TED2007
Carolyn Porco: This is Saturn
Karolin Porko nas vodi do Saturna
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Planetarni naučnik Karolin Porko prikazuje fotografije sa putovanja letelice Kasini do Saturna, fokusirajući se na njegov najveći mesec, Titan, i na zamrznuti Encelad, sa kojeg, kako se čini, izbijaju mlazevi leda.
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientist
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
As the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
In the next 18 minutes, I'm going to take you on a journey.
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U narednih 18 minuta, povešću vas na putovanje.
00:28
And it's a journey that you and I have been on for many years now,
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Vi i ja smo na tom smo putovanju već mnogo godina;
00:33
and it began some 50 years ago, when humans first stepped off our planet.
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ono je otpočelo pre nekih 50 godina, kada su ljudi prvi put kročili van naše planete.
00:39
And in those 50 years, not only did we literally, physically set foot on the moon,
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Tokom tih 50 godina, ne samo da smo bukvalno kročili na Mesec,
00:46
but we have dispatched robotic spacecraft to all the planets -- all eight of them --
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već smo i poslali robotske svemirske letelice do svih planeta -- njih osam --
00:53
and we have landed on asteroids, we have rendezvoused with comets,
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takođe smo sleteli na asteroide, ostvarili kontakt sa kometama,
00:57
and, at this point in time, we have a spacecraft on its way to Pluto,
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a trenutno imamo i letelicu na putu ka Plutonu,
01:02
the body formerly known as a planet.
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svemirskom telu ranije znanom kao planeta.
01:05
And all of these robotic missions are part of a bigger human journey:
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Ove robotske misije su deo većeg ljudskog putovanja;
01:11
a voyage to understand something, to get a sense of our cosmic place,
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putovanja ka razumevanju nečega, smisla našeg mesta u kosmosu,
01:18
to understand something of our origins, and how Earth, our planet,
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ka razumevanju našeg porekla, i toga kako je nastala naša planeta, Zemlja,
01:23
and we, living on it, came to be.
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i mi, koji na njoj živimo.
01:25
And of all the places in the solar system that we might go to
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Od svih mesta u Sunčevom sistemu do kojih bismo mogli otići
01:28
and search for answers to questions like this,
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u potrazi za odgovorima na ovakva pitanja,
01:32
there's Saturn. And we have been to Saturn before --
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izdvaja se Saturn. Bili smo do Saturna i ranije --
01:35
we visited Saturn in the early 1980s --
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posetili smo ga ranih osamdesetih --
01:38
but our investigations of Saturn have become far more in-depth in detail
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ali su naša istraživanja Saturna postala mnogo opsežnija i detaljnija
01:43
since the Cassini spacecraft, traveling across interplanetary space
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od kako je svemirska letelica Kasini, putujući kroz interplanetarni prostor
01:47
for seven years, glided into orbit around Saturn in the summer of 2004,
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tokom sedam godina, ušla u orbitu oko Saturna, u leto 2004. godine,
01:53
and became at that point the farthest robotic outpost
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i postala, u tom trenutku, najdalja robotska stanica
01:56
that humanity had ever established around the Sun.
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koju je čovečanstvo ikada postavilo oko Sunca.
01:59
Now, the Saturn system is a rich planetary system.
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Saturnov sistem je bogat planetarni sistem.
02:04
It offers mystery, scientific insight and obviously splendor beyond compare,
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Nudi misteriju, naučni uvid i, očigledno, lepotu bez premca;
02:11
and the investigation of this system has enormous cosmic reach.
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istraživanje ovog sistema je od ogromnog kosmološkog značaja.
02:15
In fact, just studying the rings alone, we stand to learn a lot
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Zapravo, samo kroz proučavanje njegovih prstenova možemo mnogo naučiti
02:19
about the discs of stars and gas that we call the spiral galaxies.
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o diskovima zvezda i gasa koje nazivamo spiralnim galaksijama.
02:24
And here's a beautiful picture of the Andromeda Nebula,
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Ovo je prelepa fotografija magline Andromeda,
02:26
which is our closest, largest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way.
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Mlečnom Putu najbliže i najveće spiralne galaksije.
02:30
And then, here's a beautiful composite of the Whirlpool Galaxy,
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A ovo je prelepa kompozitna fotografija galaksije Vrtlog,
02:33
taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
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koju je uslikao svemirski teleskop Habl.
02:35
So the journey back to Saturn is really part of and is also a metaphor
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Tako da je put do Saturna zapravo deo -- i u isto vreme metafora za --
02:41
for a much larger human voyage
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mnogo veće kosmičko putovanje,
02:43
to understand the interconnectedness of everything around us,
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čiji je cilj razumevanje međusobne povezanosti svega oko nas,
02:47
and also how humans fit into that picture.
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i toga kako se ljudi uklapaju u celu tu sliku.
02:50
And it pains me that I can't tell you all that we have learned with Cassini.
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Boli me što vam ne mogu reći sve što smo naučili preko Kasinija --
02:57
I can't show you all the beautiful pictures that we've taken
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što vam ne mogu pokazati sve prelepe fotografije koje smo uslikali
03:00
in the last two and a half years, because I simply don't have the time.
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tokom poslednje dve i po godine, jer, jednostavno, nemam dovoljno vremena.
03:03
So I'm going to concentrate on two of the most exciting stories
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Zato ću se koncentrisati na dve najzanimljivije priče
03:07
that have emerged out of this major exploratory expedition
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koje su rezultat ove velike istraživačke ekspedicije
03:11
that we are conducting around Saturn,
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koju trenutno izvodimo oko Saturna,
03:13
and have been for the past two and a half years.
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koju smo izvodili protekle dve i po godine.
03:16
Saturn is accompanied by a very large and diverse collection of moons.
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Saturn okružuje velika i raznolika kolekcija meseca.
03:20
They range in size from a few kilometers across to as big across as the U.S.
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Njihov prečnik je od nekoliko kilometara do veličine Sjedinjenih Država.
03:25
Most of the beautiful pictures we've taken of Saturn, in fact,
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Neke od najlepših fotografija Saturna koje smo uslikali, zapravo
03:28
show Saturn in accompaniment with some of its moons. Here's Saturn with Dione,
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pokazuju Saturn u pratnji nekih od njegovih meseca. Ovo je Saturn sa Dionom,
03:33
and then, here's Saturn showing the rings edge-on,
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a ovo je Saturn sa svojim prstenovima,
03:36
showing you just how vertically thin they are, with the moon Enceladus.
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gde možete videti koliko su oni zapravo tanki, u pratnji meseca Encelad.
03:40
Now, two of the 47 moons that Saturn has are standouts.
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Dva od 47 meseca koje Saturn poseduje se izdvajaju.
03:45
And those are Titan and Enceladus. Titan is Saturn's largest moon,
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A ta dva su Titan i Encelad. Titan je Saturnov drugi po veličini mesec,
03:50
and, until Cassini had arrived there,
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i, dok Kasini nije stigla do njega,
03:52
was the largest single expanse of unexplored terrain
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predstavljao je najveću pojedinačnu neistraženu teritoriju
03:56
that we had remaining in our solar system.
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koja je preostala u Sunčevom sistemu.
04:00
And it is a body that has long intrigued people who've watched the planets.
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To je nebesko telo koje je dugo intrigiralo ljude koji su posmatrali planete.
04:04
It has a very large, thick atmosphere,
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Ima vrlo veliku, gustu atmosferu
04:08
and in fact, its surface environment was believed to be
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i dugo se mislilo da je okruženje na njegovoj površini
04:12
more like the environment we have here on the Earth,
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sličnije onome koje imamo ovde na Zemlji,
04:16
or at least had in the past, than any other body in the solar system.
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ili koje smo makar nekada imali, nego okruženje bilo kog drugog nebeskog tela u Sunčevom sistemu.
04:20
Its atmosphere is largely molecular nitrogen, like you are breathing here in this room,
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Njegova atmosfera se mahom sastoji od azota, poput onog koji udišemo u ovoj prostoriji,
04:25
except that its atmosphere is suffused with
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osim što je njegova atmosfera ispunjena i
04:27
simple organic materials like methane and propane and ethane.
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prostim organskim materijalima, poput metana, propana i etana.
04:31
And these molecules high up in the atmosphere of Titan
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Ovi molekuli, visoko u Titanovoj atmosferi,
04:34
get broken down, and their products join together to make haze particles.
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se razgrađuju, a zatim međusobno spajaju u čestice izmaglice.
04:39
This haze is ubiquitous. It's completely global and enveloping Titan.
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Ova izmaglica je sveobuhvatna; u potpunosti prekriva Titan.
04:44
And that's why you cannot see down to the surface
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Zbog toga ne možete videti njegovu površinu
04:47
with our eyes in the visible region of the spectrum.
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u vidljivom delu spektra, ljudskim očima.
04:49
But these haze particles, it was surmised,
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Pre nego što je tamo stigla Kasini, nagađalo se da ove čestice izmaglice,
04:52
before we got there with Cassini, over billions and billions of years,
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tokom milijardi i milijardi godina,
04:56
gently drifted down to the surface and coated the surface
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polako padaju do površine, i obavijaju je u sloj
05:00
in a thick organic sludge.
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gustog organskog mulja.
05:01
So like the equivalent, the Titan equivalent, of tar, or oil, or what -- we didn't know what.
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Nešto poput Titanovog ekvivalenta katrana ili ulja -- nismo tačno znali čega.
05:08
But this is what we suspected. And these molecules,
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To smo pretpostavljali. Na površinskoj temperaturi Titana
05:10
especially methane and ethane, can be liquids at the surface temperatures of Titan.
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ovi molekuli, naročito metan i etan, mogu biti u tečnom stanju.
05:19
And so it turns out that methane is to Titan what water is to the Earth.
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Ispostavilo se da je metan za Titan ono što je voda za Zemlju.
05:24
It's a condensable in the atmosphere,
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Kondenzuje se u atmosferi.
05:26
and so recognizing this circumstance brought to the fore
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Prepoznavanje ove okolnosti dovelo je u prvi plan
05:31
a whole world of bizarre possibilities. You can have methane clouds, OK,
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čitav jedan svet bizarnih mogućnosti. Recimo, moguće je da postoje oblaci metana,
05:36
and above those clouds, you have this hundreds of kilometers of haze,
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a iznad ovih oblaka na hiljade kilometara izmaglice
05:39
which prevent any sunlight from getting to the surface.
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koja sprečava sunčevu svetlost u prodiranju do površine.
05:41
The temperature at the surface is some 350 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
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Temperatura na površini je nekih 215 stepeni Celzijusa ispod nule.
05:47
But despite that cold, you could have rain falling down on the surface of Titan.
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Ali, uprkos ovolikoj hladnoći, moguće je da na površini Titana pada kiša,
05:53
And doing on Titan what rain does on the Earth: it carves gullies; it forms rivers
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i da čini ono što kiša čini na Zemlji -- stvara jaruge, formira reke
05:56
and cataracts; it can create canyons; it can pool in large basins and craters.
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i vodopade. Ona može stvarati kanjone, ili se skupljati u velikim basenima i kraterima.
06:03
It can wash the sludge off high mountain peaks and hills,
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Može da spere mulj sa visokih planinskih i brdskih vrhova
06:06
down into the lowlands. So stop and think for a minute.
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dole u nizije. Zastanite na trenutak i razmislite o tome.
06:09
Try to imagine what the surface of Titan might look like.
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Pokušajte da zamislite kako bi površina Titana mogla da izgleda.
06:13
It's dark. High noon on Titan is as dark as deep earth twilight on the Earth.
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Mračno je -- podne na Titanu je mračno poput najmračnijeg sumraka na Zemlji.
06:18
It's cold, it's eerie, it's misty,
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Hladno je, jezivo, maglovito,
06:20
it might be raining, and you might be standing
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možda pada kiša, a vi možda stojite
06:23
on the shores of Lake Michigan brimming with paint thinner. (Laughter)
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na obali jezera Mičigen iz kojeg isparava razređivač.
06:27
That is the view that we had of the surface of Titan before we got there with Cassini,
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Ovo je predstava površine Titana kakvu smo imali pre nego što je tamo došla Kasini,
06:32
and I can tell you that what we have found on Titan, though it is not the same in detail,
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i mogu vam reći da je ono što smo pronašli na Titanu, iako ne do detalja isto,
06:39
is every bit as fascinating as that story is.
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podjednako fascinantno kao ova priča.
06:42
And for us, it has been like -- the Cassini people --
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Za nas, ljude pri misiji Kasini,
06:44
it has been like a Jules Verne adventure come true.
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to je bilo poput avanture Žila Verna koja se ostvarila.
06:48
As I said, it has a thick, extensive atmosphere.
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Kao što rekoh, Titan je okružen gustim atmosferskim slojem.
06:50
This is a picture of Titan, backlit by the Sun, with the rings as a beautiful backdrop.
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Ovo je fotografija Titana, obasjana Suncemu iza, kao i sa njegovim prstenovima u pozadini.
06:55
And yet another moon there --
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Ovde je još jedan mesec --
06:57
I don't even know which one it is. It's a very extensive atmosphere.
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ne znam čak ni koji je u pitanju. Atmosfera je vrlo široka.
07:00
We have instruments on Cassini which can see down to the surface
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Na Kasiniju imamo instrumente pomoću kojih možemo da vidimo površinu
07:03
through this atmosphere, and my camera system is one of them.
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kroz ovu atmosferu; moja kamera je jedan od njih.
07:07
And we have taken pictures like this.
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Uslikali smo fotografije poput ove.
07:09
And what you see is bright and dark regions, and that's about as far as it got for us.
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Ono što vidite jesu svetli i tamni regioni -- to je bilo sve što smo mogli da vidimo.
07:14
It was so mystifying: we couldn't make out what we were seeing on Titan.
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Bilo je tako mistično -- nismo mogli da shvatimo šta to gledamo na Titanu.
07:18
When you look closer at this region, you start to see things
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Ako pogledate ovu regiju malo bliže, možete videti nešto
07:23
like sinuous channels -- we didn't know. You see a few round things.
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poput krivudavih kanala, ili nečeg sličnog. Vidite nekoliko okruglih stvari.
07:27
This, we later found out, is, in fact, a crater,
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Ovo je, kako smo kasnije saznali, krater,
07:29
but there are very few craters on the surface of Titan,
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a na površini Titana ima jako malo kratera,
07:32
meaning it's a very young surface.
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što znači da je u pitanju vrlo mlada površina.
07:34
And there are features that look tectonic.
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Postoje i odlike koje izgledaju tektonski.
07:36
They look like they've been pulled apart.
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Kao da su se razdvojile jedna od druge.
07:38
Whenever you see anything linear on a planet,
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Kada god vidite nešto pravolinijsko na planeti,
07:40
it means there's been a fracture, like a fault.
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to znači da je došlo do frakture, poput raseda.
07:44
And so it's been tectonically altered.
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Znači, došlo je do tektonske promene.
07:46
But we couldn't make sense of our images,
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Ali, nismo mogli da shvatimo šta je na fotografijama,
07:48
until, six months after we got into orbit,
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sve dok se šest meseci nakon ulaska u orbitu
07:52
an event occurred that many have regarded
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nije dogodilo nešto što su mnogi okarakterisali
07:54
as the highlight of Cassini's investigation of Titan.
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kao vrhunac Kasinijevog istraživanja Titana --
07:57
And that was the deployment of the Huygens probe,
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postavljanje sonde Hajgens,
08:00
the European-built Huygens probe that Cassini had carried
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sonde razvijene u Evropi, koju je Kasini nosila
08:03
for seven years across the solar system. We deployed it to the atmosphere of Titan,
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sedam godina kroz Sunčev sistem. Postavili smo je u Titanovoj atmosferi,
08:07
it took two and a half hours to descend, and it landed on the surface.
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i trebalo joj je dva i po sata da se spusti i sleti do površine.
08:11
And I just want to emphasize how significant an event this is.
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Želela bih da naglasim koliko je značajan ovakav događaj.
08:15
This is a device of human making,
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U pitanju je sprava koju je napravio čovek,
08:18
and it landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history.
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a koja je sletela u spoljni Sunčev sistem, po prvi put u istoriji čovečanstva.
08:22
It is so significant that, in my mind,
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Po mom mišljenju, ovaj događaj je bio toliko značajan
08:26
this was an event that should have been celebrated
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da je trebalo da bude proslavljen
08:28
with ticker tape parades in every city across the U.S. and Europe,
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paradama u svakom gradu u Sjedinjenim Državama i Evropi,
08:33
and sadly, that wasn't the case.
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što, nažalost, nije bio slučaj.
08:35
(Laughter).
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(Smeh)
08:37
It was significant for another reason. This is an international mission,
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Bio je značajan i zbog još jednog razloga. Ovo je međunarodna misija,
08:40
and this event was celebrated in Europe, in Germany,
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i ovaj je događaj proslavljen u Evropi, u Nemačkoj,
08:43
and the celebratory presentations were given in English accents,
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gde su govornici davali prezentacije engleskim akcentom,
08:47
and American accents, and German accents, and French and Italian and Dutch accents.
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američkim i nemačkim akcentom, francuskim, italijanskim i holandskim akcentom.
08:53
It was a moving demonstration of what the words
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To je bila dirljiva predstava onoga što bi reči
08:57
"united nations" are supposed to mean:
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"Ujedinjene Nacije" zapravo trebalo da predstavljaju:
08:59
a true union of nations joined together in a colossal effort for good.
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pravu zajednicu nacija, udruženih u ogromnom naporu za opšte dobro.
09:05
And, in this case, it was a massive undertaking to explore a planet,
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U ovom slučaju, u pitanju je bio masivan zadatak istraživanja planete
09:09
and to come to understand a planetary system
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i razumevanja planetarnog sistema
09:12
that, for all of human history, had been unreachable,
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koji je, kroz ljudsku istoriju, bio nedostupan,
09:16
and now humans had actually touched it.
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i kome su sada ljudi zapravo prišli.
09:18
So it was -- I mean, I'm getting goose bumps just talking about it.
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Tako da je u pitanju bio -- ježim se i dok govorim o tome,
09:22
It was a tremendously emotional event,
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bio je to neverovatno emotivan događaj,
09:24
and it's something that I will personally never forget, and you shouldn't either.
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nešto što, lično, neću nikada zaboraviti, a ni vi ne bi trebalo.
09:29
(Applause).
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(Aplauz)
09:35
But anyway, the probe took measurements of the atmosphere on the way down,
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Bilo kako bilo, sonda je izvršila merenja atmosfere dok se spuštala,
09:38
and it also took panoramic pictures.
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a takođe je uslikala i panorame.
09:40
And I can't tell you what it was like to see the first pictures
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Ne mogu vam objasniti kako je to bilo, videti prve fotografije
09:44
of Titan's surface from the probe. And this is what we saw.
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površine Titana koje je napravila sonda. Evo šta smo videli.
09:48
And it was a shocker, because it was everything we wanted
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Ovo nas je šokiralo, jer je bilo sve što smo želeli
09:51
those other pictures taken from orbit to be.
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da one ranije slike iz orbite budu.
09:53
It was an unambiguous pattern, a geological pattern.
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Radi se o nedvosmislenom, geološkom obrascu.
09:57
It's a dendritic drainage pattern that can be formed only by the flow of liquids.
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Ovo je obrazac dendritske drenaže, koju može formirati jedino tok tečnosti.
10:02
And you can follow these channels
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Možete pratiti ove kanale
10:04
and you can see how they all converge.
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i videti kako se oni spajaju.
10:05
And they converge into this channel here, which drains into this region.
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Spajaju se u ovaj kanal ovde, koji otiče u ovaj region.
10:09
You are looking at a shoreline.
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Trenutno gledate u obalu.
10:11
Was this a shoreline of fluids? We didn't know.
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Da li je ovo obala tečnosti? Nismo znali.
10:14
But this is somewhat of a shoreline.
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Ali, ovo je nešto što podseća na obalu.
10:16
This picture is taken at 16 kilometers.
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Ova fotografija je uslikana na visini od 16 kilometara.
10:18
This is the picture taken at eight kilometers, OK? Again, the shoreline.
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Ovo je fotografija uslikana na visini od osam kilometara. Ponovo vidimo obalu.
10:22
Okay, now, 16 kilometers, eight kilometers -- this is roughly an airline altitude.
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Dakle, šesnaest kilometara, osam kilometara -- otprilike kao visina avionskog leta.
10:27
If you were going to take an airplane trip across the U.S.,
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Ukoliko bi putovali avionom preko Sjedinjenih Država,
10:30
you would be flying at these altitudes.
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leteli biste na ovim visinama.
10:32
So, this is the picture you would have at the window of Titanian Airlines
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Ovo je ono što biste videli kroz prozor leta Titan Erlajnsa
10:36
as you fly across the surface of Titan. (Laughter)
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dok letite preko površine Titana. (Smeh)
10:39
And then finally, the probe came to rest on the surface,
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Zatim se, konačno, sonda spustila na površinu,
10:43
and I'm going to show you, ladies and gentlemen,
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i ono što ću vam pokazati, dame i gospodo,
10:45
the first picture ever taken from the surface of a moon in the outer solar system.
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jesu prve fotografije ikada snimljene sa površine meseca u spoljnom Sunčevom sistemu.
10:49
And here is the horizon, OK?
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Ovo je horizont, u redu?
10:53
These are probably water ice pebbles, yes?
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A ovo su verovatno komadi leda.
10:57
(Applause).
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(Aplauz)
11:02
And obviously, it landed in one of these flat, dark regions
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Očigledno, sonda je sletela u jedan od ovih ravnih, tamnih regiona
11:06
and it didn't sink out of sight. So it wasn't fluid that we landed in.
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i nije potonula -- znači, nismo sleteli u neku tečnost.
11:11
What the probe came down in was basically
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Ono u šta je sonda sletela je, u suštini,
11:14
the Titan equivalent of a mud flat.
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Titanov ekvivalent blata.
11:17
This is an unconsolidated ground that is suffused with liquid methane.
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To je rastresito tlo, ispunjeno tečnim metanom.
11:22
And it's probably the case that this material
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Ovaj materijal se najverovatnije
11:25
has washed off the highlands of Titan
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sprao sa visija na Titanu
11:29
through these channels that we saw,
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kroz kanale koje smo ranije videli,
11:30
and has drained over billions of years to fill in low-lying basins.
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i, tokom milijardi godina, punio je basene u nizijama.
11:34
And that is what the Huygens probe landed in.
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U to je sletela sonda Hajgens.
11:37
But still, there was no sign in our images,
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Ipak, na našim fotografijama, čak ni u onima koje je načinila sonda Hajgens,
11:41
or even in the Huygens' images, of any large, open bodies of fluids.
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nije bilo znakova velikih basena tečnosti.
11:46
Where were they? It got even more puzzling when we found dunes.
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Gde su oni bili? Sve je postalo još čudnije kada smo otkrili dine.
11:51
OK, so this is our movie of the equatorial region of Titan,
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U redu, ovo je naš snimak regiona oko ekvatora na Titanu,
11:54
showing these dunes. These are dunes that are 100 meters tall,
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koji pokazuje dine. Ove su dine visoke oko 100 metara,
11:57
separated by a few kilometers,
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nekoliko kilometara odvojene jedna od druge,
12:00
and they go on for miles and miles and miles.
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a pružaju se kilometrima i kolometrima.
12:03
There's hundreds, up to a 1,000 or 1,200 miles of dunes.
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Na stotine, oko 1,600 ili 2,000 kilometara dina.
12:06
This is the Saharan desert of Titan.
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Ovo je Titanova verzija pustinje Sahara.
12:09
It's obviously a place which is very dry, or you wouldn't get dunes.
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Očigledno je reč o mestu koje je vrlo suvo, jer, inače, ne biste imali dine.
12:14
So again, it got puzzling that there were no bodies of fluid,
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Ponovo, bilo je vrlo čudno što nismo našli basene tečnosti,
12:19
until finally, we saw lakes in the polar regions.
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sve dok, konačno, nismo uočili jezera u polarnim regijama.
12:23
And there is a lake scene in the south polar region of Titan.
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Ovo je fotografija jezera u južnoj polarnoj regiji Titana.
12:27
It's about the size of Lake Ontario.
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Otprilike je veličine jezera Ontario.
12:29
And then, only a week and a half ago,
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A onda smo, pre samo nedelju i po,
12:30
we flew over the north pole of Titan and found, again,
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preleteli preko Titanovog severnog pola, i ponovo pronašli
12:34
we found a feature here the size of the Caspian Sea.
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oblast veličine Kaspijskog mora.
12:39
So it seems that the liquids, for some reason we don't understand,
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Tako da se čini da su tečnosti, iz nekog nama nepoznatog razloga,
12:43
or during at least this season, are apparently at the poles of Titan.
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na polovima Titana, ili je to makar slučaj u ovo doba godine.
12:48
And I think you would agree that we have found Titan
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Mislim da ćete se složiti da ono što smo pronašli na Titanu
12:51
is a remarkable, mystical place. It's exotic, it's alien, but yet strangely Earth-like,
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pokazuje da je reč o neverovatnom, mističnom mestu. To je egzotičan, tuđinski svet, koji je ipak sličan Zemlji,
12:58
and having Earth-like geological formations
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koji poseduje geološke formacije slične onima na Zemlji
13:01
and a tremendous geographical diversity,
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i neverovatnu geografsku raznolikost;
13:05
and is a fascinating world whose only rival in the solar system
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to je fascinantan svet, koga po kompleksnosti i bogatstvu u Sunčevom sistemu
13:09
for complexity and richness is the Earth itself.
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može nadmašiti jedino planeta Zemlja.
13:12
And so now we go onto Enceladus. Enceladus is a small moon,
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Zatim smo stigli do Encelada. Encelad je mali mesec,
13:17
it's about a tenth the size of Titan. And you can see it here next to England,
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deset puta manji od Titana -- ovde ga možete videti u poređenju sa Engleskom.
13:21
just to show you the size. This is not meant to be a threat.
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Ovo je samo kako bismo ilustrovali veličinu; nije nikakva pretnja.
13:24
(Laughter).
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(Smeh)
13:26
And Enceladus is very white, it's very bright,
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Encelad je vrlo beo, vrlo svetao mesec,
13:30
and its surface is obviously wrecked with fractures.
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čija je površina očigledno prepuna fraktura;
13:34
It is a very geologically active body.
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reč je o vrlo geološki aktivnom nebeskom telu.
13:36
But the mother lode of discoveries on Enceladus
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Ali, glavno otkriće na Enceladu
13:38
was found at the south pole -- and we're looking at the south pole here --
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ima veze sa njegovim južnim polom -- koji ovde vidimo --
13:41
where we found this system of fractures.
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tamo je otkriven ovaj sistem fraktura.
13:44
And they're a different color because they're a different composition.
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One su drugačije boje jer su drugačijeg sastava.
13:46
They are coated. These fractures are coated with organic materials.
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Obložene su. Ove frakture su obložene organskim materijalima.
13:51
Moreover, this whole, entire region, the south polar region,
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Šta više, čitava regija južnog pola
13:55
has elevated temperatures. It's the hottest place on the planet, on the body.
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ima povišene temperature. To je najtoplije mesto na ovom nebeskom telu.
13:59
That's as bizarre as finding that the Antarctic on the Earth is hotter than the tropics.
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To je podjednako bizarno koliko i kada bismo otkrili da je na Antarktiku toplije nego li u tropskim predelima.
14:04
And then, when we took additional pictures, we discovered
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A zatim smo, kada smo uslikali dodatne fotografije, otkrili
14:07
that from these fractures are issuing jets of fine, icy particles
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da iz ovih fraktura pršte mlazevi finih čestica leda,
14:13
extending hundreds of miles into space.
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koje se izbacuju stotinama milja u svemir.
14:15
And when we color-code this image, to bring out the faint light levels,
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Kada ovu fotografiju kodiramo po bojama, da bismo istakli delove sa slabim svetlom,
14:18
we see that these jets feed a plume
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vidimo da ovi mlazevi stvaraju veliki stub,
14:22
that, in fact, we see, in other images, goes thousands of miles
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koji se, kao što vidimo na drugim fotografijama, prostire hiljadama milja
14:26
into the space above Enceladus.
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u svemir iznad Encelada.
14:28
My team and I have examined images like this,
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Moj tim i ja smo ispitali fotografije poput ove,
14:31
and like this one, and have thought about the other results from Cassini.
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ili ove, i puno razmišljali o drugim rezultatima sa Kasinija.
14:35
And we have arrived at the conclusion
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Došli smo do zaključka da je moguće
14:39
that these jets may be erupting from pockets
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da ovi mlazevi izviru iz džepova punih
14:42
of liquid water under the surface of Enceladus.
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tečne vode, koje se nalaze ispod površine Encelada.
14:46
So we have, possibly, liquid water, organic materials and excess heat.
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ž
14:51
In other words, we have possibly stumbled upon
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Drugim rečima, moguće je da smo nabasali
14:54
the holy grail of modern day planetary exploration,
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na Sveti gral modernog planetarnog istraživanja.
14:58
or in other words, an environment that is potentially suitable for living organisms.
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Na okolinu koja je teorijski pogodna za razvoj živih organizama.
15:02
And I don't think I need to tell you that the discovery of life
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Mislim da vam ne moram reći da bi otkriće života
15:05
elsewhere in our solar system,
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drugde u našem Sunčevom sistemu,
15:07
whether it be on Enceladus or elsewhere,
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bilo to na Enceladu ili negde drugde,
15:09
would have enormous cultural and scientific implications.
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imalo ogromne kulturne i naučne implikacije.
15:12
Because if we could demonstrate that genesis had occurred
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Jer, ako bismo mogli dokazati da se nastanak života dogodio
15:16
not once, but twice, independently, in our solar system,
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ne jednom, već dva puta, nezavisno, u našem Sunčevom sistemu,
15:20
then that means, by inference, it has occurred a staggering number of times
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to bi, logički gledano, značilo da se on dogodio neverovatan broj puta
15:24
throughout the universe and its 13.7 billion year history.
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svuda u Univerzumu, tokom njegove istorije duge 13.7 milijardi godina.
15:29
Right now, Earth is the only planet still that we know is teeming with life.
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Za sada je Zemlja jedina planeta za koju znamo da buja od života.
15:33
It is precious, it is unique,
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Dragocena je, jedinstvena,
15:36
it is still, so far, the only home we've ever known.
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i dalje jedini dom koji poznajemo.
15:39
And if any of you were alert and coherent during the 1960s --
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Ako je bilo ko od vas bio na oprezu i razumno razmišljao tokom 60ih --
15:46
and we'd forgive you, if you weren't, OK --
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a opraštamo vam ako niste bili, OK --
15:48
you would remember this very famous picture
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setićete se ove, vrlo poznate, fotografije,
15:50
taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968.
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koju su uslikali astronauti Apola VIII, 1968. godine.
15:54
It was the first time that Earth was imaged from space,
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To je prvi put da je Zemlja slikana iz svemira,
15:57
and it had an enormous impact on our sense of place in the universe,
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što je imalo ogromni uticaj na svest o našem mestu u Univerzumu,
16:00
and our sense of responsibility for the protection of our own planet.
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i na osećaj odgovornosti za zaštitu i očuvanje naše planete.
16:05
Well, we on Cassini have taken an equivalent first,
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Pa, mi sa misije Kasini smo po prvi put uslikali nešto slično,
16:09
a picture that no human eye has ever seen before.
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fotografiju onoga što nijedno ljudsko oko nikada ranije nije videlo.
16:13
It is a total eclipse of the Sun, seen from the other side of Saturn.
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Reč je o potpunom pomračenju Sunca, viđenom sa druge strane Saturna.
16:17
And in this impossibly beautiful picture,
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Na ovoj neopisivo lepoj fotografiji
16:21
you see the main rings backlit by the Sun,
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vidimo glavne prstenove obasjane Suncem u pozadini,
16:23
you see the refracted image of the Sun
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ž
16:26
and you see this ring created, in fact,
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i ovaj prsten, koji je, zapravo,
16:28
by the exhalations of Enceladus.
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stvorilo izbacivanje čestica sa Encelada.
16:31
But as if that weren't brilliant enough, we can spot, in this beautiful image,
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Ali, kao da to nije dovoljno sjajno, na ovoj prelepoj fotografiji možemo videti
16:37
sight of our own planet,
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i našu planetu,
16:39
cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
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kako leži u rukama Saturnovih prstenova.
16:43
Now, there is something deeply moving
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Postoji nešto vrlo dirljivo
16:45
about seeing ourselves from afar,
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u prizoru nas samih sa velike daljine,
16:47
and capturing the sight of our little, blue-ocean planet
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i slikanju naše male, plave, okeanske planete
16:50
in the skies of other worlds.
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kroz nebesa drugih svetova.
16:52
And that, and the perspective of ourselves that we gain from that,
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To osećanje i perspektiva o nama koju kroz njega dobijamo,
16:56
may be, in the end, the finest reward that we earn
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može, na kraju krajeva, biti najveća nagrada koju ćemo steći
17:00
from this journey of discovery that started half a century ago.
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na ovom putovanju otkrivanja, koje je započelo pre pola veka.
17:03
And thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
17:05
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Porco - Planetary scientistAs the leader of the Imaging Team on the Cassini mission to Saturn, Carolyn Porco interprets and shares the pictures coming back from this fascinating planet, its rings and its moons.
Why you should listen
Planetary scientist Carolyn Porco studies and interprets the photos from NASA space missions like the renowned Voyager mission to the outer solar system in the 1980s and the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn. She leads a team of scientists from the US and Europe that has been analyzing the images Cassini has sent back since it left Earth in 1997. At Saturn, they have found new phenomena everywhere they've turned their cameras … in the planet’s atmosphere, within its rings and on the surfaces of its many moons. And they've produced spectacular images and animations of these marvels in the process.
Back in the early-1980s, while still working on her doctorate, Porco was drafted onto the Voyager imaging team to assist in crunching the mountains of data coming back from Voyager’s fly-by of Saturn. Her work on the planet's rings and their relation to its moons cemented her connection with Saturn. After Voyager had flown by Neptune and was nearing conclusion, she worked together with Carl Sagan in planning Voyager’s celebrated Pale Blue Dot picture of Earth.
Her ongoing work at the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPs) has two goals: to process, interpret and archive Cassini’s images for other scientists, and to make sure the images -- in all their breathtaking poetry and mystery and sheer Save-Image-As-Desktop awesomeness -- connect with the general public. She is an advocate for the exploration and understanding of planetary space, and her frequent talks (as well as her "Captain's Log" memos on the CICLOPS website) speak to everyone, scientist and nonscientist alike. Her advocacy extends to Hollywood, where she was the character consultant on the 1997 movie “Contact,” and a consultant on the 2009 Paramount Pictures re-boot of “Star Trek.” In 2012, she was named one the 25 most influential people in space by TIME magazine.
Finally, in a twist on the Pale Blue Dot theme, it was she who conceived the idea to invite the people of the world to smile while Cassini imaged the Earth on July 19, 2013 in an event called “The Day the Earth Smiled.”
For more information:
Solar System Portrait: Earth as 'Pale Blue Dot'
BBC: Saturn snapped as Earth smiled
The Atlantic: The Carl Sagan of Our Time Reprises the 'Pale Blue Dot' Photo of Earth
The Day the Earth Smiled: Image
Library of Congress: Portraits of the Solar System: Talking with Carolyn Porco About Carl Sagan
Carolyn Porco | Speaker | TED.com