TEDSalon London 2010
Thomas Thwaites: How I built a toaster -- from scratch
Thomas Thwaites: Ako som vyrábal hriankovač -- od nuly
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Na výrobu hriankovača potrebujete celú civilizáciu. Dizajnér Thomas Thwaites to zistil na vlastnej koži, keď sa pokúšal vyrobiť hriankovač od začiatku: doloval rudu na oceľ, získaval plast z ropy ... je vskutku ohromujúce, že sa dostal tak ďaleko, ako sa dostal. Krásne podobenstvo našej vzájomne prepojenej spoločnosti, tak pre dizajnérov ako aj spotrebiteľov.
Thomas Thwaites - Designer
Thomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says. Full bio
Thomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
If we look around us,
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Ak sa rozhliadneme,
00:18
much of what surrounds us
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väčšina toho, čo nás obklopuje,
00:20
started life as various rocks and sludge
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začalo svoj život ako rôzne skaly a usadeniny
00:23
buried in the ground in various places in the world.
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pochované hlboko v zemi na rôznych miestach sveta.
00:27
But, of course, they don't look like rocks and sludge now.
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Prirodzene ale, dnes už nevyzerajú ako skaly a usadeniny;
00:29
They look like TV cameras, monitors,
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vyzerajú ako kamery, monitory,
00:32
annoying radio mics.
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otravné bezdrôtové mikrofóny.
00:34
And so this magical transformation
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A práve táto magická premena je to,
00:36
is what I was trying to get at with my project,
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na čo som sa snažil zamerať vo svojom projekte,
00:39
which became known as the Toaster Project.
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ktorý je známy ako Projekt Hriankovač.
00:41
And it was also inspired by this quote
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Bol inšpirovaný aj týmto výrokom
00:43
from Douglas Adams,
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od Douglasa Adamsa.
00:45
and the situation is from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
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Je to scéna zo "Stopárovho sprievodcu galaxiou".
00:48
And the situation it describes
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Táto situácia opisuje
00:50
is the hero of the book -- he's a 20th-century man --
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ako sa hrdina knihy -- muž z 20. storočia --
00:53
finds himself alone on a strange planet
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ocitne sám na neznámej planéte
00:56
populated only by a technologically primitive people.
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obývanej iba technologicky primitívnymi ľuďmi.
00:59
And he kind of assumes that, yes,
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A tak akosi predpokladá, áno,
01:01
he'll become -- these villagers --
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že sa stane -- pre týchto vidiečanov --
01:03
he'll become their emperor
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že sa stane ich vládcom
01:05
and transform their society
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a pretvorí ich spoločnosť
01:07
with his wonderful command of technology
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svojou úžasnou vládou technológie,
01:09
and science and the elements,
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vedy a prvkov,
01:11
but, of course, realizes
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ale, samozrejme, si uvedomí,
01:13
that without the rest of human society,
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že bez zvyšku ľudskej spoločnosti
01:15
he can barely make a sandwich,
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si ledva dokáže spraviť sendvič,
01:18
let alone a toaster.
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nie to ešte hriankovač.
01:20
But he didn't have Wikipedia.
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Ale on nemal Wikipediu.
01:22
So I thought, okay,
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Tak som si povedal, áno,
01:24
I'll try and make an electric toaster from scratch.
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pokúsim sa vyrobiť elektrický hriankovač od nuly.
01:26
And, working on the idea
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A tak, vychádzajúc z predpokladu,
01:28
that the cheapest electric toaster
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že najlacnejší elektrický hriankovač
01:30
would also be the simplest to reverse-engineer,
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bude aj najjednoduchšie znovu zostrojiť,
01:32
I went and bought the cheapest toaster I could find,
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som išiel a kúpil najlacnejší hriankovač, aký som našiel,
01:35
took it home
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vzal ho domov
01:37
and was kind of dismayed to discover
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a bol som mierne zdesený zistením,
01:39
that, inside this object,
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že vo vnútri tohto objektu,
01:41
which I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds,
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ktorý som kúpil len za 3 libry 94,
01:44
there were 400 different bits
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sa nachádza 400 rôznych častí,
01:47
made out of a hundred-plus different materials.
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vyrobených z niečo vyše 100 rôznych materiálov.
01:51
I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.
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Nemal som na tento projekt zvyšok svojho života;
01:54
I had maybe nine months.
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mal som možno tak 9 mesiacov.
01:56
So I thought, okay, I'll start with five.
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Tak som si povedal, dobre, začnem s piatimi.
01:58
And these were steel, mica,
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A to boli oceľ, sľuda,
02:00
plastic, copper and nickel.
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plast, meď a nikel.
02:03
So, starting with steel: how do you make steel?
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Takže, začínajúc s oceľou: ako vyrobíte oceľ?
02:06
I went and knocked on the door
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A tak som zaklopal na dvere
02:08
of the Rio Tinto Chair
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predsedu spoločnosti Rio Tinto
02:10
of Advanced Mineral Extraction at the Royal School of Mines
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v oblasti Pokročilej ťažby minerálov na Kráľovskej baníckej škole
02:13
and said, "How do you make steel?"
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a spýtal sa: "Ako sa vyrába oceľ?"
02:15
And Professor Cilliers was very kind
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A profesor Cilliers bol taký milý,
02:17
and talked me through it.
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že mi vysvetlil celý proces.
02:19
And my vague rememberings from GCSE science --
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A moje matné spomienky z maturity z prírodných vied --
02:22
well, steel comes from iron,
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oceľ sa vyrába zo železa,
02:24
so I phoned up an iron mine.
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a tak som zavolal do železnej bane.
02:27
And said, "Hi, I'm trying to make a toaster.
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Povedal som: "Dobrý deň, snažím sa vyrobiť hriankovač.
02:29
Can I come up and get some iron?"
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Mohol by som si prísť zobrať nejaké železo?"
02:33
Unfortunately, when I got there -- emerges Ray.
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Nanešťastie však, keď som tam dorazil -- objavil sa Ray.
02:36
He had misheard me
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Zle mi rozumel
02:38
and thought I was coming up because I was trying to make a poster,
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a myslel si, že som prišiel, lebo som chcel vyrobiť plagát (poster)
02:41
and so wasn't prepared to take me into the mines.
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a teda nebol pripravený zobrať ma do baní.
02:44
But after some nagging, I got him to do that.
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Po troche naliehania sa mi ho podarilo presvedčiť.
02:46
(Video) Ray: It was Crease Limestone,
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(Video) Ray: To bol zvrásnený vápenec.
02:50
and that was produced
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Vyprodukovali ho
02:52
by sea creatures
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morské živočíchy
02:55
350 million years ago
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pred 350 miliónmi rokov
02:58
in a nice, warm,
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v príjemnej, teplej,
03:00
sunny atmosphere.
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slnečnej atmosfére.
03:02
When you study geology,
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Ak študujete geológiu,
03:04
you can see what's happened in the past,
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môžete vidieť, čo sa dialo v minulosti.
03:07
and there were terrific changes in the earth.
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A boli to obrovské zmeny.
03:16
Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, they had the Christmas decorations up.
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Thomas Thwaites: Ako vidíte, mali rozloženú vianočnú výzdobu.
03:20
And of course, it wasn't actually a working mine anymore,
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Už to, samozrejme, nebola fungujúca baňa,
03:23
because, though Ray was a miner there,
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pretože, aj keď Ray tam robil baníka,
03:26
the mine had closed
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baňu zatvorili
03:28
and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction,
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a neskôr znova otvorili ako turistickú atrakciu,
03:31
because, of course, it can't compete
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pretože, prirodzene, už nemohla konkurovať
03:33
on the scale of operations which are happening
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veľkosti projektov, aké sa dnes realizujú
03:36
in South America, Australia, wherever.
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v Južnej Amerike, Austrálii, hocikde.
03:39
But anyway, I got my suitcase of iron ore
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Tak či tak, získal som svoj kufor železnej rudy
03:42
and dragged it back to London on the train,
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a dotiahol ho vlakom naspäť do Londýna
03:44
and then was faced with the problem:
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a potom nastal problém:
03:46
Okay, how do you make this rock
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Dobre, ako prerobíte túto skalu
03:48
into components for a toaster?
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na súčiastky do hriankovača?
03:50
So I went back to Professor Cilliers,
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Tak som sa vrátil za profesorom Cilliersom
03:52
and he said, "Go to the library."
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a on mi povedal: "Choďte do knižnice."
03:54
So I did
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A tak som išiel
03:56
and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy --
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a prezeral som vysokoškolské učebnice metalurgie --
03:59
completely useless for what I was trying to do.
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úplne nepoužiteľné na to, čo som robil ja.
04:02
Because, of course, they don't actually tell you how to do it
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Pretože, prirodzene, vám vlastne nepovedia, ako to urobiť,
04:05
if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelting plant.
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ak to chcete spraviť sami a nemáte pec na tavenie kovov.
04:08
So I ended up going to the History of Science Library
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Tak som nakoniec skončil v Historickej vedeckej knižnici
04:10
and looking at this book.
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čítajúc túto knihu.
04:12
This is the first textbook on metallurgy
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Toto je prvá učebnica metalurgie,
04:14
written in the West, at least.
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teda aspoň v západnom svete.
04:16
And there you can see that woodcut
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A ten drevoryt, ktorý vidíte,
04:18
is basically what I ended up doing.
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predstavuje to, čo som nakoniec robil.
04:20
But instead of a bellows, I had a leaf blower.
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Ale namiesto mechov som mal odfukovač lístia.
04:23
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:25
And that was something that reoccurred throughout the project,
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A to bolo niečo, čo sa počas toho projektu objavovalo znova a znova,
04:28
was, the smaller the scale you want to work on,
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a síce že v čím menšej škále chcete pracovať,
04:30
the further back in time you have to go.
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tým viac do minulosti musíte ísť.
04:33
And so this is after
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A toto je výsledok
04:35
a day and about half a night
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po asi dni a asi polovici noci
04:37
smelting this iron.
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tavenia tej železnej rudy.
04:39
I dragged out this stuff,
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Vytiahol som tú hmotu,
04:41
and it wasn't iron.
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ale nebolo to železo.
04:43
But luckily,
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Ale našťastie
04:45
I found a patent online
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som na internete našiel patent
04:47
for industrial furnaces that use microwaves,
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na priemyselné pece používajúce mikrovlny.
04:50
and at 30 minutes at full power,
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A pomocou 30 minút na plnom výkone
04:52
and I was able to finish off the process.
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som dokázal ten proces dokončiť.
04:57
So, my next --
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Takže, môj ďalší --
04:59
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
05:03
The next thing I was trying to get was copper.
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Ďalšia vec, ktorú som sa pokúsil získať, bola meď.
05:06
Again, this mine
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Opäť, táto baňa
05:09
was once the largest copper mine in the world.
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bola kedysi najväčšou medenou baňou na svete.
05:11
It's not anymore,
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Už to síce neplatí,
05:13
but I found a retired geology professor
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ale našiel som profesora geológie na dôchodku,
05:15
to take me down,
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ktorý ma zobral dole.
05:17
and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."
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A povedal mi: "Dobre, nechám vás odniesť si trochu vody z bane."
05:20
And the reason I was interested in getting water
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A dôvod, prečo som sa snažil získať vodu je ten,
05:23
is because water which goes through mines
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že voda tečúca cez bane
05:25
becomes kind of acidic
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sa postupne stáva kyslou
05:27
and will start picking up,
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a začne do seba naberať,
05:29
dissolving the minerals from the mine.
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rozpúšťať minerály z bane.
05:31
And a good example of this is the Rio Tinto,
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A výborným príkladom toho je rieka Rio Tinto,
05:34
which is in Portugal.
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ktorá sa nachádza v Portugalsku.
05:36
As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it.
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Ako vidíte, má v sebe rozpustených veľa, veľa minerálov.
05:39
So many such
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Vlastne tak veľa,
05:41
that it's now just a home for bacteria
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že dnes je domovom iba pre baktérie,
05:44
who really like acidic, toxic conditions.
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ktoré obľubujú kyslé, toxické podmienky.
05:47
But anyway, the water I dragged back
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Tak či onak, voda, ktorú som dotiahol
05:49
from the Isle of Anglesey where the mine was --
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z ostrova Anglesey, kde bola tá baňa --
05:51
there was enough copper in it
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bolo v nej dostatok medi,
05:53
such that I could cast the pins
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aby som dokázal odliať kolíčky
05:55
of my metal electric plug.
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mojej kovovej elektrickej zástrčky.
05:57
So my next thing: I was off to Scotland
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Takže ďalšia vec: vyrazil som do Škótska,
06:00
to get mica.
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získať sľudu.
06:03
And mica is a mineral
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Sľuda je minerál,
06:06
which is a very good insulator
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ktorý je veľmi dobrým izolantom
06:09
and very good at insulating electricity.
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a veľmi dobrým v izolovaní od elektriky.
06:12
That's me getting mica.
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To som ja, ako získavam sľudu.
06:15
And the last material I'm going to talk about today is plastic,
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A posledný materiál, o ktorom tu dnes budem rozprávať je plast.
06:18
and, of course,
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A samozrejme,
06:20
my toaster had to have a plastic case.
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môj hriankovač musel mať plastový kryt.
06:22
Plastic is the defining feature
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Plast je charakteristickou črtou
06:24
of cheap electrical goods.
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lacných elektrických spotrebičov.
06:26
And so plastic comes from oil, so I phoned up BP
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A keďže plast sa získava z ropy, zavolal som do BP
06:29
and spent a good half an hour
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a strávil dobrú pol hodinu snažiac sa
06:31
trying to convince the PR office at BP
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presvedčiť oddelenie styku s verejnosťou v BP,
06:33
that it would be fantastic for them
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že by pre nich bolo fantastické,
06:35
if they flew me to an oil rig
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keby ma poslali na ropnú plošinu
06:37
and let me have a jug of oil.
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a nechali ma odniesť krčah ropy.
06:39
BP obviously has a bit more on their mind now.
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BP má očividne teraz na práci iné veci.
06:43
But even then
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Ale ani vtedy
06:45
they weren't convinced
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neboli presvedčení
06:47
and said, "Okay, we'll phone you back" -- never did.
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a povedali: "Dobre, zavoláme vám späť." -- nikdy to neurobili.
06:50
So I looked at other ways of making plastic.
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Tak som sa pozrel na iné spôsoby výroby plastu.
06:53
And you can actually make plastic
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Plast sa vlastne dá vyrobiť
06:55
from obviously oils which come from plants, but also from starches.
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zjavne z ropy, ktorá je z rastlín, ale tak isto aj zo škrobu.
06:58
So this is attempting to make
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Takže toto je pokus vyrobiť
07:00
potato starch plastic.
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plast zo zemiakového škrobu.
07:02
And for a while that was looking really good.
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A chvíľu to vyzeralo naozaj sľubne.
07:04
I poured it into the mold, which you can see there,
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Nalial som to do formy, môžete ju tam vidieť,
07:06
which I've made from a tree trunk.
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ktorú som vyrobil z kmeňa stromu.
07:08
And it was looking good for a while,
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Chvíľu to vyzeralo veľmi dobre,
07:10
but I left it outside, because you had to leave it outside to dry,
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ale nechal som to vonku, pretože to musí vyschnúť,
07:13
and unfortunately I came back
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a nanešťastie, keď som sa vrátil
07:15
and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato.
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našiel som slimáky požierajúce nehydrolyzované kúsky zemiakov.
07:19
So kind of out of desperation,
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Takže v podstate zo zúfalstva
07:22
I decided that I could think laterally.
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som sa rozhodol problém obísť.
07:25
And geologists have actually christened --
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Geológovia vlastne pomenovali --
07:27
well, they're debating whether to christen --
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alebo teda diskutujú, či pomenovať --
07:29
the age that we're living in --
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vek, v ktorom žijeme --
07:31
they're debating whether to make it a new geological epoch
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diskutujú, či to vyhlásiť za novú geologickú epochu
07:34
called the Anthropocene, the age of Man.
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nazvanú antropocén, vek Človeka.
07:37
And that's because geologists of the future
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A to preto, že geológovia budúcnosti
07:39
would kind of see a sharp shift
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uvidia celkom prudkú zmenu
07:41
in the strata of rock that is being laid down now.
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vo vrstve hornín, ktorá sa usadzuje teraz.
07:43
So suddenly, it will become kind of radioactive from Chernobyl
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Odrazu začne byť tak trochu rádioaktívna z Černobyľu
07:46
and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs
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a tých zhruba 2 000 nukleárnych bômb,
07:48
that have been set off since 1945.
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ktoré sme odpálili od roku 1945.
07:52
And there'd also be an extinction event --
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A tak isto sa objaví aj príznak vyhynutia --
07:55
like fossils would suddenly disappear.
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napríklad skameneliny odrazu vymiznú.
07:58
And also, I thought
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A taktiež, povedal som si,
08:00
that there would be
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tam budú uložené
08:02
synthetic polymers,
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syntetické polyméry,
08:04
plastics, embedded in the rock.
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plasty, zapustené v skale.
08:06
So I looked up a plastic --
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A tak som vyhľadal plastové --
08:08
so I decided that I could mine
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tak som sa rozhodol, že si môžem vyťažiť
08:10
some of this modern-day rock.
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trochu týchto súčasných hornín.
08:12
And I went up to Manchester
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Išiel som teda do Manchestru,
08:14
to visit a place called Axion Recycling.
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aby som navštívil miesto nazývané Axion Recycling.
08:17
And they're at the sharp end of what's called the WEEE,
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Oni sú na úplnej špičke niečoho, čo sa volá WEEE,
08:20
which is this European electrical and electronic waste directive.
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to znamená Európska direktíva elektrického a elektronického odpadu.
08:25
And that was brought into force
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Boli ustanovení a vytvorení na to,
08:27
to try and deal with the mountain of stuff
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aby sa pokúsili vysporiadať s tou hromadou vecí,
08:30
that is just being made
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ktoré sú vyrábené,
08:33
and then living for a while in our homes
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potom žijú chvíľu v našich domovoch
08:35
and then going to landfill.
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a nakoniec idú na skládku.
08:37
But this is it.
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A toto je ono.
08:46
(Music)
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(Hudba)
09:47
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
09:49
So there's a picture
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Tak toto je fotka
09:51
of my toaster.
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môjho hriankovača.
09:53
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
09:57
That's it without the case on.
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A takto vyzerá bez krytu.
10:00
And there it is on the shelves.
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A takto vyzerá na polici.
10:03
Thanks.
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Ďakujem.
10:05
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
10:09
Bruno Giussani: I'm told you did plug it in once.
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Bruno Giussani: Dozvedel som sa, že raz si ho aj zapojil.
10:11
TT: Yeah, I did plug it in.
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TT: Áno, pripojil som ho do siete.
10:13
I don't know if you could see,
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Neviem, či to bolo vidieť,
10:15
but I was never able to make insulation for the wires.
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ale nebol som schopný vytvoriť izoláciu na drôty.
10:18
Kew Gardens were insistent
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Kráľovské botanické záhrady v Kew
10:20
that I couldn't come and hack into their rubber tree.
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trvali na tom, že nesmiem prísť a sekať do ich kaučukovníka.
10:23
So the wires were uninsulated.
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Takže tie drôty zostali neizolované.
10:25
So there was 240 volts
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A 240 voltov teda prechádzalo
10:27
going through these homemade copper wires,
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cez tieto doma vyrobené medené drôty,
10:29
homemade plug.
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cez doma vyrobenú zástrčku.
10:31
And for about five seconds,
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A asi 5 sekúnd
10:33
the toaster toasted,
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ten hriankovač fungoval,
10:35
but then, unfortunately,
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ale potom, nanešťastie,
10:37
the element kind of melted itself.
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sa výhrevné teleso samo roztavilo.
10:40
But I considered it a partial success, to be honest.
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Ale považoval som to za čiastočný úspech, ak mám byť úprimný.
10:43
BG: Thomas Thwaites. TT: Thanks.
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BG: Thomas Thwaites. (TT: Ďakujem.)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Thomas Thwaites - DesignerThomas Thwaites is a designer "of a more speculative sort," he says.
Why you should listen
Thomas Thwaites calls himself "a designer (of a more speculative sort)." His thoughtful projects look deeply at the science behind technology, as in the Toaster Project, which sent spiralling him into the history and techniques of metallurgy and plastics production, and Policing Genes, a thought experiment around amateur genetics. We will not mention Honeytrap, an attempt to explore modern criminality through a bicycle theft gone horribly wrong. He's currently working on a project investigating counterfactual histories in science, supported by the Wellcome Trust.
Thomas Thwaites | Speaker | TED.com