Kimberly Noble: How does income affect childhood brain development?
Кімберлі Ноубл: Як сімейний дохід впливає на розвиток мозку дитини?
Kimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development. Full bio
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are findings from a study
children and adolescents.
та підлітків.
who were recruited
around the United States,
of all of their brains.
is on your left
is on your right.
we were very interested in
of the cerebral cortex,
on the outer surface of the brain
зовнішньої частини мозку,
of the cognitive heavy lifting.
by other scientists has suggested
наукових дослідженнях,
with higher intelligence.
інтелекту.
фактор,
with the cortical surface area
кори головного мозку
surface of the brain.
is a point where higher family income
кожна з кольорових ділянок
cortical surface area in that spot.
shown here in yellow,
was particularly pronounced.
a certain set of cognitive skills:
за певні пізнавальні навички:
like vocabulary and reading
запас і вміння читати,
to avoid distraction
are most likely to struggle with.
of language and impulse control
навичок мовлення та самоконтролю
I'd like to highlight about this study.
на яких я б хотіла наголосити.
and children's brain structure
дитини
рівнем доходів.
in family income
в доходах сімей
greater differences in brain structure
у структурі мозку
earning, say, 150,000 dollars a year
з доходом 150 000 доларів на рік
but probably not game-changing,
кардинально,
20,000 dollars a year
in their day-to-day lives.
їхнє повсякденне життя.
I'd like to highlight
and children's brain structure
і розвитком мозку дитини
on their race or ethnicity.
from one child to the next,
of children from higher-income homes
є діти
from lower-income homes
є діти
school classroom,
who are taller than some boys.
за хлопчиків.
is certainly a risk factor
є фактором ризику
child's family income
сім’ї не можна визначити
would look like.
for a moment, two children.
born into poverty in America;
into more fortunate circumstances.
сприятливих умовах.
absolutely no differences
абсолютно ніяких відмінностей
are ready to start kindergarten,
that are, on average, 60 percent lower
в середньому на 60 відсотків нижчі,
to drop out of high school,
на виключення зі школи,
a college degree.
are 35 years old,
her entire childhood living in poverty,
дитинство у бідності,
more likely to be poor herself.
у злиднях зросте у 75 разів.
I find most exciting about the human brain
властивістю людського мозку
known as neuroplasticity,
нейропластичність.
in children's brain structure
дитячого мозку
to a life of low achievement.
each year, educating our children.
мільярди доларів на виховання дітей.
teachers and parents
учителям і батькам,
from disadvantaged backgrounds
з неблагополучних сімей
with a host of different experiences
різний досвід,
in turn may work together
and ultimately help kids learn.
навчання.
can we step in and provide help?
і допомогти?
at the level of learning itself --
school-based initiatives.
to focus on the kinds of skills
приділяти більше уваги навичкам,
are most likely to struggle with?
найчастіше бракує?
based in scientific evidence
яка базується на наукових даних,
of excellent interventions
прикладів
or self-regulation
та самоконтролю,
development and their test scores.
дітей і результати їхніх тестів.
doing this work would tell you,
скаже,
evidence-based education.
яка ґрунтується на наукових даних.
in child development emerge early --
у розвитку дитини проявляються рано,
of formal schooling --
all of our policy efforts
зусилля на системі
children's experiences?
досвіду?
are associated with growing up in poverty
зростанням в умовах бідності,
to promote brain development
розвиток мозку дітей,
обслуговування,
on a few types of experiences
their learning outcomes.
навчання.
the home language environment,
«рідне мовне середовище»,
that the number of words kids hear
they're engaged in every day
беруть участь щодня,
more spoken words
більше слів
advantaged backgrounds.
забезпечених сімей.
more back-and-forth,
різних видів
in parts of the brain
головного мозку у тих частинах,
for language and reading skills.
навичок мовлення та читання.
of conversations they hear
than the sheer number of words they hear.
які вони чують.
not just to talk a lot,
with their children.
that we'll promote brain development
and reading skills.
у дітей.
of scientists are testing
with lots of different experiences
з багатьма іншими чинниками,
conversations kids are having.
of high-quality interventions
children's experience,
school-based initiatives,
for scientists to swoop in
in order for their child to succeed.
змінити для успіху дитини.
young children in poverty
з малозабезпечених сімей,
their families more money?
with a team of economists,
командою економістів,
changes in children's brain development.
родини на розвиток мозку дитини.
living below the federal poverty line
живуть за межею бідності,
in a number of American hospitals.
дітей в американських лікарнях.
an unconditional monthly cash gift
грошової допомоги
of their children's lives,
від народження дитини.
however they like.
на свій розсуд.
mothers are being randomized,
обрані випадковим чином,
to receive a nominal monthly cash gift
невелику допомогу щомісяця,
several hundred dollars each month,
in their day-to-day lives,
their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent.
20-25 відсотків їхнього доходу.
past questions
with child development
на розвиток дитини,
whether reducing poverty causes changes
and brain development
розвиток дитини
most malleable to experience.
from this study for several years,
дослідження триватиме ще декілька років,
will have a bit more cash each month
отримуватимуть більше грошей,
that a cost-effective way
спосіб
з бідних сімей —
will inform debates about social services
результати допоможуть соціальним службам
of families with young children.
впливу на сім’ї з дітьми.
or even the most important factor
і не найважливіший з тих,
brain development,
changes how children's brains develop
покращує розумовий розвиток дитини,
policy changes,
програм,
у бідності сьогодні,
at a brighter future.
на світле майбутнє.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kimberly Noble - Neuroscientist, pediatricianKimberly Noble, MD, PhD, studies how socioeconomic inequality relates to children's cognitive and brain development.
Why you should listen
Trained as a neuroscientist and board-certified pediatrician, Dr. Kimberly Noble has examined disparities in development and health across infancy, childhood and adolescence. She is currently an Associate Professor of Neuroscience and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she directs the Neurocognition, Early Experience and Development (NEED) Lab. She received her undergraduate, graduate and medical degrees at the University of Pennsylvania and was the recipient of the Association for Psychological Science Janet Taylor Spence Award for Transformative Early Career Contributions.
In collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of scientists from around the United States, Noble is co-directing the Baby's First Years study, the first clinical trial of poverty reduction to assess the causal impact of income on children's cognitive, emotional and brain development in the first three years of life. Her work has received worldwide attention in the popular press, including the Washington Post, The Economist, Newsweek, The Guardian, Le Monde and NPR. A full list of her publications can be found here.
Kimberly Noble | Speaker | TED.com