TED2013
Edith Widder: How we found the giant squid
Edith Widder: Ako sme našli kalmára obrovského
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Ľudstvo hľadalo kalmára obrovského (Architeuthis) odkedy sme prvýkrát začali fotiť pod vodou. Ale tento unikajúci hlbokomorský predátor nebol nikdy zachytený na videu. Oceánografka a vynálezkyňa Edith Widder sa delí o svoj kľúčový náhľad -- a tímového ducha -- ktorý pomohli zachytiť tohto kalmára na video po prvýkrát.
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The Kraken, a beast so terrifying
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Kraken, príšera tak strašná
00:19
it was said to devour men and ships and whales,
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vravelo sa, že zožerie ľudí a lode a veľryby,
00:23
and so enormous it could be mistaken for an island.
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a tak obrovská, že si ju možno pomýliť s ostrovom.
00:26
In assessing the merits of such tales,
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Pri posudzovaní kvality týchto príbehov,
00:29
it's probably wise to keep in mind that old sailor's saw
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je asi múdre pamätať, že starí namorníci
00:32
that the only difference between a fairytale and a sea story
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považovali za jediný rozdiel medzi rozprávkou a námorníckou historkou
00:35
is a fairytale begins, "Once upon a time,"
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to že, rozprávka začína, "Kde bolo tam bolo,"
00:38
and a sea story begins, "This ain't no shit." (Laughter)
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a námornícka historka začína, "Toto fakt neodrbávam." (Smiech)
00:43
Every fish that gets away
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Každá ryba, ktorá ujde
00:45
grows with every telling of the tale.
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narastie s každým rozprávaním historky.
00:47
Nevertheless, there are giants in the ocean,
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Avšak, v oceánoch sú obry,
00:49
and we now have video proof,
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a teraz máme video záznam,
00:52
as those of you that saw the Discovery Channel documentary are no doubt aware.
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tí z Vás, ktorí videli dokument na Discovery Channel o ňom určite viete.
00:56
I was one of the three scientists on this expedition
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Bola som jednou z troch vedcov na tejto expedícii
00:59
that took place last summer off Japan.
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ktorá sa odohrala minulé leto pri Japonsku.
01:01
I'm the short one.
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Ja som tá nízka.
01:03
The other two are Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
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Ďalší dvaja sú Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera a Dr. Steve O'Shea.
01:08
I owe my participation in this now-historic event
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Za svoju účasť na tomto teraz historickom podujatí vďačím
01:11
to TED.
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TEDu.
01:13
In 2010, there was a TED event called Mission Blue
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V roku 2010 bolo TED podujatie nazvané Mission Blue
01:16
held aboard the Lindblad Explorer in the Galapagos
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vedené na palube Lindblad Explorer v Galapágoch
01:19
as part of the fulfillment of Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
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ako časť splnenia TED priania Sylvie Earleovej.
01:23
I spoke about a new way of exploring the ocean,
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Hovorila som o novej možnosti skúmania oceánov,
01:25
one that focuses on attracting animals instead of scaring them away.
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ktorá sa sústreďuje na priťahovanie zvierat namiesto ich strašenia.
01:30
Mike deGruy was also invited,
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Mike deGruy bol tiež pozvaný,
01:32
and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean,
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a rozprával s veľkým zanietením o jeho láske k oceánu,
01:36
and he also talked to me about applying my approach
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a tiež sa rozprával so mnou o používaní môjho prístupu
01:38
to something he's been involved with for a very long time,
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na niečo s čím sa zaoberal veľmi dlhú dobu,
01:41
which is the hunt for the giant squid.
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čím je lov na kalmára obrovského.
01:44
It was Mike that got me invited to the squid summit,
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Bol to Mike, kto ma pozval na kalmársky summit,
01:48
a gathering of squid experts at the Discovery Channel
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stretnutie expertov na kalmáre na Discovery Channel
01:52
that summer during Shark Week. (Laughter)
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to leto počas Žraločieho týždňa. (Smiech)
01:57
I gave a talk on unobtrusive viewing
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Dala som prednášku na tému nevtieravé pozorovanie
02:00
and optical luring of deep sea squid
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a optické vábenie hlbokomorského kalmára
02:02
in which I emphasized the importance
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v ktorej som zvýraznila dôležitosť
02:04
of using quiet, unobtrusive platforms for exploration.
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použitia tichej, nevtieravej platformy pre prieskum.
02:09
This came out of hundreds of dives I have made,
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Toto sme získali zo stoviek ponorov, ktoré som spravila počas
02:12
farting around in the dark
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potulovania sa v tme
02:14
using these platforms,
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a používania týchto platforiem,
02:17
and my impression that I saw more animals
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a podľa mňa som videla viac zvierat
02:21
working from the submersible
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pracujúc z ponorky
02:23
than I did with either of the remote-operated vehicles.
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ako som videla z ktorýchkoľvek diaľkovo riadených plavidiel.
02:25
But that could just be because the submersible has a wider field of view.
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Ale to môže byť len preto, že ponorka má širšie zorné pole.
02:29
But I also felt like I saw more animals
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Ale tiež som cítila, že som videla viac zvierat
02:30
working with the Tiburon than the Ventana,
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pracujúc s Tiburonom ako s Ventanou,
02:32
two vehicles with the same field of view
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dvoma plavidlami s rovnakým zorným poľom
02:35
but different propulsion systems.
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ale rozličným pohonným systémom.
02:37
So my suspicion was that it might have something to do with the amount of noise they make.
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Moje podozrenie bolo, že to môže mať niečo spoločné s množstvom hluku, ktorý vytvárajú.
02:41
So I set up a hydrophone on the bottom of the ocean,
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A tak som dala mikrofón na dno oceánu,
02:43
and I had each of these fly by at the same speed and distance
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a nechala obe plavidlá prejsť okolo v rovnakej rýchlosti a vzdialenosti
02:46
and recorded the sound they made.
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a zaznamenala zvuk, ktorý vydávajú.
02:48
The Johnson Sea-Link -- (whirring noise) --
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Johnson Sea-Link -- (bzučivý zvuk) --
02:50
which you can probably just barely hear here,
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ktorý tu pravdepodobne ledva počujete,
02:53
uses electric thrusters -- very, very quiet.
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používa elektronické trysky -- veľmi, veľmi tiché.
02:56
The Tiburon also uses electric powered thrusters.
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Tiburon tiež používa elektronicky poháňané trysky.
03:00
It's also pretty quiet, but a bit noisier. (Louder whirring noise)
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Je tiež celkom tichý, ale o niečo hlasnejší. (Hlasnejší bzučivý zvuk)
03:05
But most deep-diving ROVs these days use hydraulics
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Ale väčšina hlboko-ponorných ROV dnes používajú hydrauliku
03:08
and they sound like the Ventana. (Loud beeping noise)
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a znejú ako Ventana. (Hlasný pípajúci zvuk)
03:11
I think that's got to be scaring a lot of animals away.
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Myslím, že to musí odstrašiť mnoho zvierat.
03:15
So for the deep sea squid hunt,
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Tak na hlboko morský lov na kalmára,
03:17
I proposed using an optical lure
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som navrhla použitie optickej návnady
03:19
attached to a camera platform
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pripevnenej k plošine s kamerou
03:22
with no thrusters, no motors,
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so žiadnymi tryskami, žiadnymi motormi,
03:26
just a battery-powered camera,
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len batériou napájaná kamera,
03:29
and the only illumination coming from red light
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a jediné osvetlenie z červeného svetla
03:32
that's invisible to most deep-sea animals
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ktoré je neviditeľné pre väčšinu hlboko-morských zvierat
03:34
that are adapted to see primarily blue.
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ktoré sa prispôsobili na videnie hlavne modrej.
03:37
That's visible to our eye,
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Je to viditeľné pre nás,
03:38
but it's the equivalent of infrared in the deep sea.
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ale je porovnateľné k infračervenému hlboko pod vodou.
03:42
So this camera platform, which we called the Medusa,
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Tak táto kamerová platforma, ktorú sme nazvali Medusa,
03:45
could just be thrown off the back of the ship,
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mohla byť vyhodená zo zadu z lode,
03:47
attached to a float at the surface with over 2,000 feet of line,
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pripojená k plaváku na hladine s viac ako 600 metrov lana,
03:52
it would just float around passively carried by the currents,
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len by sa pasívne vznášala, unášaná prúdmi,
03:56
and the only light visible to the animals in the deep
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a jediné svetlo viditeľné pre zvieratá v hlbočine
04:01
would be the blue light of the optical lure,
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by bolo modré svetielko optickej návnady,
04:05
which we called the electronic jellyfish, or e-jelly,
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ktorú sme volali elektronická medúza, alebo e-jelly,
04:09
because it was designed to imitate
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pretože bola vyvinutá na imitovanie
04:11
the bioluminescent display
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bioluminiscenčné predstavenie
04:14
of the common deep sea jellyfish Atolla.
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bežnej hlboko-morskej medúzy Atolla.
04:17
Now, this pinwheel of light that the Atolla produces
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Tak, toto koliesko svetla, ktoré Atolla produkuje
04:21
is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm
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je známe ako bioluminiscenčný alarm proti zlodejom
04:24
and is a form of defense.
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a je druhom obrany.
04:26
The reason that the electronic jellyfish worked as a lure
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Dôvod prečo elektronická medúza funguje ako lákadlo
04:29
is not because giant squid eat jellyfish,
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nie je lebo kalmár obrovský žerie medúzy,
04:32
but it's because this jellyfish only resorts to producing this light
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ale pretože medúza produkuje toto svetlo len v prípade
04:36
when it's being chewed on by a predator
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keď je žraná predátorom
04:39
and its only hope for escape
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a jej jediná nádej na útek
04:41
may be to attract the attention of a larger predator
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je získať pozornosť väčšieho predátora
04:44
that will attack its attacker
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ktorý zaútočí na jeho útočníka
04:46
and thereby afford it an opportunity for escape.
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čím získa možnosť na útek.
04:49
It's a scream for help, a last-ditch attempt for escape,
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Je to výkrik pre pomoc, posledný pokus o útek,
04:53
and a common form of defense in the deep sea.
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a zvyčajná forma obrany v morskej hĺbke.
04:56
The approach worked.
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Tento prístup fungoval.
04:58
Whereas all previous expeditions had failed to garner
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Zatiaľ čo všetky predošlé expedície zlyhali v pokuse získať
05:02
a single video glimpse of the giant,
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jediný video záznam tohto obra,
05:04
we managed six, and the first triggered wild excitement.
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nám sa podarilo získať šesť a hneď prvé vyvolalo obrovské nadšenie.
05:09
Edith Widder (on video): Oh my God. Oh my God! Are you kidding me?Other scientists: Oh ho ho! That's just hanging there.
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Edith Widder (na videu): O môj Bože. O môj Bože! Robíš si srandu? Ďalší vedci: Oh ho ho! Len sa tam vznáša.
05:22
EW: It was like it was teasing us, doing a kind of fan dance --
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EW: Bolo to ako keby nás provokoval, robil taký tanec pre fanušíkov --
05:25
now you see me, now you don't --
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teraz ma vidíš, teraz nie --
05:27
and we had four such teasing appearances,
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a mali sme štyri takéto provokatívne zjavenia,
05:30
and then on the fifth, it came in and totally wowed us.
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a potom na piate, prišiel a úplne nás ohromil.
05:36
(Music) Narrator: (Speaking in Japanese)
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(Hudba) Rozprávač: (Rozprávajúci po japonsky)
05:40
Scientists: Ooh. Bang! Oh my God! Whoa!
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Vedci: Ooh. Bang! O môj Bože! Whoa!
05:52
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
05:55
EW: The full monty.
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EW: V plnej kráse.
06:00
What really wowed me about that
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Čo ma naozaj ohromilo o tomto
06:01
was the way it came in up over the e-jelly
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bol spôsob akým prišiel ponad e-jelly
06:03
and then attacked the enormous thing next to it,
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a potom zaútočil na tú obrovskú vec vedľa,
06:05
which I think it mistook for the predator on the e-jelly.
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ktorú si podľa mňa pomýlil s útočníkom na e-jelly.
06:09
But even more incredible was the footage shot
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Ale ešte ohromujúcejší bol záznam zachytený
06:11
from the Triton submersible.
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ponorkou Triton.
06:14
What was not mentioned in the Discovery documentary
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Čo nespomenuli v dokumente na Discovery
06:17
was that the bait squid that Dr. Kubodera used,
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bolo že kalmár ktorého Dr. Kubodera použil ako návnadu,
06:20
a one-meter long diamondback squid
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meter dlhý kalmár kosoštvorcový
06:24
had a light attached to it, a squid jig
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mal na sebe pripojené svetlo, "squid jig"
06:26
of the type that longline fishermen use,
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typ ktorý používajú rybári s dlhými vlascami,
06:29
and I think it was this light
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a myslím, že to bolo toto svetlo
06:31
that brought the giant in.
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ktoré priviedlo obra.
06:33
Now, what you're seeing
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Teraz, to čo vidíte
06:35
is the intensified camera's view under red light,
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je zvýraznený pohľad kamery spod červeného svetla,
06:40
and that's all Dr. Kubodera could see when the giant comes in here.
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a to je všetko čo Dr. Kubodera mohol vidieť keď obor prišiel sem.
06:44
And then he got so excited,
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A potom bol taký nadšený,
06:47
he turned on his flashlight because he wanted to see better,
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že zapol baterku pretože chcel lepšie vidieť,
06:50
and the giant didn't run away,
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a ten obor neušiel,
06:52
so he risked turning on the white lights on the submersible,
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a tak riskoval zapnutie bielych svetiel na ponorke,
06:55
bringing a creature of legend
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prinášajúc legendárneho tvora
06:58
from the misty history into high-resolution video.
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zo zahmlenej histórie na video s vysokým rozlíšením.
07:03
It was absolutely breathtaking,
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Bolo to absolútne dych berúce,
07:06
and had this animal had its feeding tentacles intact
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a ak by toto zviera malo svoje chápadlá na kŕmenie neporušné
07:09
and fully extended,
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a plne natiahnuté,
07:11
it would have been as tall as a two-story house.
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bolo by tak dlhé ako dvojposchodový dom.
07:14
How could something that big
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Ako mohlo niečo tak veľké
07:17
live in our ocean and yet remain unfilmed until now?
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žiť v našich oceánoch a ostať nenafilmované až doteraz?
07:21
We've only explored about five percent of our ocean.
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Preskúmali sme len okolo päť percent našich oceánov.
07:25
There are great discoveries yet to be made down there,
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Tam dolu na nás ešte čakajú veľké objavy,
07:28
fantastic creatures representing millions of years of evolution
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fantastické tvory reprezentujúce milióny rokov evolúcie
07:33
and possibly bioactive compounds
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a pravdepodobne bioaktívne zlúčeniny
07:35
that could benefit us in ways that we can't even yet imagine.
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ktoré by nám mohli pomôcť v spôsoboch, aké si nevieme ani predstaviť.
07:38
Yet we have spent only a tiny fraction
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Ale zatiaľ sme použili len zlomok
07:42
of the money on ocean exploration
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peňazí na výskum oceánov
07:45
that we've spent on space exploration.
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z toho čo sme použili na výskum vesmíru.
07:47
We need a NASA-like organization for ocean exploration,
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Potrebujeme organizáciu ako NASA pre výskum oceánov,
07:51
because we need to be exploring and protecting
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pretože potrebujeme skúmať a ochraňovať
07:54
our life support systems here on Earth.
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naše život podporujúce systémy tu na Zemi.
07:56
We need — thank you. (Applause)
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Potrebujeme -- ďakujem. (Potlesk)
08:03
Exploration is the engine that drives innovation.
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Prieskum je motorom, ktorý poháňa inováciu.
08:05
Innovation drives economic growth.
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Inovácia ženie ekonomický nárast.
08:08
So let's all go exploring,
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Tak poďme všetci na prieskum,
08:10
but let's do it in a way that doesn't scare the animals away,
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ale robme ho spôsobom, ktorý neodstrašuje zvieratá,
08:13
or, as Mike deGruy once said,
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alebo, ako Mike deGruy raz povedal,
08:15
"If you want to get away from it all
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"Ak chcete od toho všetkého ujsť
08:17
and see something you've never seen,
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a vidieť niečo, čo ste nikdy nevideli,
08:19
or have an excellent chance of seeing something that no one's ever seen,
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alebo chcete super šancu vidieť niečo, čo nikto nikdy nevidel,
08:22
get in a sub."
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nastúpte do ponorky."
08:24
He should have been with us for this adventure.
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Mal byť s nami na tomto dobrodružstve.
08:26
We miss him.
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Chýba nám.
08:28
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com