TED2017
Elizabeth Wayne: We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer
Elizabeth Wayne: Možemo prodrijeti u naše imuno stanice za borbu protiv raka
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Nakon desetljeća istraživanja i milijardi dolara potrošenih na klinička ispitivanja, još uvijek imamo problem s primjenom lijekova protiv raka, kaže biomedicinska inženjerka, Elizabeth Wayne. Kemoterapija ubija rak, ali ubija i ostatak vašeg tijela. Umjesto da koristimo ideje koje je stvorio čovjek, zašto u borbi protiv raka ne bismo koristili ideje iz prirode? U ovom kratkom govoru, Wayne objašnjava kako njezin laboratorij razvija terapiju nanočesticama koje se vezuju za imuno stanice, prvi odgovor vašeg tijela, kako bi se precizno ciljale stanice raka bez oštećenja zdravih stanica.
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
After decades of research
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Nakon desetljeća istraživanja
00:14
and billions of dollars
spent in clinical trials,
spent in clinical trials,
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i milijardi dolara
potrošenih na klinička ispitivanja,
potrošenih na klinička ispitivanja,
00:18
we still have a problem
with cancer drug delivery.
with cancer drug delivery.
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i dalje imamo problem
s primjenom lijekova protiv raka.
s primjenom lijekova protiv raka.
00:22
We still give patients chemotherapy,
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Pacijentima još uvijek
dajemo kemoterapiju,
dajemo kemoterapiju,
00:24
which is so non-specific
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koja je toliko neprecizna,
00:26
that even though
it kills the cancer cells,
it kills the cancer cells,
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da, iako ubija stanice raka,
00:29
it kind of kills
the rest of your body, too.
the rest of your body, too.
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djelomično ubija i ostatak vašeg tijela.
00:32
And yes, we have developed
more selective drugs,
more selective drugs,
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Da, razvili smo selektivnije lijekove,
00:35
but it's still a challenge
to get them into the tumor,
to get them into the tumor,
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ali je i dalje problematično
unijeti ih u sâm tumor
unijeti ih u sâm tumor
00:38
and they end up accumulating
in the other organs as well
in the other organs as well
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pa se oni, na kraju,
talože i u drugim organima,
talože i u drugim organima,
00:41
or passing through your urine,
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ili izlučuju urinom,
00:43
which is a total waste.
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što je posve uzaludno trošenje.
00:46
And fields like mine have emerged
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Pojavljuju se područja poput mojeg,
00:48
where we try to encapsulate these drugs
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gdje pokušavamo obložiti te lijekove,
00:50
to protect them as they
travel through the body.
travel through the body.
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kako bismo ih zaštitili
dok putuju tijelom.
dok putuju tijelom.
00:52
But these modifications cause problems
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No, ove izmjene uzrokuju probleme
00:55
that we make more modifications to fix.
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za čije rješavanje radimo dodatne izmjene.
00:58
So what I'm really trying to say
is we need a better drug delivery system.
is we need a better drug delivery system.
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Želim reći da nam je potreban
bolji način primjene lijekova.
bolji način primjene lijekova.
01:03
And I propose,
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Stoga predlažem,
01:04
rather than using solely human design,
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umjesto da koristimo
samo ideju koju je stvorio čovjek,
samo ideju koju je stvorio čovjek,
01:07
why not use nature's?
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zašto ne koristiti ideju iz prirode?
01:10
Immune cells are these versatile vehicles
that travel throughout our body,
that travel throughout our body,
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Imuno stanice su prilagodljiva prijevozna
sredstva koja putuju našim tijelom,
sredstva koja putuju našim tijelom,
01:14
patrolling for signs of disease
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u potrazi za znakovima bolesti
01:16
and arriving at a wound
mere minutes after injury.
mere minutes after injury.
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i stižu do mjesta povrede
svega nekoliko minuta nakon povrede.
svega nekoliko minuta nakon povrede.
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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Stoga vas pitam,
01:22
If immune cells are already traveling
to places of injury or disease
to places of injury or disease
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ako imuno stanice već putuju
do mjesta povrede ili bolesti
do mjesta povrede ili bolesti
u našem tijelu,
01:25
in our bodies,
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zašto ne dodati još jednog putnika?
01:26
why not add an extra passenger?
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01:28
Why not use immune cells to deliver drugs
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Zašto ne koristiti imuno stanice
za dostavu lijekova,
za dostavu lijekova,
01:31
to cure some of our biggest problems
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u izlječenju nekih od najvećih problema
01:33
in disease?
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vezanih za oboljenja?
01:36
I am a biomedical engineer,
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Ja sam biomedicinska inženjerka
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story
about how I use immune cells
about how I use immune cells
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i želim vam ispričati priču
o tome kako koristim imuno stanice
o tome kako koristim imuno stanice
01:41
to target one of the largest
problems in cancer.
problems in cancer.
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kako bih riješila jedan
od najvećih problema vezanih za rak.
od najvećih problema vezanih za rak.
Znate li da se preko 90 posto
smrtnih slučajeva od raka
smrtnih slučajeva od raka
01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent
of cancer deaths
of cancer deaths
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može pripisati njegovom širenju?
01:47
can be attributed to its spread?
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01:48
So if we can stop these cancer cells
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Dakle, ako možemo zaustaviti
ove stanice raka
ove stanice raka
01:51
from going from the primary tumor
to a distant site,
to a distant site,
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u širenju od prvobitnog tumora
k udaljenom mjestu,
k udaljenom mjestu,
01:54
we can stop cancer right in its tracks
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možemo zaustaviti rak u mjestu
01:56
and give people more of their lives back.
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i vratiti ljudima više njihovog života.
02:00
To do this special mission,
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Za ovu posebnu misiju,
odlučili smo dostaviti nanočesticu
sačinjenu od lipida,
sačinjenu od lipida,
02:01
we decided to deliver
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
a nanoparticle made of lipids,
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02:04
which are the same materials
that compose your cell membrane.
that compose your cell membrane.
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koji su isti gradivni elementi
koje sadrži i vaša stanična membrana.
koje sadrži i vaša stanična membrana.
02:08
And we've added two special molecules.
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Tu smo dodali i dvije posebne molekule.
02:11
One is called e-selectin,
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Jedna je e-selektin,
02:14
which acts as a glue
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a ponaša se kao ljepilo
02:15
that binds the nanoparticle
to the immune cell.
to the immune cell.
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koje veže nanočesticu za imuno stanicu.
02:19
And the second one is called trail.
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Drugi protein je "trail".
02:21
Trail is a therapeutic drug
that kills cancer cells
that kills cancer cells
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To je terapeutski lijek
koji ubija stanice raka,
koji ubija stanice raka,
02:24
but not normal cells.
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ali ne i obične stanice.
02:26
Now, when you put both of these together,
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Kada spojite ovo dvoje,
02:29
you have a mean killing machine on wheels.
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dobivate ubojiti pokretni stroj.
02:35
To test this, we ran
an experiment in a mouse.
an experiment in a mouse.
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Kako bismo ovo testirali,
proveli smo eksperiment na mišu.
proveli smo eksperiment na mišu.
02:39
So what we did was we injected
the nanoparticles,
the nanoparticles,
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Ubrizgali smo nanočestice,
02:42
and they bound almost immediately
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
to the immune cells in the bloodstream.
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a one su se skoro trenutno
vezale za imuno stanice u krvotoku.
vezale za imuno stanice u krvotoku.
02:46
And then we injected the cancer cells
to mimic a process
to mimic a process
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Zatim smo ubrizgali stanice raka
kako bismo simulirali proces,
kako bismo simulirali proces,
02:49
through which cancer cells
spread throughout our bodies.
spread throughout our bodies.
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kojim se stanice raka šire našim tijelom.
02:52
And we found something very exciting.
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I otkrili smo nešto vrlo uzbudljivo.
02:55
We found that in our treated group,
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Otkrili smo da je u testnoj grupi,
02:58
over 75 percent of the cancer cells
we initially injected were dead or dying,
we initially injected were dead or dying,
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preko 75 posto stanica raka koje smo
na početku ubrizgali, umrlo ili umire,
na početku ubrizgali, umrlo ili umire,
03:03
in comparison to only around 25 percent.
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u usporedbi sa samo oko 25 posto.
03:05
So just imagine: these fewer
amount of cells were available
amount of cells were available
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Zamislite ovo - manje količine stanica
bile su u mogućnosti
bile su u mogućnosti
03:09
to actually be able to spread
to a different part of the body.
to a different part of the body.
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proširiti se na drugi dio tijela.
I to samo dva sata poslije terapije.
03:12
And this is only after
two hours of treatment.
two hours of treatment.
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03:14
Our results were amazing,
and we had some pretty interesting press.
and we had some pretty interesting press.
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Naši rezultati su bili zapanjujući,
objavljeni su i u par zanimljivih članaka.
objavljeni su i u par zanimljivih članaka.
03:19
My favorite title was actually,
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U stvari, moj omiljeni naslov bio je:
03:22
"Sticky balls may stop
the spread of cancer."
the spread of cancer."
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„Ljepljive kuglice
mogu zaustaviti širenje raka“.
mogu zaustaviti širenje raka“.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug
my male colleagues were,
my male colleagues were,
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Ne mogu vam opisati koliko su
moji kolege uživali u uspjehu,
moji kolege uživali u uspjehu,
znajući da njihove ljepljive kuglice
jednog dana mogu izliječiti rak.
jednog dana mogu izliječiti rak.
03:30
knowing that their sticky balls
might one day cure cancer.
might one day cure cancer.
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03:33
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:35
But I can tell you they made
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
some pretty, pretty, exciting,
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Ipak, mogu vam reći da su napravili
neke prilično uzbudljive
neke prilično uzbudljive
03:38
pretty ballsy t-shirts.
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i poticajne majice.
03:40
This was also my first experience
talking to patients
talking to patients
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Bilo je ovo i moje prvo iskustvo
da razgovaram s pacijentima,
da razgovaram s pacijentima,
03:44
where they asked how soon
our therapy would be available.
our therapy would be available.
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gdje su me pitali kada će
naša terapija biti dostupna.
naša terapija biti dostupna.
03:48
And I keep these stories with me
to remind me of the importance
to remind me of the importance
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Čuvam ove priče da se podsjetim
važnosti znanosti,
važnosti znanosti,
03:51
of the science,
the scientists and the patients.
the scientists and the patients.
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znanstvenika i pacijenata.
Naši rezultati brzog djelovanja
su bili vrlo zanimljivi,
su bili vrlo zanimljivi,
03:55
Now, our fast-acting results
were pretty interesting,
were pretty interesting,
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ali nam je preostalo još jedno pitanje:
03:58
but we still had one lingering question:
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04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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mogu li te naše ljepljive kuglice,
04:02
our particles actually attached
to the immune cells,
to the immune cells,
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naše čestice vezane za imuno stanice,
04:04
actually stop the spread of cancer?
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zaista zaustaviti širenje raka?
04:07
So we went to our animal model,
and we found three important parts.
and we found three important parts.
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Vratili smo se našem životinjskom uzorku
i pronašli tri važna dijela.
i pronašli tri važna dijela.
04:12
Our primary tumors were smaller
in our treated animals,
in our treated animals,
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Naši prvobitni tumori bili su manji
kod liječenih životinja,
kod liječenih životinja,
04:15
there were fewer cells in circulation,
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bilo je manje stanica u opticaju
04:18
and there was little to no
tumor burden in the distant organs.
tumor burden in the distant organs.
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te je bilo vrlo malo ili nimalo
stanica tumora u udaljenim organima.
stanica tumora u udaljenim organima.
04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory
for us and our sticky balls.
for us and our sticky balls.
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Ovo nije bila samo pobjeda
za nas i naše ljepljive kuglice.
za nas i naše ljepljive kuglice.
04:26
This was also a victory to me
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Ovo je bila pobjeda i za mene
04:28
in drug delivery,
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u primjeni lijeka,
04:30
and it represents a paradigm shift,
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i ona predstavlja promjenu modela,
04:32
a revolution --
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revoluciju,
04:34
to go from just using drugs,
just injecting them
just injecting them
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pomak od korištenja lijekova,
njihovog ubrizgavanja
njihovog ubrizgavanja
04:37
and hoping they go to the right
places in the body,
places in the body,
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i očekivanja da će otići
na prava mjesta u tijelu,
na prava mjesta u tijelu,
04:40
to using immune cells
as special delivery drivers in your body.
as special delivery drivers in your body.
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do korištenja imuno stanica,
kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem tijelu.
kao posebnih dostavljača u vašem tijelu.
04:45
For this example, we used two molecules,
e-selectin and trail,
e-selectin and trail,
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Za ovaj primjer smo koristili
dvije molekule, e-selektin i "trial",
dvije molekule, e-selektin i "trial",
04:49
but really, the possibility
of drugs you can use are endless.
of drugs you can use are endless.
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no, mogućnosti lijekova
koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.
koji se mogu koristiti su nebrojene.
04:53
And I talked about cancer,
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Pričala sam o raku,
04:55
but where disease goes,
so do immune cells.
so do immune cells.
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ali gdjegod da je bolest,
tamo idu i imuno stanice.
tamo idu i imuno stanice.
04:59
So this could be used for any disease.
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Ovo se može koristiti za bilo koju bolest.
05:02
Imagine using immune cells
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
to deliver crucial wound-healing agents
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Zamislite uporabu imuno stanica za
dostavu ključnih tvari za zarastanje rana
dostavu ključnih tvari za zarastanje rana
05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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nakon povrede leđne moždine,
05:09
or using immune cells to deliver drugs
past the blood-brain barrier
past the blood-brain barrier
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ili da koristimo imuno stanice za dostavu
lijekova uz krvno-moždanu barijeru,
lijekova uz krvno-moždanu barijeru,
05:13
to treat Parkinson's
or Alzheimer's disease.
or Alzheimer's disease.
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u liječenju Parkinsonove
ili Alzheimerove bolesti.
ili Alzheimerove bolesti.
05:17
These are the ideas that excite me
about science the most.
about science the most.
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Ovo su za mene najuzbudljivije ideje
vezane za znanost.
vezane za znanost.
05:20
And from where I stand,
I see so much promise and opportunity.
I see so much promise and opportunity.
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Iz svog kuta, vidim toliko puno
obećanja i mogućnosti.
obećanja i mogućnosti.
05:24
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineerTED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education.
Why you should listen
Dr. Elizabeth Wayne received her Bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar and Moelis Access Science Scholar. She continued her education at Cornell University, where her research on the role of immune cells in cancer progression and their potential as drug delivery carriers was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences in Oncology Network and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2016, Wayne earned her PhD in biomedical engineering, where her work in immune cell-mediated drug delivery resulted in several publications and a technology patent. Her current research uses macrophages to delivery therapeutic genes to solid tumors.
Wayne is a strong advocate for women in science. She has been a chief organizer for the Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWIP) at Cornell as well as a panelist and workshop leader at CUWiPs held at Yale and Harvard. She has received awards for her advocacy including the Constance and Alice Cook Award.
Wayne is currently a National Cancer Institute Cancer Nanotechnology Training Program Postdoctoral Fellow in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC-Chapel Hill. She was recognized as a 2017 TED Fellow for her cancer nanotechnology research and efforts to amplify voices of women in leadership and higher education through her podcast PhDivas. Wayne has been featured in various publications including Bust Magazine, Cornell Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times.
As a speaker, Wayne works with high schools, colleges and nonprofit organizations across the country to encourage the inclusion of women in science.
Elizabeth Wayne | Speaker | TED.com