TED@IBM
Tapiwa Chiwewe: You don't have to be an expert to solve big problems
Tapiva Čiveve (Tapiwa Chiwewe): Ne morate biti stručnjak da biste rešili velike probleme
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Tokom vožnje Johanesburgom jednog dana, Tapiva Čiveve je primetio ogroman oblak zagađenog vazduha nad gradom. Bio je znatiželjan i zabrinut, ali nije bio stručnjak za ekologiju, pa je sproveo istraživanje i otkrio da je skoro 14 odsto svih smrtnih slučajeva u svetu 2012. godine uzrokovala zagađenost vazuha u domaćinstvu i okolini. Sa ovim znanjem i potrebom da nešto preduzme u vezi sa time, Čiveve i njegove kolege razvili su platformu koja pokazuje tendencije u oblasti zagađivanja i pomaže urbanistima da donose bolje odluke. „Ponekad samo jedna nova perspektiva, jedan novi skup veština, može stvoriti uslove da se desi nešto izuzetno“, kaže Čiveve. „Ali morate biti dovoljno smeli da to pokušate.“
Tapiwa Chiwewe - AI researcher
Tapiwa Chiwewe, PhD, manages the advanced and applied artificial intelligence group at IBM Research – Africa, which uses artificial intelligence to develop solutions for some of Africa's grand challenges whilst making scientific advances. Full bio
Tapiwa Chiwewe, PhD, manages the advanced and applied artificial intelligence group at IBM Research – Africa, which uses artificial intelligence to develop solutions for some of Africa's grand challenges whilst making scientific advances. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One winter morning, a couple of years ago,
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Jednog zimskog jutra, pre par godina,
00:16
I was driving to work
in Johannesburg, South Africa,
in Johannesburg, South Africa,
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vozio sam se na posao
u Johanesburgu u Južnoj Africi
u Johanesburgu u Južnoj Africi
00:19
and noticed a haze hanging over the city.
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i primetio maglu iznad grada.
00:22
I make that drive on most days,
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Vozim se tim putem skoro svakodnevno,
00:25
so it was unusual
that I hadn't noticed this before.
that I hadn't noticed this before.
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tako da je bilo neobično
što nisam to ranije primetio.
što nisam to ranije primetio.
Johanesburg je poznat po prepoznatljivom
prizoru zgrada na horizontu
prizoru zgrada na horizontu
00:28
Johannesburg is known
for its distinctive skyline,
for its distinctive skyline,
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00:31
which I could barely see that morning.
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koji sam jedva mogao videti tog jutra.
00:34
It didn't take long for me to realize
that I was looking at an enormous cloud
that I was looking at an enormous cloud
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Ubrzo sam shvatio da sam gledao
u ogroman oblak zagađenog vazduha.
00:38
of air pollution.
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00:40
The contrast between
the scenic environment I knew
the scenic environment I knew
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Kontrast između lepe okoline
koju sam poznavao
koju sam poznavao
00:44
and this smog-covered skyline
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i ovog horizonta prekrivenog maglom
00:46
stirred up something within me.
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uzburkao je nešto u meni.
00:49
I was appalled by the possibility
of this city of bright and vivid sunsets
of this city of bright and vivid sunsets
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Bio sam užasnut mogućnošću da ovaj grad
sa jarkim i živopisnim zalascima sunca
sa jarkim i živopisnim zalascima sunca
00:54
being overrun by a dull haze.
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prekrije tmurna izmaglica.
00:57
At that moment, I felt an urge
to do something about it,
to do something about it,
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Tog trenutka sam osetio potrebu
da uradim nešto u vezi sa time,
da uradim nešto u vezi sa time,
01:01
but I didn't know what.
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ali nisam znao šta.
01:03
All I knew was
I couldn't just stand idly by.
I couldn't just stand idly by.
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Jedino sam znao da ne mogu
samo da mirno stojim po strani.
samo da mirno stojim po strani.
01:07
The main challenge was,
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Glavni problem je bio
01:09
I didn't know much
about environmental science
about environmental science
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to što nisam znao mnogo toga o ekologiji,
01:13
air-quality management
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upravljanju kvalitetom vazduha,
01:15
or atmospheric chemistry.
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niti o hemiji atmosfere.
01:17
I am a computer engineer,
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Ja sam računarski inženjer
i bio sam prilično siguran
i bio sam prilično siguran
01:19
and I was pretty sure I couldn't code
my way out of this air pollution problem.
my way out of this air pollution problem.
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da ne mogu da programiram rešenje
problema zagađenosti vazduha.
problema zagađenosti vazduha.
01:23
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:24
Who was I to do anything about this issue?
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Ko sam ja da nešto preduzmem
u vezi sa ovim problemom?
u vezi sa ovim problemom?
01:27
I was but a citizen.
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Samo običan građanin.
01:31
In the following years,
I learned a very important lesson,
I learned a very important lesson,
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Predstojećih godina sam naučio
veoma važnu lekciju,
veoma važnu lekciju,
01:35
a lesson we all need to take to heart
if we are to work towards a better future.
if we are to work towards a better future.
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lekciju koju svi treba da usvojimo
ako hoćemo da radimo na boljoj budućnosti.
ako hoćemo da radimo na boljoj budućnosti.
01:40
Even if you're not an expert
in a particular domain,
in a particular domain,
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Čak i ako niste stručnjak
u određenoj oblasti,
u određenoj oblasti,
01:44
your outside expertise may hold the key
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u vašoj nepovezanoj stručnosti
može biti ključ
može biti ključ
01:47
to solving big problems
within that domain.
within that domain.
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rešavanja velikih problema
u okviru date oblasti.
u okviru date oblasti.
01:50
Sometimes the unique perspective you have
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Ponekad iz vaše jedinstvene perspektive
01:53
can result in unconventional thinking
that can move the needle,
that can move the needle,
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može proisteći neuobičajeno razmišljanje
koje može biti od značaja,
koje može biti od značaja,
01:57
but you need to be bold enough to try.
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ali morate biti dovoljno smeli
da to pokušate.
da to pokušate.
02:01
That's the only way you'll ever know.
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To je jedini način da saznate.
02:04
What I knew back then
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Ono što sam tada znao je da,
02:06
was that if I was even going
to try to make a difference,
to try to make a difference,
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ako hoću da uopšte probam
da donesem promenu,
da donesem promenu,
02:10
I had to get smart
about air pollution first,
about air pollution first,
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moram da se najpre upoznam
sa zagađivanjem vazduha,
sa zagađivanjem vazduha,
02:13
and so I became a student again.
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pa sam tako ponovo postao učenik.
02:17
I did a bit of basic research
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Sproveo sam malo osnovnog istraživanja
02:19
and soon learned that air pollution
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i ubrzo sam saznao da je zagađenje vazduha
02:21
is the world's biggest
environmental health risk.
environmental health risk.
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najveći rizik po zdravlje
životne sredine u svetu.
životne sredine u svetu.
02:25
Data from the World Health Organization
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Podaci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije
02:28
shows that almost 14 percent
of all deaths worldwide in 2012
of all deaths worldwide in 2012
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pokazuju da se 2012. godine skoro 14 odsto
svih smrtnih slučajeva u svetu
svih smrtnih slučajeva u svetu
02:33
were attributable to household
and ambient air pollution,
and ambient air pollution,
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moglo pripisati zagađenosti vazduha
u domaćinstvu ili okolini,
u domaćinstvu ili okolini,
02:37
with most occurring
in low- and middle-income countries.
in low- and middle-income countries.
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pri čemu je to najzastupljenije
u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim dohotkom.
u zemljama sa niskim i srednjim dohotkom.
02:41
Ambient air pollution alone
causes more deaths each year
causes more deaths each year
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Samo zagađenost vazduha sredine izaziva
više smrtnih slučajeva svake godine
više smrtnih slučajeva svake godine
02:45
than malaria and HIV/AIDS.
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od malarije i side.
02:48
In Africa, premature deaths
from unsafe sanitation
from unsafe sanitation
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U Africi su prerane smrti
zbog neodgovarajuće higijene
zbog neodgovarajuće higijene
02:52
or childhood malnutrition
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i neuhranjenosti u detinjstvu
02:53
pale in comparison
to deaths due to air pollution,
to deaths due to air pollution,
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ništa u odnosu na smrti
usled zagađenosti vazduha,
usled zagađenosti vazduha,
02:57
and it comes at a huge economic cost:
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a uz to ide i ogromna ekonomska cena:
03:00
over 400 billion US dollars as of 2013,
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preko 400 milijarde
američkih dolara od 2013. godine
američkih dolara od 2013. godine
03:04
according to a study by the Organisation
for Economic Cooperation and Development.
for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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prema istraživanju Organizacije
za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj.
za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj.
03:09
Now, in my work,
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U svom radu
03:12
I explore new frontiers
for artificial intelligence,
for artificial intelligence,
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istražujem novine u oblasti
veštačke inteligencije,
veštačke inteligencije,
03:17
where the symbiotic relationship
between man and machine
between man and machine
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gde simbiotska veza između čoveka i mašine
03:20
can find a beneficial footing
and help us to make better decisions.
and help us to make better decisions.
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može uspostaviti korisne osnove
i pomoći nam da donosimo bolje odluke.
i pomoći nam da donosimo bolje odluke.
03:25
As I thought about
the air pollution problem,
the air pollution problem,
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Dok sam razmišljao
o problemu zagađivanja vazduha,
o problemu zagađivanja vazduha,
03:28
it became clear that we needed
to find a way to make better decisions
to find a way to make better decisions
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postalo mi je jasno da je potrebno
da nađemo način da donosimo bolje odluke
da nađemo način da donosimo bolje odluke
03:32
about how we manage air pollution,
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o tome kako kontrolišemo
zagađivanje vazduha,
zagađivanje vazduha,
03:34
and given the scale of the problem,
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a imajući u vidu razmere problema,
03:36
it was necessary to do it
in a collaborative way.
in a collaborative way.
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neophodno je da to uradimo uz saradnju.
03:40
So I decided I'd better get to know
some people working within the field.
some people working within the field.
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Zato sam rešio da treba da se upoznam
sa ljudima koji rade u ovoj oblasti.
sa ljudima koji rade u ovoj oblasti.
03:45
I started to speak to officials
from the City of Johannesburg
from the City of Johannesburg
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Počeo sam da razgovaram
sa zvaničnicima grada Johanesburga
sa zvaničnicima grada Johanesburga
03:48
and other surrounding cities,
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i drugih okolnih gradova,
03:50
and I engaged the local
scientific community,
scientific community,
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angažovao sam lokalnu naučnu zajednicu,
03:53
and I also made a few cold calls.
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a inicirao sam i nekoliko poziva.
03:57
The process of engagement I embarked upon
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Proces pozivanja na akciju
u koji sam se upustio
u koji sam se upustio
03:59
helped me to develop
a deeper understanding of the problem.
a deeper understanding of the problem.
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pomogao mi je da razvijem
dublje razumevanje problema.
dublje razumevanje problema.
04:03
It also helped me to avoid the trap
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Takođe mi je pomogao da izbegnem zamku
u koju ponekad upadaju ljudi
iz moje profesije
iz moje profesije
04:05
people in my profession sometimes
fall into when trying to innovate,
fall into when trying to innovate,
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kada pokušavaju da unose novine,
04:09
where we are quick to apply a technology
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pri čemu brzo primenjujemo tehnologiju
04:11
before we've firmly grasped
the problem at hand.
the problem at hand.
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pre nego što smo zaista spoznali
problem koji je pred nama.
problem koji je pred nama.
04:15
I began to develop an idea
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Počeo sam da razvijam ideju
04:17
about what I could do
to improve the situation.
to improve the situation.
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o tome šta mogu da uradim
da poboljšam situaciju.
da poboljšam situaciju.
04:20
I started by simply asking myself
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Počeo sam jednostavno se zapitavši
04:23
how I could bring together
in some meaningful way
in some meaningful way
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kako mogu da na neki smisleni način spojim
04:25
my skills in software engineering
and artificial intelligence
and artificial intelligence
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svoje veštine iz softverskog inženjeringa
i veštačke inteligencije
i veštačke inteligencije
04:29
and the expertise of the people
I'd reached out to.
I'd reached out to.
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sa stručnošću ljudi kojima sam se obraćao.
04:33
I wanted to create an online
air-quality management platform
air-quality management platform
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Hteo sam napravim onlajn platformu
za upravljanje kvalitetom vazduha
za upravljanje kvalitetom vazduha
04:37
that would uncover trends in pollution
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koja bi pokazala tendencije u zagađivanju
04:39
and project into the future
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i pravila predviđanja za budućnost
04:41
to determine what outcomes
can be expected.
can be expected.
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da bi se ustanovilo
kakvi ishodi se mogu očekivati.
kakvi ishodi se mogu očekivati.
04:44
I was determined to see my idea
translate into a practical solution,
translate into a practical solution,
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Bio sam rešen da vidim kako moja ideja
prerasta u praktično rešenje,
prerasta u praktično rešenje,
04:49
but I faced uncertainty
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ali sam naišao na neizvesnost
04:52
and had no guarantee of success.
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i nisam imao garancije za uspeh.
04:55
What I had was a very particular set
of engineering skills,
of engineering skills,
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Imao sam veoma specifičan skup
inženjerskih veština
inženjerskih veština
05:00
skills I'd acquired over my career
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koje sam stekao tokom svoje karijere,
05:03
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:04
that were new to people who had
been working on the air pollution problem
been working on the air pollution problem
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koje su bile novina za ljude
koji su godinama radili
na problemu zagađivanja vazduha.
na problemu zagađivanja vazduha.
05:08
for so many years.
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05:09
What I have come to realize is that
sometimes just one fresh perspective,
sometimes just one fresh perspective,
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Shvatio sam da ponekad
samo jedna nova perspektiva,
samo jedna nova perspektiva,
05:14
one new skill set,
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jedan novi skup veština,
05:15
can make the conditions right
for something remarkable to happen.
for something remarkable to happen.
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može stvoriti uslove
da se desi nešto izuzetno.
da se desi nešto izuzetno.
05:20
Our willpower and imagination
are a guiding light,
are a guiding light,
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Snaga naše volje i naša mašta su vodilje
05:23
enabling us to chart new paths
and navigate through obstacles.
and navigate through obstacles.
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koje nam omogućavaju
da ucrtamo nove putanje
da ucrtamo nove putanje
i nađemo put kroz prepreke.
05:28
Armed with a firmer understanding
of the air pollution problem,
of the air pollution problem,
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Naoružani boljim razumevanjem
problema zagađivanja vazduha
problema zagađivanja vazduha
05:31
and having managed to source
over a decade's worth of data
over a decade's worth of data
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i pošto smo uspeli da prikupimo
podatke tokom čitave jedne decenije
podatke tokom čitave jedne decenije
o nivoima prisutnosti zagađivača vazduha
05:35
on air pollutant levels
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05:36
and the meteorological conditions
for in and around Johannesburg,
for in and around Johannesburg,
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i meteorološkim uslovima
za Johanesburg i okolinu,
za Johanesburg i okolinu,
05:41
my colleagues from South Africa
and China and myself
and China and myself
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moje kolege iz Južne Afrike i Kine i ja
smo stvorili sistem podrške
za donošenje odluka o kvalitetu vazduha
za donošenje odluka o kvalitetu vazduha
05:45
created an air-quality
decision support system
decision support system
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05:48
that lives in the cloud.
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koji je smešten u oblaku.
05:50
This software system
analyzes historical and real-time data
analyzes historical and real-time data
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Ovaj softverski sistem analizira
prošle i aktuelne podatke
prošle i aktuelne podatke
05:54
to uncover the spatial-temporal
trends in pollution.
trends in pollution.
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da bi otkrio tendencije zagađivanja
u prostoru i vremenu.
u prostoru i vremenu.
05:57
We then used new
machine learning technology
machine learning technology
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Zatim smo upotrebili
novu tehnologiju mašinskog učenja
novu tehnologiju mašinskog učenja
06:00
to predict future levels of pollution
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da bismo predvideli
buduće nivoe zagađivanja
buduće nivoe zagađivanja
06:03
for several different pollutants
days in advance.
days in advance.
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za više različitih zagađivača
danima unapred.
danima unapred.
06:06
This means that citizens
can make better decisions
can make better decisions
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Ovo znači da građani
mogu donositi bolje odluke
mogu donositi bolje odluke
06:10
about their daily movements
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o svojim kretanjima tokom dana
06:12
and about where to settle their families.
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i o tome gde da nastane svoje porodice.
06:14
We can predict adverse
pollution events ahead of time,
pollution events ahead of time,
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Možemo da unapred predvidimo
slučajeve zagađivanja,
slučajeve zagađivanja,
06:18
identify heavy polluters,
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da identifikujemo teške zagađivače,
06:19
and they can be ordered
by the relevant authorities
by the relevant authorities
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a nadležni organi im mogu narediti
06:22
to scale back their operations.
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da umanje svoje delovanje.
06:25
Through assisted scenario planning,
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Kroz pomoćno planiranje scenarija,
06:27
city planners can also make
better decisions
better decisions
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urbanisti takođe mogu
donositi bolje odluke
donositi bolje odluke
06:30
about how to extend infrastructure,
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o tome kako proširiti infrastrukturu
06:32
such as human settlements
or industrial zones.
or industrial zones.
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kao što su ljudska naselja
ili industrijske zone.
ili industrijske zone.
06:36
We completed a pilot of our technology
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Završili smo probu naše tehnologije
06:38
that was run over a period of 120 days,
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sprovedenu tokom perioda od 120 dana,
06:42
covering all of South Africa.
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koja je pokrila celu Južnu Afriku.
06:45
Our results were confirmed
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Naši rezultati su potvrđeni
06:47
when we demonstrated a tight correlation
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kada smo pokazali usku korelaciju
06:49
between the forecasting data
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između podataka predviđanja
06:52
and the data we were getting
on the ground.
on the ground.
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i podataka koje smo dobijali na terenu.
06:55
Through our leadership,
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Kroz naše liderstvo
06:57
we have brought cutting-edge,
world-leading assets
world-leading assets
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doneli smo savremena,
vodeća sredstva u svetu
vodeća sredstva u svetu
07:01
that can perform air-quality forecasting
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koja mogu sprovesti prognozu
kvaliteta vazduha
kvaliteta vazduha
07:03
at an unprecedented
resolution and accuracy,
resolution and accuracy,
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uz neviđenu rezoluciju i preciznost,
07:08
benefiting the city that I drove into
one winter morning not very long ago,
one winter morning not very long ago,
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što je od koristi gradu
u koji sam se dovezao
u koji sam se dovezao
jednog zimskog jutra
ne tako davno i pomislio:
ne tako davno i pomislio:
07:14
and thought to myself,
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07:16
"Something is wrong here.
I wonder what can be done?"
I wonder what can be done?"
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„Nešto ovde nije u redu.
Pitam se šta se može preduzeti.“
Pitam se šta se može preduzeti.“
07:20
So here is the point:
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Evo u čemu je poenta.
07:23
What if I'd not investigated
the problem of air pollution further?
the problem of air pollution further?
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Šta da nisam više istražio
problem zagađivanja vazduha?
problem zagađivanja vazduha?
07:28
What if I'd not shown some concern
for the state of the environment
for the state of the environment
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Šta da nisam pokazao zabrinutost
za stanje životne sredine
za stanje životne sredine
07:32
and just hoped that someone,
somewhere, was taking care of the matter?
somewhere, was taking care of the matter?
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i nadao se da neko negde
radi na tom problemu?
radi na tom problemu?
07:37
What I have learned is that,
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Uvideo sam da,
07:39
when embarking on a challenging endeavor
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kada krenemo na težak poduhvat
07:41
that advances a cause
that we firmly believe in,
that we firmly believe in,
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kojim se unapređuje misija
u koju čvrsto verujemo,
u koju čvrsto verujemo,
07:44
it is important to focus
on the possibility of success
on the possibility of success
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važno je fokusirati se na mogućnost uspeha
07:47
and consider the consequence
of not acting.
of not acting.
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i razmotriti posledice
nepreduzimanja akcije.
nepreduzimanja akcije.
07:51
We should not get distracted
by resistance and opposition,
by resistance and opposition,
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Ne treba da nas ometaju
otpor i suprotstavljanje,
otpor i suprotstavljanje,
07:55
but this should motivate us further.
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već treba da nas dodatno motivišu.
07:58
So wherever you are in the world,
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Dakle, gde god da se nalazite u svetu,
08:02
the next time you find
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sledeći put kada vidite
08:04
that there's some
natural curiosity you have
natural curiosity you have
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da postoji neka vaša prirodna radoznalost
08:06
that is being piqued,
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koja je podstaknuta
08:08
and it's about something you care about,
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i radi se o nečemu do čega vam je stalo,
08:10
and you have some crazy or bold ideas,
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a imate neke lude ili smele ideje
08:13
and perhaps it's outside
the realm of your expertise,
the realm of your expertise,
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i možda je izvan vaše stručne oblasti,
08:16
ask yourself this:
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zapitajte se:
08:19
Why not?
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zašto da ne?
08:22
Why not just go ahead
and tackle the problem
and tackle the problem
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Zašto ne krenuti i pozabaviti se problemom
08:24
as best as you can, in your own way?
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što bolje možete, na svoj način?
08:27
You may be pleasantly surprised.
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Možda se prijatno iznenadite.
08:31
Thank you.
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Hvala.
08:32
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tapiwa Chiwewe - AI researcherTapiwa Chiwewe, PhD, manages the advanced and applied artificial intelligence group at IBM Research – Africa, which uses artificial intelligence to develop solutions for some of Africa's grand challenges whilst making scientific advances.
Why you should listen
An engineer and researcher of many interests, Tapiwa Chiwewe has worked in academia and industry, developing commercial products and conducting scientific research in many areas that include mining, healthcare, defense, astronomy and the environment.
Chiwewe studied at the University of Pretoria in South Africa where he earned a PhD in Computer Engineering. His roles have ranged from junior lecturer and researcher, software engineer, followed by an extended stint with South Africa’s Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Tapiwa Chiwewe | Speaker | TED.com