalno viđamo.
06:53
We see it in politicalpolitički clashessukobi
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U političkim sukobima
06:54
withinunutar groupsgrupe with differentdrugačiji ideologiesideologija.
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unutar grupa s različitim ideologijama.
06:57
We see it in its extremekrajnost in casesslučajevi of warrat,
179
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U ekstremnim slučajevima ratova u
07:00
where the out-groupout-Group isn't merelysamo givendan lessmanje,
180
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3217
kojima se onima koji su izvan grupe
ne daje samo manje
07:04
but dehumanizeddehumanizira,
181
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1588
nego ih se i dehumanizira,
07:05
as in the NaziNacističke perspectiveperspektiva of JewsŽidovi
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kao u nacističkom viđenju Židova
07:07
as vermingamad or liceuši,
183
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2085
kao štetočine ili ušiju
07:10
or the AmericanAmerički perspectiveperspektiva of Japanesejapanski as ratsštakori.
184
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ili američko viđenje Japanaca kao štakora.
07:14
StereotypesStereotipi can alsotakođer go awrynaopako.
185
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I stereotipi mogu poći krivo.
07:16
So oftenčesto they're rationalracionalan and usefulkoristan,
186
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2261
Često su racionalni i korisni,
07:18
but sometimesponekad they're irrationaliracionalan,
187
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1574
ali nekad su iracionalni,
07:20
they give the wrongpogrešno answersodgovori,
188
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daju nam krive odgovore,
07:21
and other timesputa
189
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1217
a nekada
07:22
they leaddovesti to plainlyJasno immoralnemoralan consequencesposljedice.
190
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jednostavno vode do nemoralnih posljedica.
07:24
And the casespis that's been mostnajviše studiedstudirao
191
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2808
Po tom pitanju najčešće se proučava
07:27
is the casespis of raceutrka.
192
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1667
rasa.
07:29
There was a fascinatingfascinantan studystudija
193
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1407
U fascinantnoj studiji koja
07:30
priorprije to the 2008 electionizbor
194
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2074
je prethodila izborima 2008.
07:32
where socialsocijalni psychologistspsiholozi lookedgledao at the extentopseg
195
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3026
socijalni psiholozi proučavali su razine
07:35
to whichkoji the candidateskandidata were
associatedpovezan with AmericaAmerika,
196
443955
3442
do kojih kandidati asociraju na Ameriku,
07:39
as in an unconsciousbez svijesti associationasocijacija
with the AmericanAmerički flagZastava.
197
447397
3605
baš kao što nam to nesvjesno čini
američka zastava.
07:43
And in one of theirnjihov studiesstudije they comparedu odnosu
198
451002
1356
U jednoj od studija
07:44
ObamaObama and McCainMcCain, and they foundpronađeno McCainMcCain
199
452358
2014
uspoređivali su Obamu i McCaina i otkrili
07:46
is thought of as more AmericanAmerički than ObamaObama,
200
454372
3394
da McCaina smatraju "američkijim" od Obame
07:49
and to some extentopseg, people aren'tnisu
that surprisediznenađen by hearingsluh that.
201
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2573
i do određene razine,
ljude to ne iznenađuje.
07:52
McCainMcCain is a celebratedslavni warrat herojunak,
202
460339
1918
McCain je slavljeni ratni heroj
07:54
and manymnogi people would explicitlyeksplicitno say
203
462257
1659
i mnogi bi izravno rekli
07:55
he has more of an AmericanAmerički storypriča than ObamaObama.
204
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2700
da je njegova priča
"američkija" od Obamine.
07:58
But they alsotakođer comparedu odnosu ObamaObama
205
466616
1937
No uspoređivali su Obamu
08:00
to BritishBritanski PrimeVlade MinisterMinistar TonyTony BlairBlair,
206
468553
2516
i s britanskim premijerom Tonyjem Blairom
08:03
and they foundpronađeno that BlairBlair was alsotakođer thought of
207
471069
2261
i otkrili da i Blaira smatraju
08:05
as more AmericanAmerički than ObamaObama,
208
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2507
"američkijim" od Obame,
08:07
even thoughiako subjectsteme explicitlyeksplicitno understoodrazumjeti
209
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2073
čak i unatoč tome što su ispitanici bili
08:09
that he's not AmericanAmerički at all.
210
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2990
svjesni činjenice da on
uopće nije Amerikanac.
08:12
But they were respondingreagirati, of coursenaravno,
211
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1424
Naravno, njihovi su odgovori
08:14
to the colorboja of his skinkoža.
212
482324
3051
bili uvjetovani njegovom bojom kože.
08:17
These stereotypesstereotipi and biasespredrasude
213
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2051
Ovi stereotipi i pristranosti
08:19
have real-worldu stvarnom svijetu consequencesposljedice,
214
487426
1450
imaju posljedice u stvarnom
08:20
bothoba subtlefin and very importantvažno.
215
488876
2872
svijetu, i suptilne i važne.
08:23
In one recentnedavni studystudija, researchersistraživači
216
491748
2662
U jednoj novijoj studiji istraživači su
08:26
put adsoglasi on eBayeBay for the saleProdaja of baseballbejzbol cardskartice.
217
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3269
postavili reklame na eBay za prodaju
baseball karata.
08:29
Some of them were heldodržanog by whitebijela handsruke,
218
497679
2734
Neke od karata držale su bjelačke ruke,
08:32
othersdrugi by blackcrno handsruke.
219
500413
1218
a druge crnačke.
08:33
They were the sameisti baseballbejzbol cardskartice.
220
501631
1579
Radilo se o istim kartama.
08:35
The onesone heldodržanog by blackcrno handsruke
221
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1244
One koje su držale crnačke
08:36
got substantiallybitno smallermanji bidsponude
222
504454
2067
ruke licitirane su za značajno manje novca
08:38
than the onesone heldodržanog by whitebijela handsruke.
223
506521
2484
od onih koje su držale bjelačke ruke.
08:41
In researchistraživanje doneučinio at StanfordStanford,
224
509005
2362
U istraživanju na Stanfordu
08:43
psychologistspsiholozi exploredistražena the casespis of people
225
511367
4230
psiholozi su proučavali slučajeve ljudi
08:47
sentencedosuđen for the murderubiti of a whitebijela personosoba.
226
515597
3569
osuđene za ubojstvo bijelca.
08:51
It turnsokreti out, holdingdržanje everything elsedrugo constantkonstantno,
227
519166
2804
Ispada da, ukoliko je sve ostalo isto,
08:53
you are considerablyznatno more likelyVjerojatno to be executedizvršiti
228
521970
2370
prije će vas pogubiti ukoliko izgledate
08:56
if you look like the man on the right
229
524340
1777
poput čovjeka na desnoj strani
08:58
than the man on the left,
230
526117
1973
nego ovoga na lijevoj.
09:00
and this is in largeveliki partdio because
231
528090
2029
Razlog za to je što
09:02
the man on the right looksizgled more prototypicallyprototypically blackcrno,
232
530119
2534
čovjek na desnoj strani izgleda kao
prototipni crnac,
09:04
more prototypicallyprototypically African-AmericanAfro-Amerikanac,
233
532653
2630
odnosno kao Afroamerikanac,
09:07
and this apparentlyočigledno influencesutjecaji people'snarodno decisionsodluke
234
535283
2049
a to utječe na naše odlučivanje
09:09
over what to do about him.
235
537332
1771
o tome što ćemo s njim.
09:11
So now that we know about this,
236
539103
1547
Sada kad to znamo,
09:12
how do we combatborba it?
237
540650
1657
kako se boriti s tim?
09:14
And there are differentdrugačiji avenuesAvenija.
238
542307
1622
Imamo različite načine.
09:15
One avenueavenija is to appealapel
239
543929
1434
Jedan od njih nalaže da se
09:17
to people'snarodno emotionalemotivan responsesReakcija,
240
545363
2046
pozivamo na emocionalne reakcije ljudi,
09:19
to appealapel to people'snarodno empathysuosjecanje,
241
547409
2133
na njihovu empatiju,
09:21
and we oftenčesto do that throughkroz storiespriče.
242
549542
1873
a to često činimo kroz priče.
09:23
So if you are a liberalliberalni parentroditelj
243
551415
2565
Ukoliko ste liberalan roditelj
09:25
and you want to encourageohrabriti your childrendjeca
244
553980
1872
i želite da vaša djeca
09:27
to believe in the meritszasluge of nontraditionalNontraditional familiesobitelji,
245
555852
2374
vjeruju u vrijednosti
nekonvencionalnih obitelji,
09:30
you mightmoć give them a bookrezervirati like this.
["HeatherHeather Has Two MommiesMame"]
246
558226
2273
dat ćete im npr. ovo:
["Heather ima dvije mame".]
09:32
If you are conservativekonzervativan and have a differentdrugačiji attitudestav,
247
560499
1726
Ako ste konzervativni i imate
09:34
you mightmoć give them a bookrezervirati like this.
248
562225
1931
drukčije stavove, dat ćete im ovo:
09:36
(LaughterSmijeh)
["Help! MomMama! There Are LiberalsLiberali underpod My BedKrevet!"]
249
564156
1749
(Smijeh)
["Upomoć! Liberalci pod krevetom!"]
09:37
But in generalgeneral, storiespriče can turnskretanje
250
565905
3336
Uglavnom, priče mogu pretvoriti
09:41
anonymousanoniman strangersstranci into people who matterstvar,
251
569241
2232
anonimne strance u ljude koji su bitni,
09:43
and the ideaideja that we carebriga about people
252
571473
2685
a ideja da marimo za ljude kad se na njih
09:46
when we focusfokus on them as individualspojedinci
253
574158
1702
usredotočimo kao na pojedince
09:47
is an ideaideja whichkoji has shownprikazan up acrosspreko historypovijest.
254
575860
2279
ideja je koja se dokazala
tijekom povijesti.
09:50
So StalinStaljin apocryphallyapocryphally said,
255
578139
2583
Staljin je navodno izjavio:
09:52
"A singlesingl deathsmrt is a tragedytragedija,
256
580722
1617
„Smrt jednog čovjeka je tragedija,
09:54
a millionmilijuna deathssmrti is a statisticstatistički,"
257
582339
2040
smrt milijuna je statistika."
09:56
and MotherMajka TeresaTeresa said,
258
584379
1451
Majka Terezija rekla je
09:57
"If I look at the massmasa, I will never actčin.
259
585830
1541
"Pogledam li mnoštvo,
nikad se neću pokrenuti.
09:59
If I look at the one, I will."
260
587371
2325
Pogledam li pojedinca, hoću!"
10:01
PsychologistsPsiholozi have exploredistražena this.
261
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2070
Psiholozi su ovo istraživali.
10:03
For instanceprimjer, in one studystudija,
262
591766
1301
Npr., u jednoj studiji
10:05
people were givendan a listpopis of factsčinjenicama about a crisiskriza,
263
593067
2783
ljudima je dan popis činjenica o krizi
10:07
and it was seenvidio how much they would donatedonirati
264
595850
4256
i pratilo se koliko bi donirali
10:12
to solveriješiti this crisiskriza,
265
600106
1584
da riješe krizu,
10:13
and anotherjoš groupskupina was givendan no factsčinjenicama at all
266
601690
1837
a drugoj grupi
nisu dane nikakve činjenice,
10:15
but they were told of an individualpojedinac
267
603527
2098
već im je ispričana priča o pojedincu,
10:17
and givendan a nameime and givendan a facelice,
268
605625
2440
dano im je ime i lice i
10:20
and it turnsokreti out that they gavedali fardaleko more.
269
608065
3219
ispada da su oni donirali puno više.
10:23
NoneNiti jedan of this I think is a secrettajna
270
611284
1861
Ne mislim da je ovo tajna
10:25
to the people who are engagedzauzet in charitymilosrđe work.
271
613145
2111
za ljude uključene u dobrotvorni rad.
10:27
People don't tendskloni to delugepotop people
272
615256
2648
Oni ne zamaraju ljude
10:29
with factsčinjenicama and statisticsstatistika.
273
617904
1323
činjenicama i statistikama.
10:31
RatherRadije, you showpokazati them faceslica,
274
619227
1022
Pokazujete im lica,
10:32
you showpokazati them people.
275
620249
1736
pokazujete im ljude.
10:33
It's possiblemoguće that by extendingproteže our sympathiessimpatije
276
621985
3227
Moguće je da se povećanjem naših simpatija
10:37
to an individualpojedinac, they can spreadširenje
277
625212
1971
prema pojedincu, one mogu proširiti
10:39
to the groupskupina that the individualpojedinac belongspripada to.
278
627183
2878
na cijelu grupu kojoj pojedinac pripada.
10:42
This is HarrietHarriet BeecherBeecher StoweStowe.
279
630061
2466
Ovo je Harriet Beecher Stowe.
10:44
The storypriča, perhapsmožda apocryphalapokrifne,
280
632527
2443
Priča, možda lažna,
10:46
is that PresidentPredsjednik LincolnLincoln invitedpozvan her
281
634970
2074
kaže da ju je predsjednik Lincoln pozvao
10:49
to the Whitebijeli Housekuća in the middlesrednji of the CivilCivilnog WarRat
282
637044
1998
u Bijelu kuću usred Građanskog rata
10:51
and said to her,
283
639042
1584
i rekao joj:
10:52
"So you're the little ladydama who startedpočeo this great warrat."
284
640626
2664
"Ti si djevojka koja je započela ovaj
ogroman rat."
10:55
And he was talkingkoji govori about "UncleUjak Tom'sTom je CabinKabina."
285
643290
1885
Govorio je o "Čiča Tominoj kolibi."
10:57
"UncleUjak Tom'sTom je CabinKabina" is not
a great bookrezervirati of philosophyfilozofija
286
645175
2531
"Čiča Tomina koliba" nije neka sjajna
filozofska
10:59
or of theologyteologija or perhapsmožda not even literatureknjiževnost,
287
647706
3144
ili teološka knjige, a čak ni književna,
11:02
but it does a great jobposao
288
650850
2515
ali sjajno omogućava ljudima
11:05
of gettinguzimajući people to put themselvesse in the shoescipele
289
653365
2498
da se zamisle u koži onih
11:07
of people they wouldn'tne bi otherwiseinače be in the shoescipele of,
290
655863
2333
ljudi u čijoj koži ne bi inače bili:
11:10
put themselvesse in the shoescipele of slavesroblje.
291
658196
2402
u koži robova.
11:12
And that could well have been a catalystkatalizator
292
660598
1781
To je možda i bio katalizator
11:14
for great socialsocijalni changepromijeniti.
293
662379
1604
za veliku društvenu promjenu.
11:15
More recentlynedavno, looking at AmericaAmerika
294
663983
2362
Nedavno, gledajući Ameriku
11:18
in the last severalnekoliko decadesdesetljeća,
295
666345
3069
u zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća,
11:21
there's some reasonrazlog to believe
that showspokazuje like "The CosbyCosby ShowPokazati"
296
669414
3149
imamo razloga vjerovati da su serije
poput "Cosby showa"
11:24
radicallytemeljito changedpromijenjen AmericanAmerički attitudesstavovi
towardsza African-AmericansAfro-Amerikanci,
297
672563
2688
radikalno promijenili stavove Amerikanaca
prema Afroamerikancima,
11:27
while showspokazuje like "Will and GraceGrace" and "ModernModerne FamilyObitelj"
298
675251
2983
a serije poput "Will i Grace"
i "Moderne obitelji"
11:30
changedpromijenjen AmericanAmerički attitudesstavovi
299
678234
1363
promijenili su stavove
11:31
towardsza gayhomoseksualac menmuškarci and womenžene.
300
679597
1300
prema homoseksualcima.
11:32
I don't think it's an exaggerationpretjerivanje to say
301
680897
2455
Mislim da ne pretjerujem kad kažem
11:35
that the majorglavni catalystkatalizator in AmericaAmerika for moralmoralan changepromijeniti
302
683352
2661
da su ogroman katalizator
američke promjene moralnosti
11:38
has been a situationsituacija comedyKomedija.
303
686013
2893
bili sitcomi.
11:40
But it's not all emotionsemocije,
304
688906
1416
Ali nije sve na emocijama i
11:42
and I want to endkraj by appealingprivlačan
305
690322
1276
želim završiti apelom na
11:43
to the powervlast of reasonrazlog.
306
691598
2235
moć razuma.
11:45
At some pointtočka in his wonderfulpredivan bookrezervirati
307
693833
2156
U određenom trenutku
u svojoj sjajnoj knjizi
11:47
"The Better AngelsAnđeli of Our NaturePriroda,"
308
695989
1223
"Bolji anđeli naše prirode"
11:49
StevenSteven PinkerPinker sayskaže,
309
697212
2016
Steven Plinker tvrdi da
11:51
the OldStari TestamentZavjet sayskaže love thytvoje neighborsusjed,
310
699228
2582
Stari Zavjet kaže "voli susjeda svoga",
11:53
and the NewNovi TestamentZavjet sayskaže love thytvoje enemyneprijatelj,
311
701810
2722
a Novi "voli neprijatelja svoga",
11:56
but I don't love eitherili one of them, not really,
312
704532
2686
ali zapravo ne volim nijednog,
11:59
but I don't want to killubiti them.
313
707218
1667
ali ne želim ih ni ubiti.
12:00
I know I have obligationsobveze to them,
314
708885
1866
Znam da imam obveze prema njima,
12:02
but my moralmoralan feelingsosjećaji to them, my moralmoralan beliefsvjerovanja
315
710751
3470
ali moji moralni osjećaji, moralna
uvjerenja
12:06
about how I should behaveponašati towardsza them,
316
714221
1713
o tome kako bih se trebao odnositi
12:07
aren'tnisu groundedosnovan in love.
317
715934
2047
prema njima nisu utemeljeni na ljubavi.
12:09
What they're groundedosnovan in is the
understandingrazumijevanje of humanljudski rightsprava,
318
717981
1939
Utemeljeni su na razumijevanju ljudskih prava
12:11
a beliefvjerovanje that theirnjihov life is as valuablevrijedan to them
319
719920
2223
uvjerenja da je njihov život jednako
12:14
as my life is to me,
320
722143
2356
vrijedan njima kao meni moj,
12:16
and to supportpodrška this, he tellsgovori a storypriča
321
724499
1932
a kako bi podržao ovu tezu, priča priču
12:18
by the great philosopherfilozof AdamAdam SmithSmith,
322
726431
1848
značajnog filozofa Adama Smitha,
12:20
and I want to tell this storypriča too,
323
728279
1686
a i ja je želim ispričati,
12:21
thoughiako I'm going to modifyizmijeniti it a little bitbit
324
729965
1296
iako ću je malo modificirati
12:23
for modernmoderan timesputa.
325
731261
1678
za moderno vrijeme.
12:24
So AdamAdam SmithSmith startspočinje by askingtraži you to imaginezamisliti
326
732939
1901
Adam Smith počinje tako što od vas traži
12:26
the deathsmrt of thousandstisuća of people,
327
734840
1901
da zamislite smrt tisuća ljudi
12:28
and imaginezamisliti that the thousandstisuća of people
328
736741
2040
i zamislite da su te tisuće ljudi
12:30
are in a countryzemlja you are not familiarupoznat with.
329
738781
2239
u zemlji koja vam nije poznata.
12:33
It could be ChinaKina or IndiaIndija or a countryzemlja in AfricaAfrika.
330
741020
3554
Mogla bi to biti Kina ili Indija ili neka
zemlja u Africi.
12:36
And SmithSmith sayskaže, how would you respondodgovarati?
331
744574
2484
Smith pita, kako biste reagirali?
12:39
And you would say, well that's too badloše,
332
747058
2307
Vi biste rekli da je to baš šsteta,
12:41
and you'dti bi go on to the restodmor of your life.
333
749365
1876
i nastavili sa svojim životima.
12:43
If you were to openotvoren up The NewNovi
YorkYork TimesPuta onlinena liniji or something,
334
751241
2219
Ukoliko to pročitamo online na stranici
New York Timesa
12:45
and discoverotkriti this, and in factčinjenica
this happensdogađa se to us all the time,
335
753460
2960
i otkrijemo to, a to nam se zapravo
i događa cijelo vrijeme.
12:48
we go about our livesživot.
336
756420
1521
nastavljamo sa svojim životima.
12:49
But imaginezamisliti insteadumjesto, SmithSmith sayskaže,
337
757941
2194
Ali zamislite ovo, kaže Smith,
12:52
you were to learnnaučiti that tomorrowsutra
338
760135
1254
saznate li da će vam sutra
12:53
you were to have your little fingerprst choppedsjeckani off.
339
761389
2539
odsjeći mali prst.
12:55
SmithSmith sayskaže, that would matterstvar a lot.
340
763928
2169
Smith kaže da bi vam to bilo jako bitno.
12:58
You would not sleepspavati that night
341
766097
1411
Ne biste spavali tu noć
12:59
wonderingpitate about that.
342
767508
1353
razmišljajući o tome.
13:00
So this raisespodiže the questionpitanje:
343
768861
2019
Postavlja se pitanje:
13:02
Would you sacrificežrtva thousandstisuća of livesživot
344
770880
2466
Biste li žrtvovali tisuće života
13:05
to saveuštedjeti your little fingerprst?
345
773346
1969
da spasite svoj mali prst?
13:07
Now answerodgovor this in the privacyprivatnost of your ownvlastiti headglava,
346
775315
2318
Sami sebi odgovorite na ovo pitanje,
13:09
but SmithSmith sayskaže, absolutelyapsolutno not,
347
777633
2919
ali Smith kaže: Nikako,
13:12
what a horridgrozan thought.
348
780552
1692
kakva užasna pomisao.
13:14
And so this raisespodiže the questionpitanje,
349
782244
2031
Postavlja se još jedno pitanje,
13:16
and so, as SmithSmith putsstavlja it,
350
784275
1374
kako to Smith kaže:
13:17
"When our passivepasivan feelingsosjećaji are almostskoro always
351
785649
2218
"Kad su naši pasivni osjećaji
gotovo uvijek
13:19
so sordidprljav and so selfishsebičan,
352
787867
1448
tako nepošteni i sebični,
13:21
how comesdolazi it that our activeaktivan principlesprincipi
353
789315
1465
kako to da bi naši aktivni
13:22
should oftenčesto be so generousvelikodušan and so nobleplemenite?"
354
790780
2533
principi često trebali biti
velikodušni i plemeniti?
13:25
And Smith'sSmith je answerodgovor is, "It is reasonrazlog,
355
793313
2050
Smithov odgovor glasi:
13:27
principlenačelo, consciencesavjest.
356
795363
1775
"Razum, principi, savjest.
13:29
[This] callspozivi to us,
357
797138
1541
Oni nam govore,
13:30
with a voiceglas capablesposoban of astonishingzačuđujući
the mostnajviše presumptuousdrzak of our passionsstrasti,
358
798679
3425
glasom sposobnim zadiviti
naše najoholije strasti,
13:34
that we are but one of the multitudemnoštvo,
359
802104
1677
da smo mi tek pojedinac u gomili,
13:35
in no respectpoštovanje better than any other in it."
360
803781
2441
koji ni po čemu nije bolji
od svih drugih."
13:38
And this last partdio is what is oftenčesto describedopisan
361
806222
2125
Ovaj zadnji dio često se opisuje kao
13:40
as the principlenačelo of impartialitynepristranost.
362
808347
3208
princip nepristranosti.
13:43
And this principlenačelo of impartialitynepristranost manifestsmanifestira itselfsebe
363
811555
2629
Ovaj princip nepristranosti manifestira se
13:46
in all of the world'ssvijetu religionsreligije,
364
814184
1747
u svim svjetskim religijama,
13:47
in all of the differentdrugačiji versionsverzije of the goldenzlatan rulepravilo,
365
815951
2258
u svim različitim verzijama
zlatnog pravila
13:50
and in all of the world'ssvijetu moralmoralan philosophiesfilozofija,
366
818209
2454
i u svim drugim svjetskim
moralnim filozofijama
13:52
whichkoji differrazlikuju in manymnogi waysnačine
367
820663
1307
koje se u mnogome razlikuju,
13:53
but sharePodjeli the presuppositionpretpostavci
that we should judgesuditi moralitymoralnost
368
821970
2994
ali dijele istu pretpostavku
da moralnost moramo ocjenjivati
13:56
from sortvrsta of an impartialnepristrano pointtočka of viewpogled.
369
824964
2985
s istog nepristranog gledišta.
13:59
The bestnajbolje articulationartikulacija of this viewpogled
370
827949
1822
Najbolja artikulacija ovog gledišta
14:01
is actuallyzapravo, for me, it's not from
a theologianteolog or from a philosopherfilozof,
371
829771
3085
za mene nije ona teologova ili filozofova,
14:04
but from HumphreyHumphrey BogartBogart
372
832856
1357
već ona Humphreya Bogarta
14:06
at the endkraj of "CasablancaCasablanca."
373
834213
1547
na kraju "Casablance".
14:07
So, spoilerspojler alertuzbuna, he's tellingreći his loverljubavnik
374
835760
3776
Otkrit ću vam detalje filma,
govori svojoj ljubavnici
14:11
that they have to separateodvojen
375
839536
1140
da se moraju rastati
14:12
for the more generalgeneral good,
376
840676
1593
za opće dobro
14:14
and he sayskaže to her, and I won'tnavika do the accentnaglasak,
377
842269
1864
i kaže joj, neću oponašati naglasak,
14:16
but he sayskaže to her, "It doesn't take much to see
378
844133
1782
ali kaže joj: "Ne treba puno da vidiš
14:17
that the problemsproblemi of threetri little people
379
845915
1359
da problemi troje malih ljudi
14:19
don't amountiznos to a hillbrdo of beansgrah in this crazylud worldsvijet."
380
847274
3111
nisu ništa veći od brežuljka
u ovom ludom svijetu."
14:22
Our reasonrazlog could causeuzrok us to overridezanemarivanje our passionsstrasti.
381
850385
3280
Zbog razuma bismo mogli
prijeći preko strasti.
14:25
Our reasonrazlog could motivatemotivirati us
382
853665
1716
Razum bi nas mogao navesti da
14:27
to extendprodužiti our empathysuosjecanje,
383
855381
1221
proširimo svoju empatiju,
14:28
could motivatemotivirati us to writepisati a
bookrezervirati like "UncleUjak Tom'sTom je CabinKabina,"
384
856602
2327
da pišemo knjige poput
"Čiča Tomine kolibe"
14:30
or readčitati a bookrezervirati like "UncleUjak Tom'sTom je CabinKabina,"
385
858929
1723
ili da pročitamo tu knjigu.
14:32
and our reasonrazlog can motivatemotivirati us to createstvoriti
386
860652
2694
Razum nas također može motivirati
na stvaranje
14:35
customscarinske and taboostabua and lawszakoni
387
863346
1962
običaja i tabua i zakona
14:37
that will constrainnagnati us
388
865308
1810
koji će nas ograničavati u
14:39
from actinggluma uponna our impulsesimpulse
389
867118
1676
slijeđenju impulsa
14:40
when, as rationalracionalan beingsbića, we feel
390
868794
1589
kad, kao razumna bića, osjećamo
14:42
we should be constrainedograničen.
391
870383
1395
da nas treba ograničiti.
14:43
This is what a constitutionustav is.
392
871778
2013
To je Ustav.
14:45
A constitutionustav is something
whichkoji was setset up in the pastprošlost
393
873791
2921
Ustav je nešto što je postavljeno
u prošlosti,
14:48
that appliesvrijedi now in the presentpredstaviti,
394
876712
1307
a može se primijeniti na sadašnjost,
14:50
and what it sayskaže is,
395
878019
985
a ono što kaže jest,
14:51
no matterstvar how much we mightmoć to reelectbijednodnevna
396
879004
2227
bez obzira na to koliko
bismo željeli izabrati
14:53
a popularpopularan presidentpredsjednik for a thirdtreći termtermin,
397
881231
2603
popularnog predsjednika i za treći mandat,
14:55
no matterstvar how much whitebijela AmericansAmerikanci mightmoć chooseizabrati
398
883834
2095
ili na to koliko bi bijelih Amerikanaca
14:57
to feel that they want to reinstateodredio
the institutioninstitucija of slaveryropstvo, we can't.
399
885929
4068
moglo poželjeti obnoviti institut
ropstva, ne možemo to učiniti.
15:01
We have boundgranica ourselvessebe.
400
889997
1676
Ograničili smo se.
15:03
And we bindvezati ourselvessebe in other waysnačine as well.
401
891673
2417
Ograničavamo se i na druge načine.
15:06
We know that when it comesdolazi to choosingOdabir somebodyneko
402
894090
2758
Znamo da kada biramo nekoga za
15:08
for a jobposao, for an awarddodijeliti,
403
896848
2951
posao, nagradu,
15:11
we are stronglysnažno biasedpristran by theirnjihov raceutrka,
404
899799
2958
snažno smo pristrani
po pitanju njihove rase,
15:14
we are biasedpristran by theirnjihov genderrod,
405
902757
2296
spola,
15:17
we are biasedpristran by how attractiveatraktivan they are,
406
905053
2215
po stupnju privlačnosti i
15:19
and sometimesponekad we mightmoć say,
"Well fine, that's the way it should be."
407
907268
2651
nekada kažemo: "Dobro, to tako mora biti."
15:21
But other timesputa we say, "This is wrongpogrešno."
408
909919
2307
Ali nekada kažemo: "Ovo je pogrešno."
15:24
And so to combatborba this,
409
912226
1889
Kako bismo se s time borili,
15:26
we don't just try harderteže,
410
914115
2251
mi ne samo da se više trudimo
15:28
but ratherradije what we do is we setset up situationssituacije
411
916366
3001
nego stvaramo situacije u kojima
15:31
where these other sourcesizvori
of informationinformacija can't biasprednapon us,
412
919367
3039
nas ovi drugi izvori informacija
ne mogu navesti na pristranost,
15:34
whichkoji is why manymnogi orchestrasorkestara
413
922406
1315
a zbog toga mnogi orkestri
15:35
auditionaudicija musiciansglazbenici behindiza screensekrani,
414
923721
2645
održavaju audicije iza zastora,
15:38
so the only informationinformacija they have
415
926366
1244
pa je jedina informacija koju imaju
15:39
is the informationinformacija they believe should matterstvar.
416
927610
2693
ona za koju smatraju
da treba biti bitna.
15:42
I think prejudicedovodeći u pitanje and biasprednapon
417
930303
2323
Smatram da predrasude i pristranosti
15:44
illustrateilustrirati a fundamentalosnovni dualitydvojnost of humanljudski naturepriroda.
418
932626
3094
pokazuju osnovnu dualnost ljudske prirode.
15:47
We have gutcrijevo feelingsosjećaji, instinctsinstinkti, emotionsemocije,
419
935720
3776
Imamo intuiciju, instinkte, emocije
15:51
and they affectutjecati our judgmentssudovi and our actionsakcije
420
939496
2161
i oni uvjetuju naše prosudbe i akcije
15:53
for good and for evilzlo,
421
941657
2331
u svrhu dobra ili zla,
15:55
but we are alsotakođer capablesposoban of rationalracionalan deliberationrazmatranja
422
943988
3622
ali sposobni smo i
racionalno promišljati
15:59
and intelligentinteligentan planningplaniranje,
423
947610
1435
i inteligentno planirati,
16:01
and we can use these to, in some casesslučajevi,
424
949045
2817
pa i to u nekim situacijama možemo
koristiti
16:03
accelerateubrzati and nourishnjegovati our emotionsemocije,
425
951862
1943
kako bismo pospješili
i njegovali svoje emocije
16:05
and in other casesslučajevi staunchodan them.
426
953805
2768
a u drugima ih očvrsnuli.
16:08
And it's in this way
427
956573
1234
Na taj nam način
16:09
that reasonrazlog helpspomaže us createstvoriti a better worldsvijet.
428
957807
2767
razum pomaže stvoriti bolji svijet.
16:12
Thank you.
429
960574
2344
Hvala vam.
16:14
(ApplausePljesak)
430
962918
3705
(Pljesak)
Translated by Anja Kolobarić
Reviewed by Ivan Stamenkovic

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com

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