TED2007
Carolyn Porco: This is Saturn
Carolyn Porco letí s nami k Saturnu
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Planetologička Carolyn Porco ukazuje obrázky z cesty sondy Cassini k Saturnu, s dôrazom na jeho najväčší mesiac Titan a zamrznutý Enceladus, z ktorého zdá sa tryskajú prúdy ľadu.
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientist
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
In the next 18 minutes, I'm going to take you on a journey.
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V nasledujúcich 18 minutách, vás vezmem na cestu.
00:28
And it's a journey that you and I have been on for many years now,
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Je to cesta, na ktorej sme spolu už mnoho rokov,
00:33
and it began some 50 years ago, when humans first stepped off our planet.
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ktorá sa začala približne pred 50 rokmi, keď ľudia prvýkrát opustili našu planétu.
00:39
And in those 50 years, not only did we literally, physically set foot on the moon,
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Počas tých 50 rokov, nielenže sme doslova fyzicky vkročili na Mesiac,
00:46
but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets -- all eight of them --
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ale rozoslali sme robotické sondy ku všetkým planétam - všetkym ôsmim -
00:53
and we have landed on asteroids, we have rendezvoused with comets,
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pristáli sme na asteroidoch, stretli sme sa s kométami
00:57
and, at this point in time, we have a spacecraft on its way to Pluto,
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a práve teraz máme kozmickú loď na ceste k Plutu,
01:02
the body formerly known as a planet.
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k telesu, ktoré bolo donedávna planétou.
01:05
And all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey:
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A všetky tieto robotické misie sú časťou jednej väčšej ľudskej cesty:
01:11
a voyage to understand something, to get a sense of our cosmic place,
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cesty za pochopením čohosi, za nadobudnutím pocitu nášho miesta vo vesmíre,
01:18
to understand something of our origins, and how Earth, our planet,
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za pochopením našich koreňov, a toho ako vznikla naša planéta Zem
01:23
and we, living on it, came to be.
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a my, čo na nej žijeme.
01:25
And of all the places in the solar system that we might go to
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Jedno z miest v slnečnej sústave kam môžme ísť
01:28
and search for answers to questions like this,
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a pátrať po odpovediach na takéto otázky
01:32
there's Saturn. And we have been to Saturn before --
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je Saturn. Pri Saturne sme boli už skôr -
01:35
we visited Saturn in the early 1980s --
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navštívili sme ho počiatkom osemdesiatych rokov -
01:38
but our investigations of Saturn have become far more in-depth in detail
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ale náš prieskum Saturna sa stal hlbším a detailnejším
01:43
since the Cassini spacecraft, traveling across interplanetary space
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odkedy sonda Cassini, po siedmich rokoch cesty naprieč medziplanetárnym priestorom,
01:47
for seven years, glided into orbit around Saturn in the summer of 2004,
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zaparkovala v lete roku 2004 na obežnej dráhe okolo Saturna
01:53
and became at that point the farthest robotic outpost
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a stala sa tam najvzdialenejším,
01:56
that humanity had ever established around the Sun.
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ľuďmi zhotoveným robotickým výskumníkom v okolí Slnka.
01:59
Now, the Saturn system is a rich planetary system.
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Systém Saturna je bohatý planetárny systém.
02:04
It offers mystery, scientific insight and obviously splendor beyond compare,
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Ponúka tajomstvo, vedecké porozumenie a samozrejme neporovnateľnú nádheru.
02:11
and the investigation of this system has enormous cosmic reach.
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Prieskum tohoto systému má obrovský význam pre naše chápanie vesmíru.
02:15
In fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot
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Skutočne, len štúdiom prstencov samotných sa veľa naučíme
02:19
about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies.
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o diskoch z hviezd a plynu, ktoré voláme špirálové galaxie.
02:24
And here's a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula,
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Tu je krásny obrázok Hmloviny v Androméde,
02:26
which is our closest, largest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.
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čo je najbližšia, najväčšia špirálovitá galaxia k našej Mliečnej dráhe.
02:30
And then, here's a beautiful composite of the Whirlpool Galaxy,
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A tu je nádherná kompozícia galaxie Whirlpool,
02:33
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ako ju zachytil Hubblov vesmírny ďalekohľad.
02:35
So the journey back to Saturn is really part of and is also a metaphor
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Opätovná cesta k Saturnu je teda skutočne časťou - a tiež metaforou -
02:41
for a much larger human voyage
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omnoho väčšej cesty ľudstva
02:43
to understand the interconnectedness of everything around us,
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za pochopením vzájomných vzťahov všetkého okolo nás
02:47
and also how humans fit into that picture.
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ako aj nášho miesta v tomto obraze.
02:50
And it pains me that I can't tell you all that we have learned with Cassini.
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Bolí ma, že vám nemôžem povedať všetko, čo sme sa vďaka Cassini naučili -
02:57
I can't show you all the beautiful pictures that we've taken
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že vám nemôžem ukázať všetky tie nádherné obrázky, ktoré sme nasnímali
03:00
in the last two and a half years, because I simply don't have the time.
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v priebehu posledného dva a pol roka, pretože jednoducho nemám toľko času.
03:03
So I'm going to concentrate on two of the most exciting stories
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Sústredím sa teda len na dva najvzrušujúcejšie príbehy,
03:07
that have emerged out of this major exploratory expedition
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ktoré vzišli z tejto dôležitej prieskumnej expedície,
03:11
that we are conducting around Saturn,
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ktorú vykonávame v okolí Saturna
03:13
and have been for the past two and a half years.
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za posledných dva a pol roka.
03:16
Saturn is accompanied by a very large and diverse collection of moons.
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Saturn je doprevádzaný veľmi veľkou a rozmanitou kolekciou mesiacov.
03:20
They range in size from a few kilometers across to as big across as the U.S.
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Ich veľkosť je v intervale od niekoľkých kilometrov až po veľkosť porovnateľnú s USA.
03:25
Most of the beautiful pictures we've taken of Saturn, in fact,
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V skutočnosti väčšina nádherných obrázkov Saturna, ktoré sme nasnímali,
03:28
show Saturn in accompaniment with some of its moons. Here's Saturn with Dione,
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ukazuje Saturn v sprievode s niektorým z jeho mesiacov. Tu je Saturn s Dione,
03:33
and then, here's Saturn showing the rings edge-on,
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no a tu spolu s mesiacom Enceladus predvádza Saturn hrany prstencov,
03:36
showing you just how vertically thin they are, with the moon Enceladus.
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aby vám názorne ukázal, aké sú tieto vo vertikálnom rozmere tenké.
03:40
Now, two of the 47 moons that Saturn has are standouts.
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Dva zo 47 mesiacov, ktoré Saturn má, sú mimoriadne.
03:45
And those are Titan and Enceladus. Titan is Saturn's largest moon,
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Sú to Titan a Enceladus. Titan je Saturnov najväčší mesiac
03:50
and, until Cassini had arrived there,
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a až do príchodu sondy Cassini do tej oblasti,
03:52
was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain
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bol najväčším súvislým nepreskúmaným terénom,
03:56
that we had remaining in our solar system.
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ktorý zostával v našej slnečnej sústave.
04:00
And it is a body that has long intrigued people who've watched the planets.
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Je to teleso, ktoré dlho intrigovalo proti planetológom.
04:04
It has a very large, thick atmosphere,
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Má rozsiahlu, hustú atmosféru
04:08
and in fact, its surface environment was believed to be
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a verilo sa, že prostredie na jeho povrchu
04:12
more like the environment we have here on the Earth,
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sa viac podobá pozemskému,
04:16
or at least had in the past, than any other body in the solar system.
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alebo minimálne tomu, aké tu v minulosti bolo, než prostredie na ktoromkoľvek inom telese slnečnej sústavy.
04:20
Its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen, like you are breathing here in this room,
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Jeho atmosféru tvorí prevažne molekulový dusík, rovnaký aký dýchate tu v tejto miestnosti.
04:25
except that its atmosphere is suffused with
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Okrem toho je jeho atmosféra presiaknutá
04:27
simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane.
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jednoduchými organickými látkami ako metán, propán a etán.
04:31
And these molecules high up in the atmosphere of Titan
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Tieto molekuly sa vysoko v atmosfére Titanu
04:34
get broken down, and their products join together to make haze particles.
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rozpadnú, produkty rozpadu sa spoja a vytvoria čiastočky oparu.
04:39
This haze is ubiquitous. It's completely global and enveloping Titan.
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Ten je všadeprítomný, úplne globálny a obklopuje Titan.
04:44
And that's why you cannot see down to the surface
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To je dôvod, prečo nemôžete vidieť jeho povrch
04:47
with our eyes in the visible region of the spectrum.
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vlastnými očami vo viditeľnej časti spektra.
04:49
But these haze particles, it was surmised,
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Predtým, než sme sa tam dostali so sondou Cassini,
04:52
before we got there with Cassini, over billions and billions of years,
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sa predpokladalo, že čiastočky oparu sa počas miliard rokov
04:56
gently drifted down to the surface and coated the surface
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pomaly pohybovali nadol k povrchu a pokryli ho
05:00
in a thick organic sludge.
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hrubou vrstvou organického bahna.
05:01
So like the equivalent, the Titan equivalent, of tar, or oil, or what -- we didn't know what.
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Niečo ako ekvivalent dechtu na Titane, alebo ropa alebo čo - nevedeli sme čo.
05:08
But this is what we suspected. And these molecules,
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Toto sme očakávali. Pri povrchových teplotách na Titane
05:10
especially methane and ethane, can be liquids at the surface temperatures of Titan.
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môžu byť tieto látky, hlavne metán a etán kvapalinami.
05:19
And so it turns out that methane is to Titan what water is to the Earth.
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To vedie k záveru, že metán je Titanu to, čo voda Zemi.
05:24
It's a condensable in the atmosphere,
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Môže v atmosfére kondenzovať.
05:26
and so recognizing this circumstance brought to the fore
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Pochopenie tohto faktu umožnilo vznik
05:31
a whole world of bizarre possibilities. You can have methane clouds, OK,
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celého sveta fantastických možností. Môžete mať metánové oblaky, OK
05:36
and above those clouds, you have this hundreds of kilometers of haze,
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a nad nimi stovky kilometrov oparu,
05:39
which prevent any sunlight from getting to the surface.
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ktorý zabraňuje aby sa slnečné svetlo dostalo na povrch.
05:41
The temperature at the surface is some 350 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
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Teplota na povrchu je okolo -212 C, OK.
05:47
But despite that cold, you could have rain falling down on the surface of Titan.
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Napriek chladu, však môžete mať na povrchu Titanu dážď.
05:53
And doing on Titan what rain does on the Earth: it carves gullies; it forms rivers
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Ten robí na Titane to, čo dážď na Zemi. Hĺbi rokliny, vytvára rieky
05:56
and cataracts; it can create canyons; it can pool in large basins and craters.
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a vodopády. Môže tvoriť kaňony, môže napájať veľké panvy a krátery, OK.
06:03
It can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills,
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Môže zmývať bahno z vysokých štítov a kopcov
06:06
down into the lowlands. So stop and think for a minute.
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do nížin. Zastavte sa a predstavte si to na minútku.
06:09
Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like.
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Skúste si predstaviť, ako môže vyzerať povrch Titanu.
06:13
It's dark. High noon on Titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the Earth.
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Je tmavý - pravé poludnie na Titane je tmavé ako hlboký súmrak na Zemi.
06:18
It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty,
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Je chladný, strašidelný, neurčitý,
06:20
it might be raining, and you might be standing
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môže byť daždivý a máte tam možnosť stáť
06:23
on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner. (Laughter)
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na brehoch Mičigenského jazera naplneného riedidlom na farby.
06:27
That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini,
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Toto je pohľad, aký sme mali na povrch Titanu, než sme sa tam so sondou Cassini dostali.
06:32
and I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though it is not the same in detail,
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Môžem ale povedať, že hoci to, čo sme tam našli, je v detailoch odlišné,
06:39
is every bit as fascinating as that story is.
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je to rovnako fascinujúce ako v predchádzajúcom príbehu.
06:42
And for us, it has been like -- the Cassini people --
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A pre nás, ľudí od sondy Cassini,
06:44
it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true.
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je to akoby sa dobrodružstvo Julesa Verna stalo skutočným.
06:48
As I said, it has a thick, extensive atmosphere.
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Ako som už povedala, Titan má rozsiahlu hustú atmosféru.
06:50
This is a picture of Titan, backlit by the Sun, with the rings as a beautiful backdrop.
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Toto je obrázok Titanu podsvieteného Slnkom s prstencami ako krásnym pozadím.
06:55
And yet another moon there --
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Je tam ešte jeden mesiac,
06:57
I don't even know which one it is. It's a very extensive atmosphere.
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ale neviem, ktorý to je. Atmosféra je tam veľmi rozsiahla.
07:00
We have instruments on Cassini which can see down to the surface
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My však máme na sonde Cassini prístroje, ktoré previdia na povrch
07:03
through this atmosphere, and my camera system is one of them.
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cez túto atmosféru a môj kamerový systém je jedným z nich.
07:07
And we have taken pictures like this.
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Zosnímali sme obrázky ako tento.
07:09
And what you see is bright and dark regions, and that's about as far as it got for us.
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Vidíte tu jasné a tmavé oblasti.
07:14
It was so mystifying: we couldn't make out what we were seeing on Titan.
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Bolo to tak tajuplné - nemali sme poňatia, čo sme to na Titane videli.
07:18
When you look closer at this region, you start to see things
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Keď sa pozriete bližšie na túto oblasť, zbadáte čosi
07:23
like sinuous channels -- we didn't know. You see a few round things.
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ako sínusové kanály, nepoznali sme to. Vidíte niekoľko okrúhlych objektov.
07:27
This, we later found out, is, in fact, a crater,
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Toto je v skutočnosti kráter, ako sme neskôr zistili,
07:29
but there are very few craters on the surface of Titan,
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ale na povrchu Titanu je veľmi málo kráterov,
07:32
meaning it's a very young surface.
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čo znamená, že je to veľmi mladý povrch.
07:34
And there are features that look tectonic.
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A tu sú rysy, ktoré vyzerajú tektonicky.
07:36
They look like they've been pulled apart.
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Vyzerajú, akoby odtlačené od seba.
07:38
Whenever you see anything linear on a planet,
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Kedykoľvek vidíte na planéte niečo lineárne,
07:40
it means there's been a fracture, like a fault.
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znamená to zlom.
07:44
And so it's been tectonically altered.
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Bolo to tektonicky zmenené.
07:46
But we couldn't make sense of our images,
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Nemali sme však bližšiu prestavu o našich obrázkoch,
07:48
until, six months after we got into orbit,
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až pokiaľ sa po šiestich mesiacoch od príletu na orbitu
07:52
an event occurred that many have regarded
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neprihodila udalosť, ktorú mnohí považujú
07:54
as the highlight of Cassini's investigation of Titan.
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za vrchol prieskumu sondy Cassini na Titane.
07:57
And that was the deployment of the Huygens probe,
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Bolo to vysadenie Europanmi postavenej sondy Huygens,
08:00
the European-built Huygens probe that Cassini had carried
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ktorú Cassini niesla
08:03
for seven years across the solar system. We deployed it to the atmosphere of Titan,
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sedem rokov naprieč slnečnou sústavou. Vysadili sme ju do atmosféry Titana,
08:07
it took two and a half hours to descend, and it landed on the surface.
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zostup trval dva a pol hodiny a potom sonda pristála na povrchu.
08:11
And I just want to emphasize how significant an event this is.
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Chcem zdôrazniť význam tejto udalosti.
08:15
This is a device of human making,
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Toto je prvýkrát v dejinách ľudstva,
08:18
and it landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history.
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čo ľuďmi vytvorený prístroj pristál vo vonkajšej časti slnečnej sústavy.
08:22
It is so significant that, in my mind,
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Je to tak významné, že podľa mňa,
08:26
this was an event that should have been celebrated
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táto udalosť mala byť oslavovaná
08:28
with ticker tape parades in every city across the U.S. and Europe,
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sprievodmi s mávatkami v každom meste USA a Európy,
08:33
and sadly, that wasn't the case.
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ale bohužiaľ v tomto prípade to tak nebolo.
08:35
(Laughter).
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(Smiech)
08:37
It was significant for another reason. This is an international mission,
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Bolo to významné aj z iného dôvodu. Toto je medzinárodná misia
08:40
and this event was celebrated in Europe, in Germany,
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a tak táto udalosť bola oslavovaná v Európe, v Nemecku,
08:43
and the celebratory presentations were given in English accents,
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a slávnostné prezentácie boli prednesené v angličtine s anglickým
08:47
and American accents, and German accents, and French and Italian and Dutch accents.
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aj americkým prízvukom, v nemčine, vo francúzštine, taliančine a holandštine.
08:53
It was a moving demonstration of what the words
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Bola to dojemná demonštrácia významu slov
08:57
"united nations" are supposed to mean:
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"Organizácie Spojených národov":
08:59
a true union of nations joined together in a colossal effort for good.
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ako skutočného spoločenstva národov spojených v obrovskom úsilí pre dobro.
09:05
And, in this case, it was a massive undertaking to explore a planet,
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V tomto prípade to bol obrovský podnik na prieskum planéty
09:09
and to come to understand a planetary system
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a pochopenie planetárneho systému,
09:12
that, for all of human history, had been unreachable,
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nedostupného počas celých ľudských dejín.
09:16
and now humans had actually touched it.
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Teraz sa ho ľudia skutočne dotkli.
09:18
So it was -- I mean, I'm getting goose bumps just talking about it.
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Tak to bolo -- chcem tým povedať (stačí, že o tom hovorím a naskakuje mi husia koža),
09:22
It was a tremendously emotional event,
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že to bola strašne vzrušujúca udalosť,
09:24
and it's something that I will personally never forget, and you shouldn't either.
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a ja osobne nato nikdy zabudnem, a nemali by ste ani vy.
09:29
(Applause).
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(Potlesk).
09:35
But anyway, the probe took measurements of the atmosphere on the way down,
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Nech bolo ako bolo, sonda pri ceste nadol vykonala merania atmosféry
09:38
and it also took panoramic pictures.
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a taktiež zachytila panoramatické obrázky.
09:40
And I can't tell you what it was like to see the first pictures
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Nie som schopná vyjadriť, aké to bolo vidieť prvé obrázky
09:44
of Titan's surface from the probe. And this is what we saw.
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povrchu Titanu zo sondy. Toto je to, čo sme videli.
09:48
And it was a shocker, because it was everything we wanted
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Bol to otras, pretože tam bolo všetko, čo sme chceli ,
09:51
those other pictures taken from orbit to be.
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aby bolo na tých obrázkoch z obežnej dráhy.
09:53
It was an unambiguous pattern, a geological pattern.
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Bol to jasný vzor - geologický vzor.
09:57
It's a dendritic drainage pattern that can be formed only by the flow of liquids.
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Je to vzor stromčekovitej riečnej siete, aký môže vytvoriť len tečúca kvapalina.
10:02
And you can follow these channels
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Môžete tieto kanály sledovať
10:04
and you can see how they all converge.
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a vidieť ako sa všetky zbiehajú.
10:05
And they converge into this channel here, which drains into this region.
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Zbiehajú sa do tohto kanála tu, čo vteká do tejto oblasti.
10:09
You are looking at a shoreline.
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Pozeráte sa na pobrežie.
10:11
Was this a shoreline of fluids? We didn't know.
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Bolo to pobrežie kvapaliny? Netušili sme to.
10:14
But this is somewhat of a shoreline.
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Ale je to tak trochu pobrežie.
10:16
This picture is taken at 16 kilometers.
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Tento obrázok je zachytený z výšky 16 kilometrov.
10:18
This is the picture taken at eight kilometers, OK? Again, the shoreline.
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A tu je obrázok z výšky osem kilometrov. OK? Opäť pobrežie.
10:22
Okay, now, 16 kilometers, eight kilometers -- this is roughly an airline altitude.
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Dobre, teraz 16 kilometrov, osem kilometrov - to je približne letecká výška.
10:27
If you were going to take an airplane trip across the U.S.,
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Keby ste cestovali lietadlom naprieč USA,
10:30
you would be flying at these altitudes.
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leteli by ste v týchto výškach.
10:32
So, this is the picture you would have at the window of Titanian Airlines
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Takže takýto obrázok by ste mali za oknom Titanian Airlines,
10:36
as you fly across the surface of Titan. (Laughter)
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počas letu nad povrchom Titanu. (Smiech)
10:39
And then finally, the probe came to rest on the surface,
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A potom konečne sonda spočinula na povrchu
10:43
and I'm going to show you, ladies and gentlemen,
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a ja vám ukážem, dámy a páni,
10:45
the first picture ever taken from the surface of a moon in the outer solar system.
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prvý obrázok zachytený na povrchu mesiaca vo vonkajšej časti slnečnej sústavy.
10:49
And here is the horizon, OK?
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Tu je horizont, jasné?
10:53
These are probably water ice pebbles, yes?
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Toto sú pravdepodobne kamienky z vodného ľadu, áno?
10:57
(Applause).
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(Potlesk).
11:02
And obviously, it landed in one of these flat, dark regions
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Sonda zrejme pristála v jednej z týchto plochých, tmavých oblasti
11:06
and it didn't sink out of sight. So it wasn't fluid that we landed in.
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a nepotopila sa. Takže miesto kde sme pristáli nebolo tekuté.
11:11
What the probe came down in was basically
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Sonda v podstate pristála
11:14
the Titan equivalent of a mud flat.
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v obdobe bahnitej roviny na Titane.
11:17
This is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane.
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Toto je nekonsolidovaný podklad, zaliaty kvapalným metánom.
11:22
And it's probably the case that this material
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Pravdepodobne je to prípad, keď bol tento materiál
11:25
has washed off the highlands of Titan
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zmytý z vysočín Titanu
11:29
through these channels that we saw,
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cez tieto kanály, ktoré vidíme
11:30
and has drained over billions of years to fill in low-lying basins.
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a ktoré v priebehu miliárd rokov napĺňajú nízko položené panvy.
11:34
And that is what the Huygens probe landed in.
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To je miesto, kde pristála sonda Huygens.
11:37
But still, there was no sign in our images,
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No stále neboli na našich obrázkoch,
11:41
or even in the Huygens' images, of any large, open bodies of fluids.
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dokonca ani na obrázkoch zo sondy Huygens, náznaky nejakých veľkých, otvorených tekutých útvarov.
11:46
Where were they? It got even more puzzling when we found dunes.
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Kde boli? Stalo sa to dokonca ešte väčšou hádankou keď sme našli duny.
11:51
OK, so this is our movie of the equatorial region of Titan,
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OK, toto je teda náš film rovníkovej oblasti Titanu,
11:54
showing these dunes. These are dunes that are 100 meters tall,
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ktorý ukazuje spomenuté duny. Duny sú 100 metrov vysoké,
11:57
separated by a few kilometers,
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oddelené vzájomne niekoľkými kilometrami
12:00
and they go on for miles and miles and miles.
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a tiahnu sa na míle a míle a míle ďaleko.
12:03
There's hundreds, up to a 1,000 or 1,200 miles of dunes.
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Sú tam stovky až do 1600 alebo 2000 km dún.
12:06
This is the Saharan desert of Titan.
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Toto je púšť Sahara na Titane.
12:09
It's obviously a place which is very dry, or you wouldn't get dunes.
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Musí to byť veľmi suchá oblasť, pretože inak by ste tam nemali duny.
12:14
So again, it got puzzling that there were no bodies of fluid,
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Takže znovu. Bolo záhadou, že tam neboli žiadne kvapalné útvary,
12:19
until finally, we saw lakes in the polar regions.
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až pokiaľ sme konečne nezbadali jazerá v polárnych oblastiach.
12:23
And there is a lake scene in the south polar region of Titan.
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Tu je jazerná scéna z južnej polárnej obasti Titanu.
12:27
It's about the size of Lake Ontario.
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Má približne veľkosť Ontárijského jazera.
12:29
And then, only a week and a half ago,
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Potom, len pred jeden a pol týždňom,
12:30
we flew over the north pole of Titan and found, again,
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sme leteli ponad severný pól Titanu a našli sme opäť
12:34
we found a feature here the size of the Caspian Sea.
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útvar veľkosti Kaspického mora.
12:39
So it seems that the liquids, for some reason we don't understand,
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Takže sa zdá byť očividné, že tekutiny, z nejakého dôvodu, ktorému nerozumieme,
12:43
or during at least this season, are apparently at the poles of Titan.
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sú na póloch Titanu alebo sú tam aspoň v priebehu tejto sezóny.
12:48
And I think you would agree that we have found Titan
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Myslím, že budete súhlasiť, že sme spoznali Titan
12:51
is a remarkable, mystical place. It's exotic, it's alien, but yet strangely Earth-like,
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ako pozoruhodné, mystické miesto. Je exotický, je cudzí, ale napriek tomu podivuhodne podobný Zemi.
12:58
and having Earth-like geological formations
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Má geologické útvary podobné pozemským
13:01
and a tremendous geographical diversity,
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a obrovskú geografickú rozmanitosť.
13:05
and is a fascinating world whose only rival in the solar system
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Je to fascinujúci svet, ktorému je v slnečnej sústave
13:09
for complexity and richness is the Earth itself.
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jediným konkurentom v zložitosti a bohatstve len Zem samotná.
13:12
And so now we go onto Enceladus. Enceladus is a small moon,
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A teraz poďme na Enceladus. Enceladus je malý mesiac.
13:17
it's about a tenth the size of Titan. And you can see it here next to England,
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Má asi len desatinu veľkosti Titanu a môžete ho vidieť tu vedľa Anglicka.
13:21
just to show you the size. This is not meant to be a threat.
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Len pre porovnanie veľkosti. Nie je myslené ako hrozba.
13:24
(Laughter).
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(Smiech).
13:26
And Enceladus is very white, it's very bright,
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Enceladus je veľmi biely, je veľmi svetlý
13:30
and its surface is obviously wrecked with fractures.
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a jeho povrch je zrejme zvrásnený puklinami,
13:34
It is a very geologically active body.
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je to geologicky veľmi činné teleso.
13:36
But the mother lode of discoveries on Enceladus
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Ale zlatá baňa objavov na Encelade
13:38
was found at the south pole -- and we're looking at the south pole here --
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sa našla na južnom póle - a tu sa pozeráme na južný pól -
13:41
where we found this system of fractures.
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kde sme objavili takýto systém zlomov.
13:44
And they're a different color because they're a different composition.
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Majú odlišnú farbu, pretože sú rôzneho zloženia.
13:46
They are coated. These fractures are coated with organic materials.
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Sú zasypané. Tieto zlomy sú pokryté organickým materiálom.
13:51
Moreover, this whole, entire region, the south polar region,
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Navyše, úplne celá táto oblasť, južná polárna oblasť,
13:55
has elevated temperatures. It's the hottest place on the planet, on the body.
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má zvýšenú teplotu. Je to najhorúcejšie miesto na telese.
13:59
That's as bizarre as finding that the Antarctic on the Earth is hotter than the tropics.
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Je to rovnako bizarné ako konštatovanie, že pozemská Antarktída je horúcejšia než trópy.
14:04
And then, when we took additional pictures, we discovered
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A potom, keď sme zachytili ďalšie obrázky, objavili sme,
14:07
that from these fractures are issuing jets of fine, icy particles
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že z týchto zlomov vystrekujú prúdy jemných ľadových častíc,
14:13
extending hundreds of miles into space.
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ktoré sa rozširujú stovky kilometrov do priestoru.
14:15
And when we color-code this image, to bring out the faint light levels,
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Keď farebne zakódujeme tento obrázok, za účelom zvýraznenia jemných rozdielov vo svetelných úrovniach,
14:18
we see that these jets feed a plume
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zistíme, že tieto výtrysky zásobujú oblak,
14:22
that, in fact, we see, in other images, goes thousands of miles
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ktorý, ako môžme vidieť na iných obrázkoch, sa tiahne tisícky kilometrov
14:26
into the space above Enceladus.
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do priestoru nad Enceladom.
14:28
My team and I have examined images like this,
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Moja skupina a ja sme skúmali obrázky ako tento,
14:31
and like this one, and have thought about the other results from Cassini.
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a ako tento ďalší a brali sme do úvahy aj ďalšie výsledky sondy Cassini
14:35
And we have arrived at the conclusion
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a prišli sme k záveru,
14:39
that these jets may be erupting from pockets
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že tieto výtrysky môžu byť erupciami zo zásobníkov
14:42
of liquid water under the surface of Enceladus.
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tekutej vody pod povrchom Encelada.
14:46
So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat.
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Takže, pravdepodobne máme tekutú vodu, organické látky a prebytočné teplo.
14:51
In other words, we have possibly stumbled upon
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Inak povedané, možno sme narazili
14:54
the holy grail of modern day planetary exploration,
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na svätý grál moderného planetárneho prieskumu.
14:58
or in other words, an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms.
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Alebo ešte inak, na prostredie potenciálne vhodné pre živé organizmy.
15:02
And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life
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A myslím, že vám nemusím hovoriť, aké by mal objav života
15:05
elsewhere in our solar system,
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inde v našej slnečnej sústave
15:07
whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere,
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nesmierne kultúrne a vedecké dôsledky,
15:09
would have enormous cultural and scientific implications.
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či už by to bolo na Encelade alebo kdekoľvek inde.
15:12
Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred
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Pretože, ak by sme mohli dokázať, že k stvoreniu došlo
15:16
not once, but twice, independently, in our solar system,
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nie raz, ale dvakrát nezávisle v našej slnečnej sústave,
15:20
then that means, by inference, it has occurred a staggering number of times
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znamenalo by to, že sa to odohralo ohromujúci početkrát
15:24
throughout the universe and its 13.7 billion year history.
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v celom vesmíre a jeho 13,7 miliárd ročnej histórii.
15:29
Right now, Earth is the only planet still that we know is teeming with life.
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Práve teraz, je Zem ešte stále jediná planéta, o ktorej vieme, že je plná života.
15:33
It is precious, it is unique,
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Je to vzácny, unikátny
15:36
it is still, so far, the only home we've ever known.
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a doteraz ešte stále jediný domov, ktorý sme kedy poznali.
15:39
And if any of you were alert and coherent during the 1960s --
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A ak niektorí z vás dávali pozor a sledovali súvislosti v šesťdesiatych rokoch -
15:46
and we'd forgive you, if you weren't, OK --
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a my by sme vám odpustili, ak nie, OK -
15:48
you would remember this very famous picture
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budete si pamätať tento veľmi známy obrázok
15:50
taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
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zachytený astronautami z Apolla 8 v roku 1968.
15:54
It was the first time that Earth was imaged from space,
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Bolo to prvýkrát, čo bola Zem vyobrazená z vesmíru
15:57
and it had an enormous impact on our sense of place in the universe,
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a veľmi to ovplyvnilo náš cit pre miesto vo vesmíre
16:00
and our sense of responsibility for the protection of our own planet.
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a náš zmysel pre zodpovednosť za ochranu našej vlastnej planéty.
16:05
Well, we on Cassini have taken an equivalent first,
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Nuž, my na Cassini sme zachytili podobne významný prvý obrázok,
16:09
a picture that no human eye has ever seen before.
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aký žiadne ľudské oko doteraz nikdy nevidelo.
16:13
It is a total eclipse of the Sun, seen from the other side of Saturn.
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Je to úplné zatmenie Slnka, ako sa dalo vidieť z druhej strany planéty Saturn.
16:17
And in this impossibly beautiful picture,
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Na tomto neuveriteľne krásnom obrázku
16:21
you see the main rings backlit by the Sun,
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vidíte hlavné prstence zozadu presvetlené Slnkom,
16:23
you see the refracted image of the Sun
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vidíte refrakčný obraz Slnka
16:26
and you see this ring created, in fact,
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a prstenec, ktorý v skutočnosti vytvorili
16:28
by the exhalations of Enceladus.
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exhalácie z Encelada.
16:31
But as if that weren't brilliant enough, we can spot, in this beautiful image,
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Ale ak by ani toto nebolo dosť výnimočné, môžeme upozorniť
16:37
sight of our own planet,
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na fliačik na tomto krásnom obrázku, pohľad na našu vlastnú planétu,
16:39
cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
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kolísanú v náručí Saturnových prstencov.
16:43
Now, there is something deeply moving
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Nuž, je v tom niečo hlboko dojímavé
16:45
about seeing ourselves from afar,
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vidieť seba samého z diaľky
16:47
and capturing the sight of our little, blue-ocean planet
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a zachytávať vzhľad našej malej modrej planéty
16:50
in the skies of other worlds.
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na oblohách iných svetov.
16:52
And that, and the perspective of ourselves that we gain from that,
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A to, ako aj z toho nadobudnutá perspektíva nás samotných
16:56
may be, in the end, the finest reward that we earn
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môže byť nakoniec tou najskvelejšou odmenou,
17:00
from this journey of discovery that started half a century ago.
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ktorú získame z tejto cesty objavov, ktorá začala pred polstoročím.
17:03
And thank you very much.
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Ďakujem vám veľmi pekne.
17:05
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientistAs the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons.
Why you should listen
Planetary scientist Carolyn Porco studies and interprets the photos from NASA space missions like the renowned Voyager mission to the outer solar system in the 1980s and the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn. She leads a team of scientists from the US and Europe that has been analyzing the images Cassini has sent back since it left Earth in 1997. At Saturn, they have found new phenomena everywhere they've turned their cameras … in the planet’s atmosphere, within its rings and on the surfaces of its many moons. And they've produced spectacular images and animations of these marvels in the process.
Back in the early-1980s, while still working on her doctorate, Porco was drafted onto the Voyager imaging team to assist in crunching the mountains of data coming back from Voyager’s fly-by of Saturn. Her work on the planet's rings and their relation to its moons cemented her connection with Saturn. After Voyager had flown by Neptune and was nearing conclusion, she worked together with Carl Sagan in planning Voyager’s celebrated Pale Blue Dot picture of Earth.
Her ongoing work at the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPs) has two goals: to process, interpret and archive Cassini’s images for other scientists, and to make sure the images -- in all their breathtaking poetry and mystery and sheer Save-Image-As-Desktop awesomeness -- connect with the general public. She is an advocate for the exploration and understanding of planetary space, and her frequent talks (as well as her "Captain's Log" memos on the CICLOPS website) speak to everyone, scientist and nonscientist alike. Her advocacy extends to Hollywood, where she was the character consultant on the 1997 movie “Contact,” and a consultant on the 2009 Paramount Pictures re-boot of “Star Trek.” In 2012, she was named one the 25 most influential people in space by TIME magazine.
Finally, in a twist on the Pale Blue Dot theme, it was she who conceived the idea to invite the people of the world to smile while Cassini imaged the Earth on July 19, 2013 in an event called “The Day the Earth Smiled.”
For more information:
Solar System Portrait: Earth as 'Pale Blue Dot'
BBC: Saturn snapped as Earth smiled
The Atlantic: The Carl Sagan of Our Time Reprises the 'Pale Blue Dot' Photo of Earth
The Day the Earth Smiled: Image
Library of Congress: Portraits of the Solar System: Talking with Carolyn Porco About Carl Sagan
Carolyn Porco | Speaker | TED.com