TED2016
Prosanta Chakrabarty: Clues to prehistoric times, found in blind cavefish
Prozanta Čakrabarti (Prosanta Chakrabarty): Tragovi praistorijskog vremena otkriveni u slepoj pećinskoj ribi
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Učesnik TED Fellows programa Prozanta Čakrabarti istražuje skrivene delove sveta, u potrazi za novim vrstama riba koje počivaju u pećinama. Ova podzemna stvorenja su razvila zadivljujuće načine prilagođavanja i pružaju nam biološke uvide u slepilo, kao i geološke tragove o tome kako su se kontinenti otcepili pre više miliona godina. Razmotrite duboki protok vremena u ovom kratkom govoru.
Prosanta Chakrabarty - Ichthyologist
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Prosanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Ichthyology,
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Ihtiologija,
00:14
the study of fishes.
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nauka o ribama.
00:16
It looks like a big, boring word,
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To se čini kao velika, dosadna reč,
00:18
but it's actually quite exciting,
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ali je zapravo prilično uzbudljiva
00:21
because ichthyology is the only "ology"
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jer je ihtiologija jedina "ologija"
00:24
with "YOLO" in it.
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koja sadrži "YOLO" u sebi.
00:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:27
Now, to the cool kids in the audience,
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Sad, za kul decu u publici,
00:29
you already know, YOLO stands for
"you only live once,"
"you only live once,"
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već znate, YOLO stoji za
"samo jednom se živi",
"samo jednom se živi",
00:33
and because I only have one life,
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i zato što imam samo jedan život,
00:35
I'm going to spend it doing
what I always dreamt of doing:
what I always dreamt of doing:
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provešću ga radeći
što sam oduvek sanjao da radim:
što sam oduvek sanjao da radim:
00:37
seeing the hidden wonders of the world
and discovering new species.
and discovering new species.
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gledajući skrivena čuda sveta
i otkrivajući nove vrste.
i otkrivajući nove vrste.
00:41
And that's what I get to do.
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I to me je dopalo da radim.
00:42
Now, in recent years, I really focused
on caves for finding new species.
on caves for finding new species.
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Proteklih godina, zaista sam se fokusirao
na pećine da bih otkrio nove vrste.
na pećine da bih otkrio nove vrste.
00:47
And it turns out, there's lots of new
cavefish species out there.
cavefish species out there.
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I ispostavilo se da ima mnogo novih
pećinskih riba u svetu.
pećinskih riba u svetu.
00:50
You just have to know where to look,
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Samo morate da znate kuda da tražite,
00:52
and to maybe be a little thin.
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i možda da budete malčice mršavi.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:55
Now, cavefishes can tell me
a lot about biology and geology.
a lot about biology and geology.
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Sad, pećinske ribe mi mogu reći
mnogo o biologiji i geologiji.
mnogo o biologiji i geologiji.
01:00
They can tell me how the landmasses
around them have changed and moved
around them have changed and moved
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Mogu da mi kažu kako su se kopnene mase
oko njih menjale i pomerale
oko njih menjale i pomerale
01:04
by being stuck in these little holes,
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tako što ostaju zaglavljene
u ovim rupicama
u ovim rupicama
01:06
and they can tell me about
the evolution of sight, by being blind.
the evolution of sight, by being blind.
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i mogu svojim slepilom
da mi govore o evoluciji vida.
da mi govore o evoluciji vida.
01:11
Now, fish have eyes
that are essentially the same as ours.
that are essentially the same as ours.
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Sad, ribe imaju oči
koje su u suštini iste kao naše.
koje su u suštini iste kao naše.
01:14
All vertebrates do, and each time
a fish species starts to adapt
a fish species starts to adapt
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Kod svih kičmenjaka je tako,
i uvek kad vrsta ribe počne da se adaptira
i uvek kad vrsta ribe počne da se adaptira
01:18
to this dark, cold, cave environment,
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ovoj mračnoj, hladnoj, pećinskoj sredini,
01:20
over many, many generations,
they lose their eyes and their eyesight
they lose their eyes and their eyesight
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tokom mnogih, mnogih generacija,
izgube svoje oči i svoj vid
izgube svoje oči i svoj vid
01:24
until the end up like an eyeless
cavefish like this one here.
cavefish like this one here.
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dok završe poput bezoke
pećinske ribe, poput ove ovde.
pećinske ribe, poput ove ovde.
01:27
Now, each cavefish species
has evolved in a slightly different way,
has evolved in a slightly different way,
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Sad, svaka vrsta pećinske ribe
je evoluirala na nešto drugačiji način,
je evoluirala na nešto drugačiji način,
01:31
and each one has a unique geological
and biological story to tell us,
and biological story to tell us,
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i svaka ima jedinstvenu geološku
i biološku priču da nam ispriča,
i biološku priču da nam ispriča,
01:35
and that's why it's so exciting
when we find a new species.
when we find a new species.
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i zato je tako uzbudljivo
kad otkrijemo novu vrstu.
kad otkrijemo novu vrstu.
01:39
So this is a new species
we described, from southern Indiana.
we described, from southern Indiana.
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Dakle, ovo je nova vrsta
koju smo opisali, iz južne Indijane.
koju smo opisali, iz južne Indijane.
01:43
We named it Amblyopsis hoosieri,
the Hoosier cavefish.
the Hoosier cavefish.
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Nazvali smo je Amblyopsis hoosieri,
hužer. (Hužer - stanovnik Indijane)
hužer. (Hužer - stanovnik Indijane)
01:46
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:48
Its closest relatives
are cavefishes in Kentucky,
are cavefishes in Kentucky,
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Njegovi najbliži rođaci
su pećinske ribe iz Kentakija,
su pećinske ribe iz Kentakija,
01:51
in the Mammoth Cave system.
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iz sistema pećina Mamut.
01:52
And they start to diverge
when the Ohio River split them
when the Ohio River split them
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I počele su da se razilaze
kad ih je reka Ohajo razdvojila
kad ih je reka Ohajo razdvojila
01:55
a few million years ago.
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pre nekoliko miliona godina.
01:57
And in that time they developed
these subtle differences
these subtle differences
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A tokom tog vremena razvile su
ove prefinjene razlike
ove prefinjene razlike
02:00
in the genetic architecture
behind their blindness.
behind their blindness.
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u genetskoj arhitekturi
iza njihovog slepila.
iza njihovog slepila.
02:03
There's this gene called rhodopsin
that's super-critical for sight.
that's super-critical for sight.
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Postoji gen po imenu rodopsin
koji je superključan za vid.
koji je superključan za vid.
02:06
We have it, and these species have it too,
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Mi ga imamo, i ove vrste ga imaju takođe,
02:09
except one species has lost
all function in that gene,
all function in that gene,
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samo što je jedna vrsta izgubila
svu funkcionalnost tog gena,
svu funkcionalnost tog gena,
02:12
and the other one maintains it.
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a druge su je zadržale.
02:14
So this sets up this beautiful
natural experiment
natural experiment
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Te je ovo podesilo taj prelepi
prirodni eksperiment
prirodni eksperiment
02:18
where we can look at the genes
behind our vision,
behind our vision,
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gde možemo da posmatramo gene
iza našeg vida
iza našeg vida
02:21
and at the very roots of how we can see.
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i samu srž toga kako vidimo.
02:25
But the genes in these cavefishes
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Ali geni u ovim pećinskim ribama
02:26
can also tell us
about deep geological time,
about deep geological time,
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nam takođe mogu reći
o dubokom geološkom vremenu,
o dubokom geološkom vremenu,
02:29
maybe no more so
than in this species here.
than in this species here.
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možda ne dužem od ove vrste ovde.
02:32
This is a new species
we described from Madagascar
we described from Madagascar
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Ovo je nova vrsta sa Madagaskara
koju smo opisali
koju smo opisali
02:34
that we named Typhleotris mararybe.
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i imenovali smo je Typhleotris mararybe.
02:38
That means "big sickness" in Malagasy,
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To znači "velika mučnina" na malagasiju,
02:41
for how sick we got trying
to collect this species.
to collect this species.
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po tome koliko nam se smučilo
sakupljajući ovu vrstu.
sakupljajući ovu vrstu.
02:44
Now, believe it or not,
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Sad, verovali ili ne,
02:46
swimming around sinkholes
full of dead things
full of dead things
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plivanje oko ponora punih mrtvih stvari
02:48
and cave full of bat poop
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i pećina punih šišmišove kake
02:50
isn't the smartest thing you could
be doing with your life,
be doing with your life,
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nije nešto najpametnije
što možete da radite sa životom,
što možete da radite sa životom,
02:53
but YOLO.
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ali YOLO.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:58
Now, I love this species despite the fact
that it tried to kill us,
that it tried to kill us,
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Sad, volim ovu vrstu, uprkos činjenici
da je pokušala da nas ubije,
da je pokušala da nas ubije,
03:03
and that's because
this species in Madagascar,
this species in Madagascar,
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a to je zato
što su ove vrste s Madagaskara
što su ove vrste s Madagaskara
03:05
its closest relatives
are 6,000 kilometers away,
are 6,000 kilometers away,
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najbliži rođaci 6.000 kilometara udaljene
03:08
cavefishes in Australia.
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pećinske ribe u Australiji.
03:10
Now, there's no way a three-inch-long
freshwater cavefish
freshwater cavefish
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Nema šanse da je slatkovodna
pećinska riba od osam centimetara
pećinska riba od osam centimetara
03:14
can swim across the Indian Ocean,
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mogla da prepliva Indijski okean,
03:16
so what we found when we compared
the DNA of these species
the DNA of these species
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pa smo upoređivanjem
DNK ovih vrsta otkrili
DNK ovih vrsta otkrili
03:19
is that they've been separated
for more than 100 million years,
for more than 100 million years,
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da su razdvojene
više od 100 miliona godina
više od 100 miliona godina
03:22
or about the time that the southern
continents were last together.
continents were last together.
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ili otprilike istovremeno kad su južni
kontinenti poslednji put bili zajedno.
kontinenti poslednji put bili zajedno.
03:27
So in fact, these species
didn't move at all.
didn't move at all.
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Te se zapravo ove vrste
uopšte nisu pomerile.
uopšte nisu pomerile.
03:30
It's the continents that moved them.
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Kontinenti su ih pomerili.
03:31
And so they give us, through their DNA,
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Pa su nam dale, preko svog DNK,
03:33
this precise model and measure
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ovaj precizan model i meru
03:36
of how to date and time
these ancient geological events.
these ancient geological events.
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kako da datiramo i tempiramo
ove drevne geološke događaje.
ove drevne geološke događaje.
03:41
Now, this species here is so new
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Sad, ova vrsta ovde je toliko nova
03:43
I'm not even allowed
to tell you its name yet,
to tell you its name yet,
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da mi i dalje nije dozvoljeno
da vam kažem njeno ime,
da vam kažem njeno ime,
03:45
but I can tell you
it's a new species from Mexico,
it's a new species from Mexico,
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ali mogu da vam kažem
da je to nova vrsta iz Meksika,
da je to nova vrsta iz Meksika,
03:48
and it's probably already extinct.
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i verovatno je već istrebljena.
Verovatno je istrebljena jer je jedini
poznati sistem pećina iz kog potiče
poznati sistem pećina iz kog potiče
03:50
It's probably extinct because
the only known cave system it's from
the only known cave system it's from
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03:54
was destroyed when a dam was built nearby.
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uništen kada je brana u blizini sagrađena.
03:56
Unfortunately for cavefishes,
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Nažalost za pećinske ribe,
03:58
their groundwater habitat
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njihovo stanište podzemnih voda
04:00
is also our main source of drinking water.
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je takođe naš glavni izvor pijaće vode.
04:03
Now, we actually don't know
this species' closest relative, yet.
this species' closest relative, yet.
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Sad, zapravo još uvek ne znamo
najbližeg rođaka ove vrste.
najbližeg rođaka ove vrste.
04:07
It doesn't appear to be
anything else in Mexico,
anything else in Mexico,
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Ne čini se da je bilo šta iz Meksika,
04:10
so maybe it's something in Cuba,
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stoga može da bude nešto s Kube
04:12
or Florida, or India.
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ili Floride ili Indije.
04:14
But whatever it is, it might tell us
something new about the geology
something new about the geology
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Ali šta god da je, moglo bi da nam kaže
nešto novo o geologiji Kariba
nešto novo o geologiji Kariba
04:19
of the Caribbean, or the biology
of how to better diagnose
of how to better diagnose
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ili biologiji boljeg dijagnostikovanja
04:22
certain types of blindness.
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određenih tipova slepila.
04:24
But I hope we discover this species
before it goes extinct too.
before it goes extinct too.
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Ali se isto nadam da ćemo otkriti
ovu vrstu pre nego što bude istrebljena.
ovu vrstu pre nego što bude istrebljena.
04:28
And I'm going to spend my one life
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I provešću svoj jedini život
04:30
as an ichthyologist
trying to discover and save
trying to discover and save
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kao ihtiolog,
trudeći se da otkrijem i spasim
trudeći se da otkrijem i spasim
04:34
these humble little blind cavefishes
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ove skromne slepe pećinske ribice
04:36
that can tell us so much
about the geology of the planet
about the geology of the planet
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koje nam mogu reći toliko toga
o geologiji planete
o geologiji planete
04:40
and the biology of how we see.
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i biologiji našeg vida.
04:42
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:43
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Prosanta Chakrabarty - IchthyologistProsanta Chakrabarty studies fish to help explain the evolution of human beings and our planet.
Why you should listen
Dr. Prosanta Chakrabarty is an Associate Professor and Curator of Fishes at the Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Science at Louisiana State University.
Chakrabarty is a systematist and an ichthyologist studying the evolution and biogeography of both freshwater and marine fishes. His work includes studies of Neotropical (Central and South America, Caribbean) and Indo-West Pacific (Indian and Western Pacific Ocean) fishes. His natural history collecting efforts include trips to Japan, Australia, Taiwan, Madagascar, Panama, Kuwait and many other countries. He has discovered over a dozen new species including new anglerfishes and cavefishes.
The LSU Museum of Natural Science fish collection that Chakrabarty oversees includes nearly half a million fish specimens and nearly 10,000 DNA samples covering most major groups of fishes. He earned his PhD at the University of Michigan and his undergraduate degree is from McGill University in Montreal. He has written two books including A Guide to Academia: Getting into and Surviving Grad School, Postdocs and a Research Job. He is also a former Program Director at the National Science Foundation. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016 and a TED Senior Fellow in 2018.
Prosanta Chakrabarty | Speaker | TED.com