TED2013
Edith Widder: How we found the giant squid
伊迪斯威德：我們如何找到巨型烏賊
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自從人類開始在水底拍照就不停在尋找巨型烏賊 (Architeuthis)。但是這難以捉摸的深海捕食者從沒被拍到過。伊迪斯威德，海洋學家、發明家，與我們分享人類史上第一次成功捕捉巨型烏賊影像背後的成功關鍵，以及他們的團隊合作。
Edith Widder - Marine biologist
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Edith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
The Kraken, a beast so terrifying
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挪威海怪，一隻如此恐怖的生物
00:19
it was said to devour men and ships and whales,
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據說它會吞食人、船隻和鯨魚
00:23
and so enormous it could be mistaken for an island.
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巨大得足以讓人誤以為是一座島嶼
00:26
In assessing the merits of such tales,
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在判斷這種傳說的真偽時
00:29
it's probably wise to keep in mind that old sailor's saw
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最好謹記老水手所看見的
00:32
that the only difference between a fairytale and a sea story
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童話故事和海洋傳說唯一的區別是
00:35
is a fairytale begins, "Once upon a time,"
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童話故事開頭都是 「很久很久以前」
00:38
and a sea story begins, "This ain't no shit." (Laughter)
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海洋傳說的開頭則是「這可不是開玩笑的」(笑聲)
00:43
Every fish that gets away
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每一條逃脫的魚
00:45
grows with every telling of the tale.
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都會隨著傳說的敘述次數而逐漸變大
00:47
Nevertheless, there are giants in the ocean,
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儘管如此，大海裡仍有巨物
00:49
and we now have video proof,
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如今我們有影片證明
00:52
as those of you that saw the Discovery Channel documentary are no doubt aware.
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在地理探索頻道上看過這紀錄片的你們肯定知道
00:56
I was one of the three scientists on this expedition
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這個去年夏天在日本開始的探險旅程
00:59
that took place last summer off Japan.
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有三位科學家參加
01:01
I'm the short one.
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我是照片中最矮的那位
01:03
The other two are Dr. Tsunemi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
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其他兩位是窪寺恒己博士和史蒂夫歐謝亞博士
01:08
I owe my participation in this now-historic event
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我能參與這項歷史性的事件
01:11
to TED.
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多虧了TED
01:13
In 2010, there was a TED event called Mission Blue
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在2010年，TED舉辦了一場叫做藍色使命的活動
01:16
held aboard the Lindblad Explorer in the Galapagos
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在停靠加拉巴哥群島的林德布拉德探險號舉行
01:19
as part of the fulfillment of Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
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作為達成西維亞艾爾TED願望的一部分
01:23
I spoke about a new way of exploring the ocean,
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我提出探索大海的一個新方法
01:25
one that focuses on attracting animals instead of scaring them away.
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其中一個重點在於吸引動物而非嚇跑牠們
01:30
Mike deGruy was also invited,
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麥克德葛魯也受邀
01:32
and he spoke with great passion about his love of the ocean,
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他激情滿懷地談論他對大海的熱愛
01:36
and he also talked to me about applying my approach
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也跟我談論如何應用我提出的方法
01:38
to something he's been involved with for a very long time,
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到他參與許久了的一個項目
01:41
which is the hunt for the giant squid.
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也就是獵尋巨型烏賊
01:44
It was Mike that got me invited to the squid summit,
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是麥克讓我受邀到烏賊研討會
01:48
a gathering of squid experts at the Discovery Channel
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一個地理探索頻道的烏賊專家聚會
01:52
that summer during Shark Week. (Laughter)
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是夏天鯊魚週其中的一個節目 (笑)
01:57
I gave a talk on unobtrusive viewing
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我發表了一個有關無擾觀察
02:00
and optical luring of deep sea squid
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和用光引誘深海烏賊的演講
02:02
in which I emphasized the importance
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其中我強調了利用
02:04
of using quiet, unobtrusive platforms for exploration.
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無聲、無擾的勘探平台的重要性
02:09
This came out of hundreds of dives I have made,
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這個結論來自我幾百次潛水的經驗
02:12
farting around in the dark
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利用這些平台
02:14
using these platforms,
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在黑暗中四處觀察
02:17
and my impression that I saw more animals
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印象中我從潛水器所看到的動物
02:21
working from the submersible
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比從使用遠程遙控潛水艇
02:23
than I did with either of the remote-operated vehicles.
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更多
02:25
But that could just be because the submersible has a wider field of view.
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但也可能是因為潛水器有較廣的視角
02:29
But I also felt like I saw more animals
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但我也覺得我從堤伯倫看到的動物
02:30
working with the Tiburon than the Ventana,
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比從維塔娜看到的更多
02:32
two vehicles with the same field of view
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這兩台潛水艇的視角一樣
02:35
but different propulsion systems.
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但推進系統不同
02:37
So my suspicion was that it might have something to do with the amount of noise they make.
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所以我懷疑可能跟他們所產生的噪音大小有關
02:41
So I set up a hydrophone on the bottom of the ocean,
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因此我在海底安裝了一個水聽器
02:43
and I had each of these fly by at the same speed and distance
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然後我讓每個潛水艇以同樣速度和距離經過
02:46
and recorded the sound they made.
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並記錄他們產生的聲音
02:48
The Johnson Sea-Link -- (whirring noise) --
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約翰生連海潛水艇的聲音 --（呼呼聲噪音）--
02:50
which you can probably just barely hear here,
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你可能幾乎聽不到
02:53
uses electric thrusters -- very, very quiet.
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它使用電動推進器 -- 非常、 非常的安靜
02:56
The Tiburon also uses electric powered thrusters.
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堤伯倫也使用電動推進器
03:00
It's also pretty quiet, but a bit noisier. (Louder whirring noise)
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也是相當安靜，但噪音稍微大一些 (稍大的呼呼聲噪音)
03:05
But most deep-diving ROVs these days use hydraulics
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但現今能潛到最深的遠程遙控潛水艇大多使用的是水力推進器
03:08
and they sound like the Ventana. (Loud beeping noise)
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它們的聲音跟維塔娜潛水艇一樣（大聲嗶嗶噪音）
03:11
I think that's got to be scaring a lot of animals away.
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我想這樣的話會嚇跑很多動物
03:15
So for the deep sea squid hunt,
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因此針對深海烏賊的獵尋
03:17
I proposed using an optical lure
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我提議使用光誘
03:19
attached to a camera platform
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安裝在一個相機平台
03:22
with no thrusters, no motors,
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不用任何推進器、引擎
03:26
just a battery-powered camera,
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就單純一個利用電池驅動的相機
03:29
and the only illumination coming from red light
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唯一的紅光光源
03:32
that's invisible to most deep-sea animals
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是大部分深海動物所看不見的
03:34
that are adapted to see primarily blue.
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牠們習慣看到的是藍光
03:37
That's visible to our eye,
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我們肉眼所能看見的紅光
03:38
but it's the equivalent of infrared in the deep sea.
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在深海裡等於是紅外線
03:42
So this camera platform, which we called the Medusa,
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這個我們稱為美杜莎的相機平台
03:45
could just be thrown off the back of the ship,
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可以從船尾直接丟入水中
03:47
attached to a float at the surface with over 2,000 feet of line,
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以2千英呎的繩索連接水面上的浮筒
03:52
it would just float around passively carried by the currents,
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它被動地被隨水流漂浮
03:56
and the only light visible to the animals in the deep
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深海動物唯一可見的光源
04:01
would be the blue light of the optical lure,
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將會是光誘的藍光
04:05
which we called the electronic jellyfish, or e-jelly,
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我們稱做「電子水母」的東西
04:09
because it was designed to imitate
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這個設計是模仿
04:11
the bioluminescent display
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常見的深海水母 (Atolla) 的
04:14
of the common deep sea jellyfish Atolla.
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生物發光
04:17
Now, this pinwheel of light that the Atolla produces
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Atolla 水母所發出的這種旋轉光
04:21
is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm
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被視為一種生物警報光
04:24
and is a form of defense.
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也是一種防禦的形式
04:26
The reason that the electronic jellyfish worked as a lure
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電子水母之所以可以當做誘餌
04:29
is not because giant squid eat jellyfish,
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並不是因為巨型烏賊以水母為食
04:32
but it's because this jellyfish only resorts to producing this light
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而是因為這類水母只會在被捕食者咀嚼的時候
04:36
when it's being chewed on by a predator
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才會發出這種光
04:39
and its only hope for escape
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作為他逃生的唯一希望
04:41
may be to attract the attention of a larger predator
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可能可以吸引更大的補食者
04:44
that will attack its attacker
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來攻擊水母的攻擊者
04:46
and thereby afford it an opportunity for escape.
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提供水母一個逃生的機會
04:49
It's a scream for help, a last-ditch attempt for escape,
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是一種救命的吶喊，逃生的最後一搏
04:53
and a common form of defense in the deep sea.
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也是深海中常見的防禦形式
04:56
The approach worked.
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這種方式奏效了
04:58
Whereas all previous expeditions had failed to garner
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當以前所有的探索活動都沒能成功取得
05:02
a single video glimpse of the giant,
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巨型烏賊的任何一個影像資料
05:04
we managed six, and the first triggered wild excitement.
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我們拍到了六個，第一個就讓我們欣喜若狂
05:09
Edith Widder (on video): Oh my God. Oh my God! Are you kidding me?Other scientists: Oh ho ho! That's just hanging there.
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伊迪斯威德 (影片中)：我的天。我的天啊! 你在開玩笑嗎?
其他科學家：哇哈哈! 他就在那裡!
其他科學家：哇哈哈! 他就在那裡!
05:22
EW: It was like it was teasing us, doing a kind of fan dance --
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伊迪斯威德：它好像在戲弄我們，跳一種風扇舞 --
05:25
now you see me, now you don't --
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你現在看得到我， 現在又看不到 --
05:27
and we had four such teasing appearances,
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牠們這樣戲弄了我們四次後
05:30
and then on the fifth, it came in and totally wowed us.
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第五次，牠終於靠近，震撼了我們
05:36
(Music) Narrator: (Speaking in Japanese)
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(音樂) 旁白：(日語)
05:40
Scientists: Ooh. Bang! Oh my God! Whoa!
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科學家：喔喔 砰! 我的天啊! 哇!
05:52
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:55
EW: The full monty.
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伊迪斯威德：十足震撼
06:00
What really wowed me about that
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讓我真正震撼的是
06:01
was the way it came in up over the e-jelly
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是它靠近電子水母的方式
06:03
and then attacked the enormous thing next to it,
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然後攻擊旁邊的龐然大物
06:05
which I think it mistook for the predator on the e-jelly.
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我想他應該誤以為是電子水母的捕食者
06:09
But even more incredible was the footage shot
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但更令人難以置信的是
06:11
from the Triton submersible.
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從提伯倫潛水艇所拍攝的影像
06:14
What was not mentioned in the Discovery documentary
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地理探索紀錄片沒有提到
06:17
was that the bait squid that Dr. Kubodera used,
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窪寺恒己博士使用的烏賊誘餌
06:20
a one-meter long diamondback squid
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是一隻一公尺長的菱鰭烏賊
06:24
had a light attached to it, a squid jig
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利用延繩釣漁夫使用的一種烏賊釣勾
06:26
of the type that longline fishermen use,
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將光源接在它身上
06:29
and I think it was this light
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我想就是這個光源
06:31
that brought the giant in.
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把巨型烏賊吸引來的
06:33
Now, what you're seeing
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現在你所看到的
06:35
is the intensified camera's view under red light,
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是紅光源下的強化相機影像
06:40
and that's all Dr. Kubodera could see when the giant comes in here.
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這就是窪寺恒己博士在巨型烏賊出現時所看到
06:44
And then he got so excited,
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他興奮到
06:47
he turned on his flashlight because he wanted to see better,
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把手電筒打開想看得更清楚
06:50
and the giant didn't run away,
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結果巨型烏賊並沒有逃跑
06:52
so he risked turning on the white lights on the submersible,
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所以他冒險把潛水艇的白光打開
06:55
bringing a creature of legend
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把傳說中的怪物
06:58
from the misty history into high-resolution video.
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從迷濛的歷史變成高清晰影像
07:03
It was absolutely breathtaking,
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這實在令人驚奇不已
07:06
and had this animal had its feeding tentacles intact
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要是這動物把牠的觸手完整
07:09
and fully extended,
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完全伸展開來的話
07:11
it would have been as tall as a two-story house.
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會跟兩層樓的房子一樣高
07:14
How could something that big
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這樣一個生活在我們大海中的巨物
07:17
live in our ocean and yet remain unfilmed until now?
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怎麼會到今天才拍攝到？
07:21
We've only explored about five percent of our ocean.
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我們只探索了大海的百分之五左右
07:25
There are great discoveries yet to be made down there,
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海底還有很多驚奇等著被發現
07:28
fantastic creatures representing millions of years of evolution
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像是代表著數百萬年演化過程的奇妙生物
07:33
and possibly bioactive compounds
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或是為人類帶來意想不到的好處的
07:35
that could benefit us in ways that we can't even yet imagine.
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生物活性化合物
07:38
Yet we have spent only a tiny fraction
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相較於太空探索花的錢
07:42
of the money on ocean exploration
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海洋探索
07:45
that we've spent on space exploration.
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只花了極少的錢
07:47
We need a NASA-like organization for ocean exploration,
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海洋探索需要一個像NASA這樣的組織
07:51
because we need to be exploring and protecting
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因為我們需要探索並保護
07:54
our life support systems here on Earth.
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地球上的維生系統
07:56
We need — thank you. (Applause)
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我們需要 -- 謝謝 (掌聲)
08:03
Exploration is the engine that drives innovation.
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探索是推動創新的引擎
08:05
Innovation drives economic growth.
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創新則推動經濟的成長
08:08
So let's all go exploring,
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讓我們去探索吧
08:10
but let's do it in a way that doesn't scare the animals away,
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但要用不嚇跑動物的方式
08:13
or, as Mike deGruy once said,
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或者 如同 麥克麥克德葛魯說的
08:15
"If you want to get away from it all
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「若你想要擺脫一切
08:17
and see something you've never seen,
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去看見你從未看過的
08:19
or have an excellent chance of seeing something that no one's ever seen,
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或是有絕佳的機會看到世人未曾看見的
08:22
get in a sub."
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那就到潛水艇裡吧」
08:24
He should have been with us for this adventure.
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他本該和我們一起進行這場冒險
08:26
We miss him.
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我們懷念他
08:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Edith Widder - Marine biologistEdith Widder combines her expertise in research and technological innovation with a commitment to stopping and reversing the degradation of our marine environment.
Why you should listen
A specialist in bioluminescence, Edith Widder helps design and invent new submersible instruments and equipment to study bioluminescence and enable unobtrusive observation of deep-sea environments. Her innovative tools for exploration have produced footage of rare and wonderful bioluminescent displays and never-before-seen denizens of the deep, including, most recently, the first video ever recorded of the giant squid, Architeuthis, in its natural habitat.
In 2005 she founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), which is dedicated to protecting aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through the development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action.; In an effort to protect and revitalize the ocean she loves she has been focusing on developing tools for finding and tracking pollution -- a major threat to all of our water ecosystems and ultimately to human health. She was awarded a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2006.
In 2012, Widder was among the team that filmed the giant squid (Architeuthis) for the first time in its home ocean.
Edith Widder | Speaker | TED.com