Small Thing Big Idea
Margaret Gould Stewart: How the hyperlink changed everything
Margaret Gould Stewart: 超链接如何改变世界
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超链接相当于互联网的构建单元。一起跟随用户体验大师Margaret Gould Stewart了解一下超链接的这一怪诞历史吧。
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience master
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
At Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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我记得曾经这样想过，
“这将会颠覆我们交流的方式。”
00:14
"This is going to change everything
about how we communicate."
about how we communicate."
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【小发明】
00:17
[Small thing.]
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【大点子】
00:18
[Big idea.]
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00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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【超链接: Margaret Gould Stewart 讲给你听】
超链接是一个界面元素，
00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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我的意思是，
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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当你在手机或者电脑上使用软件时，
00:27
when you're using software
on your phone or your computer,
on your phone or your computer,
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软件界面的背后是无数代码，
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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指导着计算机如何管理软件的运行，
00:33
that's giving all the instructions
for the computer on how to manage it,
for the computer on how to manage it,
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不过这个界面只是面对人类的界面：
00:36
but that interface is the thing
that humans interact with:
that humans interact with:
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当我们点击超链接，
有些事情就会发生。
有些事情就会发生。
00:39
when we press on this,
then something happens.
then something happens.
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00:42
When they first came around,
they were pretty simple
they were pretty simple
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不过超链接刚诞生的时候
结构很简单，
结构很简单，
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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没什么特别之处。
00:47
Designers today have
a huge range of options.
a huge range of options.
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而当今的设计员拥有了大量的选择。
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called
a markup language -- HTML.
a markup language -- HTML.
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超链接运用了一种标记语言——HTML。
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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有一小段代码。
00:58
And then you put the address
of where you want to send the person.
of where you want to send the person.
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然后你可以输入把某对象送达的地址。
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy
to learn how to do.
to learn how to do.
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这个过程非常简单易学。
01:04
And so, the whole range of references
to information elsewhere on the internet
to information elsewhere on the internet
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那么针对互联网中任何地方的
信息的一整套参考路径
信息的一整套参考路径
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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就是超链接的域。
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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我还在学校读书的时候——
01:14
this is before people had
wide access to the internet --
wide access to the internet --
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那会儿互联网还没有普及——
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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如果我想写一份研究报告，
不得不去图书馆查阅，
01:19
I would have to physically walk
to the library,
to the library,
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如果能找到你需要的书，那再好不过。
01:22
and if they had the book
that you needed, great.
that you needed, great.
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有时候你需要申请借阅，
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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等上几个星期也不足为奇。
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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01:28
And it's kind of crazy
to think about that now,
to think about that now,
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现在想想真是有点不可思议，
就像面对很多伟大的创新一样，
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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01:34
it's not long after
we get access to something
we get access to something
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我们很快就会对一些新技术
习以为常。
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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回到1945年，
01:39
Back in 1945,
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有个叫万尼瓦尔·布什
（Vannevar Bush）的人。
（Vannevar Bush）的人。
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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他当时在为美国政府工作，
01:43
He was working for the US government,
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他提出了一个点子，
01:45
and one of the ideas
that he put forth was,
that he put forth was,
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01:47
"Wow, humans are creating
so much information,
so much information,
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“嘿，人类创造出了这么多信息，
01:50
and we can't keep track
of all the books that we've read
of all the books that we've read
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但是我们却不能保存
所有阅读过的书籍
所有阅读过的书籍
01:53
or the connections
between important ideas."
between important ideas."
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或者重要的想法之间的联系。”
于是他提出了“麦克斯存储器
（memex）”的概念，
（memex）”的概念，
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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让你把能够获得的所有资料
01:58
where you could put together
a personal library
a personal library
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02:00
of all of the books and articles
that you have access to.
that you have access to.
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保存在个人图书馆中。
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources
captured people's imaginations.
captured people's imaginations.
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这个连接资源的点子
点燃了人们的想象。
点燃了人们的想象。
到了上世纪60年代，
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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泰德·尼尔森（Ted Nelson）启动了
“上都计划“（Project Xanadu），
“上都计划“（Project Xanadu），
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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他说，
02:14
and he said,
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“那如果不仅限于我拥有的资源呢？
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited
to the things that I have?
to the things that I have?
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如果我可以连接
更庞大的信息体系中的概念呢？”
更庞大的信息体系中的概念呢？”
02:18
What if I could connect ideas
across a larger body of work?"
across a larger body of work?"
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02:23
In 1982, researchers
at the University of Maryland
at the University of Maryland
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1982年，马里兰大学的研究人员
开发了一个叫“HyperTIES”的
超文本系统。
超文本系统。
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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他们首创了把文字本身
当做链接标记的做法。
当做链接标记的做法。
02:28
They were the first
to use text itself as a link marker.
to use text itself as a link marker.
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02:31
They figured out that this blue link
on a gray background
on a gray background
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他们发现灰色背景上的蓝色的链接
02:34
was going to work really well
in terms of contrast,
in terms of contrast,
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从对比度上来说效果很不错，
很好分辨。
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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苹果公司在1987年发明了
"超卡"（HyperCard）。
"超卡"（HyperCard）。
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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你可以用一摞卡片
02:44
and you could create links
in between the cards.
in between the cards.
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来创建卡与卡之间的链接。
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability
to jump around in a story.
to jump around in a story.
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超卡实际上创造了
在一个故事中随意跳跃的能力。
在一个故事中随意跳跃的能力。
02:52
These kinds of notions
of nonlinear storytelling
of nonlinear storytelling
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这些类型的非线性讲故事的标记
在超链接发展的过程中
得到了繁荣发展，
得到了繁荣发展，
02:55
got a huge boost
when the hyperlink came along,
when the hyperlink came along,
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02:57
because it gave people the opportunity
to influence the narrative.
to influence the narrative.
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因为它给了人们
影响叙事方法的机会。
影响叙事方法的机会。
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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这些想法的发明，和其他点子一样，
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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启发了万维网的创始人
蒂姆·伯纳斯-李（Tim Berners-Lee）。
蒂姆·伯纳斯-李（Tim Berners-Lee）。
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels
like a LEGO block,
like a LEGO block,
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超文本跟乐高模块的作用非常相似，
是一个遍布全球的
非常复杂的网络连接的
非常复杂的网络连接的
03:11
this very basic building block
to a very complex web of connections
to a very complex web of connections
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03:16
that exists all around the world.
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基本结构单元。
03:17
Because of the way
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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基于超链接构建的方式，
03:20
they were intended
to be not only used by many people,
to be not only used by many people,
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它们的诞生不仅为了被很多人使用，
03:24
but created by many people.
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也是为了被很多人陆续创建出来。
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic
designs ever created.
designs ever created.
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对我来说，这是史上
最民主的设计发明之一。
最民主的设计发明之一。
Reviewed by Hongchang Yu
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Margaret Gould Stewart - User experience masterAt Facebook (and previously at YouTube), Margaret Gould Stewart designs experiences that touch the lives of a large percentage of the world's population.
Why you should listen
Margaret Gould Stewart has spent her career asking, “How do we design user experiences that change the world in fundamental ways?” It's a powerful question that has led her to manage user experiences for six of the ten most visited websites in the world, including Facebook, where she serves as Director of Product Design.
Before joining Facebook, Margaret managed the User Experience Team for YouTube, where she oversaw the largest redesign in the company's history, including the YouTube player page. She came to YouTube after two years leading Search and Consumer Products UX at Google. She approaches her work with a combined appreciation for timeless great design and transient digital technologies, and always with the end goal of improving people's lives. As she says: "Design is creativity in service of others."
Margaret Gould Stewart | Speaker | TED.com