Small Thing Big Idea
Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything
Margaret Gould Stewart: Come il link ha cambiato internet
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Il link rappresenta il mattoncino LEGO di internet. Ecco la storia insolita della sua creazione, raccontata dalla professionista della user experience Margaret Gould Stewart.
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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Ricordo di aver pensato,
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
about how we communicate."
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"Questo cambierà il modo
in cui comunichiamo."
in cui comunichiamo."
00:17
[Small thing.]
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[Piccola cosa.]
00:18
[Big idea.]
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[Grande idea.]
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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[Margaret Gould Stewart sul link]
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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Un link è un elemento di collegamento
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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e ciò che intendo è,
se usate software sul cellulare o sul PC,
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
on your phone or your computer,
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00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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c'è molto codice dietro l'interfaccia
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
for the computer on how to manage it,
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che istruisce la gestione del computer
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
that humans interact with:
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ma gli esseri umani vedono l'interfaccia:
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
then something happens.
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se selezioniamo questo, succede qualcosa.
00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
they were pretty simple
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All'inizio, era molto semplice
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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e non particolarmente intrigante.
00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
a huge range of options.
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I progettisti oggi hanno più opzioni.
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
a markup language -- HTML.
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Il link usa oggi il formato HTML .
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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C'è una stringa di istruzioni.
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
of where you want to send the person.
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Si mette l'indirizzo web di destinazione.
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
to learn how to do.
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È straordinariamente semplice apprenderlo.
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
to information elsewhere on the internet
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Collegamenti ipertestuali ovunque sul web
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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sono il dominio del link.
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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A scuola --
01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
wide access to the internet --
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prima dell'accesso globale a Internet --
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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se dovevo scrivere un articolo,
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
to the library,
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dovevo andare in biblioteca
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
that you needed, great.
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e se avevano il libro che cercavo, bene.
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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A volte dovevo richiederlo,
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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e dopo aspettare per settimane.
01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
to think about that now,
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È quasi folle immaginarlo oggi,
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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perché, come tutte le grandi innovazioni,
01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
we get access to something
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subito dopo che abbiamo accesso a qualcosa
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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iniziamo a darlo per scontato.
01:39
Back in 1945,
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Nel 1945,
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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c'era questo signore, Vannevar Bush.
01:43
He was working for the US government,
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Lavorava per il governo degli Stati Uniti
01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
that he put forth was,
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e una delle idee che presentò era,
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
so much information,
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"Wow, stiamo creando molta informazione,
01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
of all the books that we've read
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ma non teniamo traccia dei libri letti
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
between important ideas."
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o i collegamenti tra le idee importanti."
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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E chiamò questa idea "memex,"
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
a personal library
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dove poter fare una biblioteca personale
02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
that you have access to.
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dei libri e articoli a cui hai accesso.
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
captured people's imaginations.
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Quell'idea catturò l'immaginazione.
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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Più tardi, negli anni sessanta,
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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Ted Nelson lanciò il Project Xanadu,
02:14
and he said,
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e disse,
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
to the things that I have?
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"Perché limitarsi a quanto abbiamo già?
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
across a larger body of work?"
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Perché non collegare più strutture?"
02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
at the University of Maryland
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Nel 1982, alla Maryland University
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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svilupparono un sistema di nome HyperTIES.
02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
to use text itself as a link marker.
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Il primo ad usare il testo come marcatore.
02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
on a gray background
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Il link blu su sfondo grigio
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
in terms of contrast,
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era un ottimo contrasto
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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e le persone lo avrebbero notato.
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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Apple inventò HyperCard nel 1987.
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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C'erano queste pile di carte,
02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
in between the cards.
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e si possono creare link tra le carte.
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
to jump around in a story.
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Con HyperCard si può saltare tra storie.
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
of nonlinear storytelling
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Queste nozioni di non-linearità
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
when the hyperlink came along,
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si incrementarono quando arrivò il link,
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
to influence the narrative.
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perché si poteva partecipare alla storia.
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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Queste idee ed invenzioni, più di altre,
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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spinsero Tim Berners-Lee
a creare il World Wide Web.
a creare il World Wide Web.
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
like a LEGO block,
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Il link sembra un mattoncino LEGO,
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
to a very complex web of connections
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un blocco che crea connessioni complesse
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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che esistono in tutto il mondo.
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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La prima progettazione del link,
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
to be not only used by many people,
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non era solo per l'uso di molte persone,
03:24
but created by many people.
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ma creata da molte persone.
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
designs ever created.
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È uno progetti più democratici di sempre.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience masterAt Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.
Why you should listen
Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.
Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com