TEDGlobal 2013
Holly Morris: Why stay in Chernobyl? Because it's home.
Holi Moris (Holly Morris): Zašto ostati u Černobilju? Zato što je to naš dom.
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
1,157,051 views
Černobilj je mesto najgore nuklearne katastrofe i u poslednjih 27 godina a oblast oko fabrike je poznata kao Zona otuđenosti. Ipak, zajednica od 200 stanovnika, većinom starijih žena, i dalje živi tamo. Ove ponosne bake prkose zahtevima za iseljenje, jer je njihova veza sa domovinom i zajednicom jača čak i od radijacije.
Holly Morris - Explorer and filmmaker
Holly Morris tells the stories of women around the world through documentary, television, print and the web. Full bio
Holly Morris tells the stories of women around the world through documentary, television, print and the web. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Three years ago, I was standing about a hundred yards
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Pre tri godine, stajala sam
oko devedeset metara
oko devedeset metara
od černobiljskog nuklearnog reaktora
broj četiri.
broj četiri.
00:15
from Chernobyl nuclear reactor number four.
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00:19
My Geiger counter dosimeter, which measures radiation,
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Gajgerov brojač, za merenje radijacije
je potpuno poludeo,
00:22
was going berserk,
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i što sam se više približavala,
00:23
and the closer I got, the more frenetic it became,
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00:27
and frantic. My God.
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kao da je pomahnitao.
Moj bože.
Moj bože.
Bila sam tamo zbog 25. godišnjice
00:30
I was there covering the 25th anniversary
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najgore nuklearne katastrofe,
00:32
of the world's worst nuclear accident,
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i kao što možete videti
po izrazu mog lica,
po izrazu mog lica,
00:35
as you can see by the look on my face,
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ne baš voljno,
ali sa dobrim razlogom,
ali sa dobrim razlogom,
00:37
reluctantly so, but with good reason,
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jer eksplozija
koja je trajala 11 dana
koja je trajala 11 dana
00:40
because the nuclear fire that burned for 11 days
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00:44
back in 1986 released 400 times as much radiation
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te 1986. ispustila je
400 puta više radijacije
400 puta više radijacije
nego bomba koja je bačena
na Hirošimu,
na Hirošimu,
00:48
as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima,
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i sarkofag, koji pokriva
00:50
and the sarcophagus, which is the covering
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reaktor broj četiri,
00:53
over reactor number four,
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koji je na brzinu napravljen
pre 27 godina,
pre 27 godina,
00:54
which was hastily built 27 years ago,
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00:57
now sits cracked and rusted
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sada je u pukotinama i rđi
i propušta radijaciju.
00:59
and leaking radiation.
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01:01
So I was filming.
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I tako sam ja sve to snimala.
Samo sam želela
da završim svoj posao
da završim svoj posao
01:03
I just wanted to get the job done
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01:04
and get out of there fast.
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i da pobegnem odatle što pre.
01:07
But then, I looked into the distance,
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Ali, pogledala sam u daljinu,
i videla dim koji izlazi iz jedne kućice,
01:09
and I saw some smoke coming from a farmhouse,
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01:12
and I'm thinking, who could be living here?
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i pomislila sam,
da li je moguće da neko tamo živi?
da li je moguće da neko tamo živi?
Jer černobiljska zemlja,
voda i vazduh
voda i vazduh
01:15
I mean, after all, Chernobyl's soil, water and air,
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su među najzagađenijim na Zemlji,
01:18
are among the most highly contaminated on Earth,
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a i sam reaktor je smešten u centru
01:21
and the reactor sits at the the center of
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strogo kontrolisane zone isključivosti
ili mrtve zone;
ili mrtve zone;
01:23
a tightly regulated exclusion zone, or dead zone,
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01:26
and it's a nuclear police state, complete with border guards.
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i tu je nuklerna policija,
zajedno sa graničnom stražom.
zajedno sa graničnom stražom.
Sa sobom morate da imate
dozimetar sve vreme, tik uz vas,
dozimetar sve vreme, tik uz vas,
01:30
You have to have dosimeter at all times, clicking away,
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01:32
you have to have a government minder,
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morate imati pratioca
kojeg vam dodeljuje vlada,
kojeg vam dodeljuje vlada,
i tu su isto tako drakonska pravila
koja se tiču radijacije
koja se tiču radijacije
01:34
and there's draconian radiation rules
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01:37
and constant contamination monitoring.
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i stalan monitoring zagađenja.
Poenta je da nijedno ljudsko biće
01:41
The point being, no human being
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ne treba da živi u blizini mrtve zone.
01:44
should be living anywhere near the dead zone.
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01:46
But they are.
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Ali oni žive.
Ispostavilo se da neobična zajednica
01:48
It turns out an unlikely community
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od nekih 200 ljudi živi unutar zone.
01:51
of some 200 people are living inside the zone.
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01:54
They're called self-settlers.
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Nazvani su samo-naseljenicima.
01:56
And almost all of them are women,
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I gotovo sve su žene,
01:59
the men having shorter lifespans
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muškarci imaju kraći životni vek
02:00
in part due to overuse of alcohol, cigarettes,
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delom i zbog korišćenja alkohola,
cigareta,
cigareta,
ako ne zbog radijacije.
02:03
if not radiation.
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02:05
Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated
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Stotine hiljada ljudi je evakuisano
02:07
at the time of the accident,
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u vreme nesreće,
02:09
but not everybody accepted that fate.
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ali nisu svi prihvatili tu sudbinu.
02:11
The women in the zone, now in their 70s and 80s,
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Žene u zoni, sada u svojim
70-im i 80-im,
70-im i 80-im,
02:14
are the last survivors of a group who defied authorities
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su poslednje preživele
iz grupe koja je prkosila vlastima,
iz grupe koja je prkosila vlastima,
02:17
and, it would seem, common sense,
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a kako izgleda, i zdravom razumu,
02:19
and returned to their ancestral homes inside the zone.
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i koja se vratila u svoje
porodične domove unutar zone.
porodične domove unutar zone.
02:23
They did so illegally.
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To su uradile ilegalno.
02:25
As one woman put it to a soldier
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Kako je jedna žena sročila,
02:27
who was trying to evacuate her for a second time,
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vojniku koji je pokušao
da je evakuiše po drugi put:
da je evakuiše po drugi put:
02:30
"Shoot me and dig the grave.
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"Upucaj me i iskopaj grob.
Inače, ja idem kući."
02:32
Otherwise, I'm going home."
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02:34
Now why would they return to such deadly soil?
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I zašto bi se one uopšte vratile
na takvu smrtonosnu zemlju?
na takvu smrtonosnu zemlju?
02:37
I mean, were they unaware of the risks
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Mislim, zar su bile nesvesne rizika
ili dovoljno lude, pa su ih ignorisale
ili i jedno i drugo?
ili i jedno i drugo?
02:39
or crazy enough to ignore them, or both?
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02:42
The thing is, they see their lives
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Stvar je u tome,
što one vide svoje živote
što one vide svoje živote
02:43
and the risks they run decidedly differently.
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i rizik pod kojim su,
potpuno drugačije.
potpuno drugačije.
02:47
Now around Chernobyl, there are scattered ghost villages,
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U okolini Černobilja,
rasejana su napuštena sela,
rasejana su napuštena sela,
sablasno tiha, čudno šarmantna,
rustična,
rustična,
02:50
eerily silent, strangely charming, bucolic,
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potpuno kontaminirana.
02:54
totally contaminated.
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02:56
Many were bulldozed under at the time of the accident,
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Većina je srušena posle nesreće,
02:59
but a few are left like this,
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ali neka su ostavljena ovako,
03:01
kind of silent vestiges to the tragedy.
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kao tihi tragovi nesreće.
Druga imaju nekoliko stanovnika,
03:05
Others have a few residents in them,
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jedna ili dve babuške ili babe,
03:07
one or two "babushkas," or "babas,"
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03:10
which are the Russian and Ukrainian words for grandmother.
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to su ruske i ukrajinske reči za baku.
03:13
Another village might have six or seven residents.
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Druga sela možda imaju
šest ili sedam stanovnika.
šest ili sedam stanovnika.
03:16
So this is the strange demographic of the zone --
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Tako da je ovo neobična
demografija zone,
demografija zone,
izolovani i potpuno sami,
ali zajedno.
ali zajedno.
03:19
isolated alone together.
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I kada sam pronašla put
do tog dimnjaka
do tog dimnjaka
03:21
And when I made my way to that piping chimney
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koji sam videla u daljini,
03:24
I'd seen in the distance,
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ugledala sam Hanu Zavorotnaju
i upoznala sam se sa njom.
i upoznala sam se sa njom.
03:25
I saw Hanna Zavorotnya, and I met her.
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03:29
She's the self-declared mayor of Kapavati village,
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Ona je sebe proglasila
gradonačelnicom sela Kapavati,
gradonačelnicom sela Kapavati,
broj stanovnika - osam.
03:32
population eight.
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03:34
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:36
And she said to me, when I asked her the obvious,
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I odgovorila mi je,
kada sam je pitala očekivano,
kada sam je pitala očekivano,
03:39
"Radiation doesn't scare me. Starvation does."
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"Radijacija me ne plaši.
Glad me plaši."
Glad me plaši."
03:43
And you have to remember, these women have
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Zapamtite, ove žene
su preživele najgora zverstva 20. veka.
03:44
survived the worst atrocities of the 20th century.
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Staljinova prisilna gladovanja '30-ih,
Holodomor,
Holodomor,
03:48
Stalin's enforced famines of the 1930s, the Holodomor,
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ubila su milione Ukrajinaca,
03:52
killed millions of Ukrainians,
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a suočile su se i sa Nacistima '40-ih,
03:54
and they faced the Nazis in the '40s,
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03:56
who came through slashing, burning, raping,
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gde su prošle kroz nasilje,
spaljivanje, silovanja,
spaljivanje, silovanja,
i u stvari većina ovih žena
03:59
and in fact many of these women
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04:00
were shipped to Germany as forced labor.
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je bila isporučena Nemačkoj
na prinudni rad.
na prinudni rad.
Tako da, kada se posle nekoliko decenija
sovjetske vlasti
sovjetske vlasti
04:03
So when a couple decades into Soviet rule,
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dogodio Černobilj,
04:06
Chernobyl happened,
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04:07
they were unwilling to flee in the face of an enemy
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one nisu želele da pobegnu
pred licem neprijatelja
pred licem neprijatelja
koji je bio nevidljiv.
04:10
that was invisible.
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Tako da su se vratile u svoja sela
04:12
So they returned to their villages
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04:14
and are told they're going to get sick and die soon,
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iako im je rečeno da će se razboleti
i umreti uskoro,
i umreti uskoro,
04:18
but five happy years, their logic goes,
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ali pet srećnih godina,
po njihovoj logici je
po njihovoj logici je
bolje nego 10 provedenih
04:20
is better than 10 stuck in a high rise
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04:23
on the outskirts of Kiev,
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negde na periferiji Kijeva,
04:25
separated from the graves of their mothers
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daleko od grobova svojih majki
04:27
and fathers and babies,
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i očeva i beba,
04:29
the whisper of stork wings on a spring afternoon.
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šaptaja krila roda u
prolećno popodne.
prolećno popodne.
Za njih, zagađenost životne sredine
04:33
For them, environmental contamination
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04:35
may not be the worst sort of devastation.
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nije najgora vrsta uništavanja.
04:38
It turns out this holds true
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Ispostavilo se da ovo važi
i za druge vrste.
04:39
for other species as well.
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Divlji vepar, ris, los, vratili su se
04:41
Wild boar, lynx, moose, they've all returned
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04:44
to the region in force,
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u oblast koja je pod uticajem
04:46
the very real, very negative effects of radiation
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veoma stvarnih i negativnih
posledica radijacije,
posledica radijacije,
ali manje negativnih
zbog masovnog egzodusa
zbog masovnog egzodusa
04:49
being trumped by the upside of a mass exodus
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04:53
of humans.
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ljudi.
Mrtva zona je, ispostavilo se,
prepuna života.
prepuna života.
04:55
The dead zone, it turns out, is full of life.
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04:59
And there is a kind of heroic resilience,
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I postoji neka vrsta
herojske otpornosti,
herojske otpornosti,
i vrsta jednostavnog pragmatizma
kod onih
kod onih
05:02
a kind of plain-spoken pragmatism to those
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05:05
who start their day at 5 a.m.
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koji svoje dane počinju u 5 ujutru,
05:08
pulling water from a well
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vadeći vodu iz bunara,
a završavaju u ponoć
05:10
and end it at midnight
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neustrašivo udarajući štapovima o kofu
05:12
poised to beat a bucket with a stick
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05:14
and scare off wild boar that might mess with their potatoes,
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da bi oterali divlje veprove koji se možda
muvaju oko njihovog krompira,
muvaju oko njihovog krompira,
05:17
their only company a bit of homemade moonshine vodka.
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njihovo jedino društvo
je malo domaće vodke.
je malo domaće vodke.
I još uvek postoji malo bledog prkosa
među njima.
među njima.
05:22
And there's a patina of simple defiance among them.
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"Rekli su da će nas boleti noge,
i bole nas. Pa šta?"
i bole nas. Pa šta?"
05:25
"They told us our legs would hurt, and they do. So what?"
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I šta je, u stvari,
sa njihovim zdravljem?
sa njihovim zdravljem?
05:29
I mean, what about their health?
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05:31
The benefits of hardy, physical living,
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Prednosti teškog, fizičkog rada,
ali u toksičnom okruženju
koje je takvo
koje je takvo
05:34
but an environment made toxic
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05:35
by a complicated, little-understood enemy, radiation.
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zbog komplikovanog,
malo razumljivog neprijatelja, radijacije.
malo razumljivog neprijatelja, radijacije.
05:39
It's incredibly difficult to parse.
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Neverovatno je teško razlučiti.
05:41
Health studies from the region
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Regionalne zdravstvene studije
05:43
are conflicting and fraught.
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su konfliktne i zabrinjavajuće.
05:46
The World Health Organization
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Svetska zdravstvena organizacija
procenuje da smrtni ishodi
koji su u vezi sa Černobiljem
koji su u vezi sa Černobiljem
05:47
puts the number of Chernobyl-related deaths
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dolaze i do 4000.
05:50
at 4,000, eventually.
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05:52
Greenpeace and other organizations
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Grinpis i druge organizacije
05:55
put that number in the tens of thousands.
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smatraju da se brojke penju
i na desetine hiljada.
i na desetine hiljada.
05:58
Now everybody agrees that thyroid cancers
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Svi se slažu da je rak tiroidne žlezde
06:01
are sky high, and that Chernobyl evacuees
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neverovatno visok
i da evakuisani iz Černobilja
i da evakuisani iz Černobilja
06:04
suffer the trauma of relocated peoples everywhere:
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pate od traume izazvane selidbom;
višeg nivoa anksioznosti,
depresije, alkoholizma,
depresije, alkoholizma,
06:07
higher levels of anxiety, depression, alcoholism,
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nezaposlenosti i, još bitnije,
06:10
unemployment and, importantly,
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06:12
disrupted social networks.
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poremećenih društvenih odnosa.
Kao i većina vas,
06:15
Now, like many of you,
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ja sam se selila možda
20, 25 puta u životu.
20, 25 puta u životu.
06:18
I have moved maybe 20, 25 times in my life.
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06:22
Home is a transient concept.
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Dom meni predstavlja
nešto privremeno.
nešto privremeno.
06:26
I have a deeper connection to my laptop
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Imam dublju vezu sa svojim laptopom
06:28
than any bit of soil.
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nego sa nekim parčetom zemlje.
06:32
So it's hard for us to understand, but home
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Tako da je nama teško da to razumemo,
ali dom
ali dom
06:35
is the entire cosmos of the rural babushka,
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je ceo kosmos seoskim babuškama,
06:38
and connection to the land is palpable.
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i veza koju imaju sa svojom zemljom
se da osetiti.
se da osetiti.
I možda, jer su ove Ukrajinke
06:41
And perhaps because these Ukrainian women
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06:43
were schooled under the Soviets
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školovane pod Sovjetima
06:45
and versed in the Russian poets,
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i uz stihove ruskih pesnika,
06:47
aphorisms about these ideas
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aforizmi tih načela
06:49
slip from their mouths all the time.
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stalno su na njihovim usnama.
06:51
"If you leave, you die."
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"Ako odeš, umrećeš."
"Oni koji su otišli
sada prolaze mnogo gore.
sada prolaze mnogo gore.
06:54
"Those who left are worse off now.
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06:56
They are dying of sadness."
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Oni umiru od tuge."
"Domovina je domovina.
Nikada neću otići."
Nikada neću otići."
06:58
"Motherland is motherland. I will never leave."
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07:02
What sounds like faith, soft faith,
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To što to zvuči kao neubedljiva vera,
može, u stvari biti činjenica,
07:05
may actually be fact,
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07:09
because the surprising truth --
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jer iznenađujuća istina je da -
07:10
I mean, there are no studies, but the truth seems to be
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mislim, nema studija o tome,
ali istina leži u tome
ali istina leži u tome
07:13
that these women who returned to their homes
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da te žene koje su se vratile
u svoje domove
u svoje domove
07:15
and have lived on some of the most radioactive land
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i žive na možda
najradioaktivnijoj zemlji
najradioaktivnijoj zemlji
07:17
on Earth for the last 27 years,
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na svetu u poslednjih 27 godina,
su u stvari, nadživele svoje sunarodnike
07:19
have actually outlived their counterparts
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koji su prihvatili iseljenje,
07:22
who accepted relocation,
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07:24
by some estimates up to 10 years.
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po nekim proračunima i do 10 godina.
Kako je ovo moguće?
07:28
How could this be?
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Evo teorije: da li je moguće da
07:30
Here's a theory: Could it be
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te spone sa zemljom predaka,
07:32
that those ties to ancestral soil,
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07:35
the soft variables reflected in their aphorisms,
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ta ubeđenja
koja se prenose aforizmima,
koja se prenose aforizmima,
u stvari prouzrukuju dugovečnost?
07:37
actually affect longevity?
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07:40
The power of motherland
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Moć domovine
07:42
so fundamental to that part of the world
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tako bitna u tom delu sveta
izgleda da je umirujuća.
07:45
seems palliative.
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07:46
Home and community are forces
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Dom i zajednica su sile
07:49
that rival even radiation.
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koje se suprostavljaju čak i radijaciji.
Bilo da radijacija postoji ili ne,
07:53
Now radiation or not,
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te žene su na samom kraju života.
07:56
these women are at the end of their lives.
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U sledećoj deceniji,
stanovnici ove zone će nestati,
stanovnici ove zone će nestati,
07:58
In the next decade, the zone's human residents will be gone,
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i ponovo će postati napušteno,
radioaktivno mesto,
radioaktivno mesto,
08:02
and it will revert to a wild, radioactive place,
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ispunjeno samo životinjama
i povremeno
i povremeno
08:07
full only of animals and occasionally
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smelim, malo zbunjenim naučnicima.
08:10
daring, flummoxed scientists.
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08:13
But the spirit and existence of the babushkas,
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Ali duh i opstajanje babuški,
čiji se broj prepolovio
08:16
whose numbers have been halved
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za ove tri godine koliko ih poznajem,
08:18
in the three years I've known them,
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ostavlja nas sa nekim novim spoznajama
08:20
will leave us with powerful new templates
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08:22
to think about and grapple with,
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o kojima ćemo razmišljati
i sa kojima ćemo se boriti,
i sa kojima ćemo se boriti,
08:24
about the relative nature of risk,
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o relativnoj prirodi rizika,
08:28
about transformative connections to home,
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o transformišućim vezama
sa našim domom,
sa našim domom,
08:31
and about the magnificent tonic
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o veličanstvenom okrepljenju
koje nam pruža lični stav i odlučnost.
08:35
of personal agency and self-determination.
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Hvala vam.
08:39
Thank you.
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08:41
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Holly Morris - Explorer and filmmakerHolly Morris tells the stories of women around the world through documentary, television, print and the web.
Why you should listen
Holly Morris is a director, producer, writer and storyteller whose work spans media and continents. She is the author of Adventure Divas: Searching the Globe for a New Kind of Heroine (Random House) and writer/director and executuve producer of its companion PBS documentary series, "Adventure Divas". A former National Geographic Adventure columnist and widely anthologized essayist, Morris is also a regular contributor to The New York Times, among other publications. She presents the PBS televisin series "Globe Trekker," and "Treks in a Wild World," and also hosted "Outdoor Investigations" -- a series in which she investigates the scientific side of today's environmental and natural world mysteries.
Morris has reported on the illegal caviar trade from Iran's Caspian Sea, sex trafficking from the brothels of India, and the global diaspora of Black Panthers from Cuba. Whether she's exploring underground Soviet missile silos, or the ship breaking yards of Bangladesh, Morris goes to the grassroots to tell a global story.
Her new film, The Babushkas of Chernobyl is about a surprising group of survivors living in the shadow of Chernobyl. Based on her award-winning essay of the same name (also published as "Ukraine: A Country of Women"), it won the Meredith Editorial Excellence Award, was reprinted in London's Daily Telegraph, and The Week and was selected for the book The Best Travel Writing (2012). The film, which has won numerous awards, including the Los Angeles Film Festival Jury Award for Directing, is being widely released in Spring 2016 for the 30th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster.
Holly Morris | Speaker | TED.com