TEDGlobal 2012
Don Tapscott: Four principles for the open world
Don Tapscott: 开放世界的四原则
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未来学家Don Tapscott认为，最近几代人从出生便沐浴在网络科技之中。由此，世界也朝着开放化和透明化的趋势发展。在这场发人深省的谈话中，他例举了4点中心原则，以表明这个开放的世界将成为一个更好的世界。
Don Tapscott - Digital strategist
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Openness. It's a word that
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开放，这个词
00:19
denotes opportunity and possibilities.
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代表着机遇和发展潜力。
00:22
Open-ended, open hearth,
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开放式的，开放式壁炉，
00:24
open source, open door policy,
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开放的资源，门户开放政策，
00:28
open bar. (Laughter)
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露天酒吧，（笑声）
00:31
And everywhere the world is opening up,
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以及任何正在开放的地方，
00:34
and it's a good thing.
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这是一件好事。
00:35
Why is this happening?
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为什么会如此？
00:37
The technology revolution is opening the world.
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技术革新正在开放这个世界。
00:40
Yesterday's Internet was a platform
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过去，英特网是一个平台
00:43
for the presentation of content.
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用来发布信息。
00:45
The Internet of today is a platform for computation.
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今日的英特网已经成为了一个计算平台。
00:48
The Internet is becoming a giant
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英特网正在成长壮大成为一个巨大的
00:50
global computer, and every time you go on it,
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全球计算器。你每次上网、
00:53
you upload a video, you do a Google search,
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上传视频、在Google上搜索、
00:55
you remix something,
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重新混排一些材料，
00:57
you're programming this big global computer
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都是在编辑这个大型的全球计算器，
00:59
that we all share.
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这是大家共享的。
01:01
Humanity is building a machine,
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人类正在建造一个机器，
01:04
and this enables us to collaborate in new ways.
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这使我们能够用新的方式合作。
01:07
Collaboration can occur on
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这种合作是建立在
01:08
an astronomical basis.
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天文数字的基础上的。
01:11
Now a new generation is opening up the world as well.
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现在，新的一代也正在打开这个世界。
01:15
I started studying kids about 15 years ago,
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我从15年前开始研究孩子，
01:17
-- so actually 20 years ago now --
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事实上大概从二十年前就开始了。
01:19
and I noticed how my own children were
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我注意到我自己的孩子们
01:21
effortlessly able to use all this sophisticated technology,
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轻而易举就能应用这些成熟的科技，
01:24
and at first I thought,
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一开始，我以为
01:26
"My children are prodigies!" (Laughter)
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“我的孩子们是神童！”（笑声）
01:29
But then I noticed all their friends were like them,
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但很快我就意识到他们的朋友也这么厉害，
01:31
so that was a bad theory.
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原来他们没那么神。
01:33
So I've started working with a few hundred kids,
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我已经对上百个孩子进行过研究，
01:36
and I came to the conclusion
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于是我得出结论，
01:37
that this is the first generation to come of age
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他们是第一代接触
01:39
in the digital age,
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数码时代到来的孩子。
01:40
to be bathed in bits.
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沐浴在电脑数位中，
01:42
I call them the Net Generation.
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我称他们为“网络一代”
01:44
I said, these kids are different.
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我说过，这些孩子是不同的。
01:46
They have no fear of technology, because it's not there.
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他们不畏惧科技，因为科技是无形的。
01:49
It's like the air.
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就像空气一样。
01:50
It's sort of like, I have no fear of a refrigerator.
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这就有点像我不会惧怕冰箱一样。
01:54
And — (Laughter)
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而且-（笑声）
01:56
And there's no more powerful force to change
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这第一代“数字原住民”能改变任何一种体制，
01:58
every institution than the first generation of digital natives.
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没有比他们更为强大的力量了。
02:03
I'm a digital immigrant.
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我属于数字移民。
02:04
I had to learn the language.
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我不得不去学习这种“语言”。
02:07
The global economic crisis is opening up the world as well.
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全球经济危机也同样在打开这个世界。
02:11
Our opaque institutions from the Industrial Age,
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从工业时代的不透明体制，
02:14
everything from old models of the corporation,
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所有旧的公司体制，
02:16
government, media, Wall Street,
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到政府，媒体，华尔街，
02:18
are in various stages of being stalled or frozen
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都处于停滞或冻结
02:22
or in atrophy or even failing,
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甚至是萎缩或彻底失败的各个阶段，
02:25
and this is now creating a burning platform in the world.
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这样的危机正在全球范围创建一个“燃烧的平台”。
02:28
I mean, think about Wall Street.
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我的意思是，想象一下华尔街。
02:30
The core modus operandi of Wall Street almost brought down
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其核心运作模式几乎
02:33
global capitalism.
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让全球资本市场濒临崩溃。
02:36
Now, you know the idea of a burning platform,
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现在，你们了解了“燃烧的平台”这一概念，
02:37
that you're somewhere where the costs of staying where you are
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在这里，原地不动保持现状的成本
02:41
become greater than the costs of moving to something different,
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比改变现状所需的成本要高，
02:44
perhaps something radically different.
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也许是彻底地改变。
02:48
And we need to change
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我们需要改革
02:49
and open up all of our institutions.
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开放我们所有的体制。
02:51
So this technology push,
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这种技术推动，
02:53
a demographic kick from a new generation
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源于新一代的民主改革，
02:56
and a demand pull from a new
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来自新全球经济环境的
02:59
economic global environment
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一种需求
03:01
is causing the world to open up.
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正在促进全世界的开放进程。
03:03
Now, I think, in fact,
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现在，我认为，事实上
03:06
we're at a turning point in human history,
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我们正处在人类历史的一个转折点，
03:09
where we can finally now rebuild
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现在，我们终于能够重建
03:11
many of the institutions of the Industrial Age
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许多工业时代的体制，
03:14
around a new set of principles.
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制定一系列的新准则。
03:15
Now, what is openness?
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如今，什么才是开放？
03:18
Well, as it turns out, openness
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事实上，开放
03:19
has a number of different meanings,
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有许多不同的含义，
03:21
and for each there's a corresponding principle
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对于每一种含义，都有对应的原则
03:24
for the transformation of
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与文明的
03:26
civilization.
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转变相呼应。
03:28
The first is collaboration.
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第一种是合作。
03:31
Now, this is openness in the sense of the boundaries
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这种开放是组织机构边界概念上的开放，
03:34
of organizations becoming more porous and fluid
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组织机构应更为透明，灵活
03:37
and open.
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和开放。
03:39
The guy in the picture here,
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这个照片里的家伙，
03:40
I'll tell you his story.
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我要说一下他的故事。
03:42
His name is Rob McEwen.
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他叫Rob McEwen。
03:44
I'd like to say, "I have this think tank, we scour the world
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我想说“我有一个智囊团，我们寻遍全世界
03:46
for amazing case studies."
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就为了这些惊人的案例。”
03:48
The reason I know this story
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但我知道这个故事的原因是
03:49
is because he's my neighbor. (Laughter)
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他是我的邻居。（笑声）
03:54
He actually moved across the street from us,
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实际上，他搬去了我们街对面，
03:55
and he held a cocktail party
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并且办了一个鸡尾酒会
03:57
to meet the neighbors, and he says, "You're Don Tapscott.
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结识邻居，他说“你就是Don Tapscott阿。
03:59
I've read some of your books."
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我读过你几本书。”
04:00
I said, "Great. What do you do?"
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我答道，“不错阿。那你是做什么的？”
04:01
And he says, "Well I used to be a banker
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他回答：“嗯，我以前是个银行家
04:02
and now I'm a gold miner."
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现在我是一黄金开采商。”
04:04
And he tells me this amazing story.
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于是，他就向我诉说了这个神奇的故事。
04:07
He takes over this gold mine, and his geologists
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他接手了一个金矿，但他的地质学家们
04:09
can't tell him where the gold is.
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查不出哪里有金子。
04:11
He gives them more money for geological data,
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为了得到地质资料，他给了地质学家更多的报酬，
04:12
they come back, they can't tell
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然而他们回来，依然无法告诉他
04:14
him where to go into production.
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哪个方位适合投产。
04:16
After a few years, he's so frustrated he's ready
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几年后，他十分沮丧，决定要
04:20
to give up, but he has an epiphany one day.
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放弃，但有一天他突发奇想，
04:22
He wonders, "If my geologists don't know where the gold is,
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他想：“如果我的地质学家们不知道金子在哪里，
04:25
maybe somebody else does."
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也许其他人会知道呢。”
04:27
So he does a "radical" thing.
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所以他做了一件疯狂的事情。
04:29
He takes his geological data,
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他把手头的地质资料
04:31
he publishes it and he holds a contest on the Internet
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发布在网上，并发起了一个竞赛
04:34
called the Goldcorp Challenge.
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名为“黄金公司挑战赛”。
04:35
It's basically half a million dollars in prize money
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基本上奖金就是50万美金
04:39
for anybody who can tell me, do I have any gold,
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只要那个人可以告诉我，到底我有没有金子，
04:41
and if so, where is it? (Laughter)
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如果有的话，在哪儿能找到？（笑声）
04:45
He gets submissions from all around the world.
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他得到了来自全球各地的答复。
04:47
They use techniques that he's never heard of,
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大家利用各种他闻所未闻的科技手段。
04:50
and for his half a million dollars in prize money,
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为了他的50万美元奖金，
04:52
Rob McEwen finds 3.4 billion dollars worth of gold.
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Rob McEwen发现了价值34亿美金的金矿。
04:56
The market value of his company
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他的公司市值
04:58
goes from 90 million to 10 billion dollars,
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从9千万跃升至100亿美元。
05:00
and I can tell you, because he's my neighbor,
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我可以告诉你们，因为他是我的邻居，
05:03
he's a happy camper. (Laughter)
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他是一个快乐的家伙。（笑声）
05:06
You know, conventional wisdom says talent is inside, right?
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大家知道，传统智慧告诉我们天赋是内在的，不是么？
05:10
Your most precious asset goes out the elevator every night.
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你最为珍贵的财产每天都在悄然而逝。
05:13
He viewed talent differently.
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他用不同的眼光看待天赋。
05:16
He wondered, who are their peers?
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他想知道，谁是他们的同伙？
05:18
He should have fired his geology department, but he didn't.
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他早应该炒了那些地质学家，但他没有这么做。
05:22
You know, some of the best submissions
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你们知道么，有些网络上的回复
05:24
didn't come from geologists.
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并不是来自地质学家。
05:27
They came from computer scientists, engineers.
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而是来自电脑科学家，工程师。
05:29
The winner was a computer graphics company
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赢家是一家计算机图形公司
05:30
that built a three dimensional model of the mine
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他们建立了矿山的三维模型
05:32
where you can helicopter underground
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能在地下进行搜索
05:34
and see where the gold is.
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哪里有金矿。
05:37
He helped us understand that social media's becoming
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他帮助我们了解了社会媒体正在成为
05:40
social production.
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社会生产力。
05:42
It's not about hooking up online.
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这不只是挂在网上，
05:44
This is a new means of production in the making.
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而是一种正在形成的新生产模式。
05:47
And this Ideagora that he created, an open market, agora,
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这个他建立的“思想市场”，一个开放的市场，集市
05:51
for uniquely qualified minds,
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是为那些唯一有资格的头脑准备的，
05:54
was part of a change, a profound change in the deep structure
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这是变革的一部分，是我们的组织深层结构和
05:58
and architecture of our organizations,
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设计的一种深刻变化，
06:01
and how we sort of orchestrate capability to innovate,
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以及我们如何编排革新，
06:04
to create goods and services,
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创造物品和服务，
06:06
to engage with the rest of the world,
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与世界上的其他人协作的能力，
06:07
in terms of government, how we create public value.
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在政府方面，我们如何创造公共价值。
06:12
Openness is about collaboration.
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开放在于协作。
06:14
Now secondly, openness is about transparency.
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那么第二点，开放是关于透明化。
06:16
This is different. Here, we're talking about the communication
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这一点是不同的。我们谈论的是
06:18
of pertinent information to stakeholders of organizations:
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对与组织利益相关者的关联信息传递：
06:22
employees, customers, business partners, shareholders,
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员工，客户，生意伙伴，股东，
06:25
and so on.
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等等。
06:27
And everywhere, our institutions are becoming naked.
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全球的组织机构都在趋于透明化。
06:31
People are all bent out of shape about WikiLeaks,
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大家对于维基解密大为恼火，
06:33
but that's just the tip of the iceberg.
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但这只是冰山一角。
06:36
You see, people at their fingertips now, everybody,
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你们看，现在大家只要动动手指，每个人，
06:39
not just Julian Assange,
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不仅仅是Julian Assange（维基解密创始人），
06:41
have these powerful tools for finding out what's going on,
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拥有这些强大的工具去获知正在发生的事件，
06:43
scrutinizing, informing others,
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省查，告知他人，
06:45
and even organizing collective responses.
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甚至组织群体回复。
06:48
Institutions are becoming naked,
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组织机构正在变得裸露化，
06:51
and if you're going to be naked,
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如果你将要以裸体示人，
06:53
well, there's some corollaries that flow from that.
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那么，会有一些必然结果由此产生。
06:55
I mean, one is,
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我是说，其中之一。
06:56
fitness is no longer optional. (Laughter)
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健美不再是备选项。（笑声）
06:59
You know? Or if you're going to be naked, you'd better get buff.
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你们知道么？或者，如果你将要以裸体示人，你最好晒成浅黄色。
07:03
Now, by buff I mean, you need to have good value,
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我所说的晒成浅黄色，意思是你们需要拥有优良的价值，
07:07
because value is evidenced like never before.
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因为价值从没像现在这样暴露于人前。
07:09
You say you have good products.
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你说你有好产品，
07:10
They'd better be good.
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这些产品最好真的是好产品。
07:11
But you also need to have values.
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但你还需要价值。
07:13
You need to have integrity as part of your bones
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你需要诚信作为你骨骼的一部分
07:16
and your DNA as an organization,
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你的DNA作为一种组织，
07:18
because if you don't, you'll be unable to build trust,
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因为如果你没有，你将无法建立起信任感，
07:20
and trust is a sine qua non of this new network world.
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信任感是这个全新的网络世界中必不可少的。
07:24
So this is good. It's not bad.
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这样很好，并不坏。
07:28
Sunlight is the best disinfectant.
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阳光是最好的杀菌剂。
07:30
And we need a lot of sunlight in this troubled world.
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在这个乱七八糟的世界，我们需要大量的阳光。
07:34
Now, the third meaning and corresponding principle
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那么，开放的第三个含义和对应原则
07:37
of openness is about sharing.
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就是关于分享。
07:40
Now this is different than transparency.
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这与透明化截然不同。
07:41
Transparency is about the communication of information.
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透明化是关于信息的传递。
07:44
Sharing is about giving up assets, intellectual property.
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分享则是关于放弃财产，知识产权。
07:48
And there are all kinds of famous stories about this.
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关于这一点，有各种闻名的案例。
07:51
IBM gave away 400 million dollars of software
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IBM转让4亿美元的软件
07:54
to the Linux movement, and that gave them
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给Linux，这给了IBM
07:56
a multi-billion dollar payoff.
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数十亿美金的收益。
07:59
Now, conventional wisdom says,
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如今，传统智慧宣扬：
08:01
"Well, hey, our intellectual property belongs to us,
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“嘿，我们的知识产权属于我们，
08:03
and if someone tries to infringe it, we're going to get out
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如果谁企图侵犯的话，我们就找
08:06
our lawyers and we're going to sue them."
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律师告他们。“
08:08
Well, it didn't work so well for the record labels, did it?
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好吧，但这好像在唱片标签上不太奏效，不是么？
08:12
I mean, they took — They had a technology disruption,
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我的意思是，他们垄断了-造成了一种技术中断，
08:17
and rather than taking a business model innovation
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他们没有进行商业模式上的革新
08:19
to correspond to that, they took and sought a legal solution
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去回应之，反而诉诸法律手段以求解决问题。
08:23
and the industry that brought you Elvis and the Beatles
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2313
曾经带给我们猫王和披头士的行业
08:26
is now suing children
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现在正在起诉孩子们
08:28
and is in danger of collapse.
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4167
而且面临破产。
08:32
So we need to think differently about intellectual property.
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因此，我们需要从不同的角度来考虑知识产权了。
08:35
I'll give you an example.
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举个例子。
08:36
The pharmaceutical industry is in deep trouble.
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医药行业正深陷困境。
08:39
First of all, there aren't a lot of big inventions
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首先，这个行业现在没有大的突破创新
08:41
in the pipeline, and this is a big problem for human health,
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在生产线上。这对于人类健康是个大问题，
08:43
and the pharmaceutical industry has got a bigger problem,
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然而，医药行业还有一个更大的问题，
08:49
that they're about to fall off something
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它们正要跌落，
08:51
called the patent cliff.
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从我们所说的”专利悬崖“。
08:52
Do you know about this?
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你们了解这一点吗？
08:53
They're going to lose 20 to 35 percent of their revenue
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他们将损失百分之20到35的收入
08:56
in the next 12 months.
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在未来的12个月里。
08:57
And what are you going to do,
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那么，你们要怎么做？
08:59
like, cut back on paper clips or something? No.
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像是，削减开支还是什么其它的招？
不。
不。
09:02
We need to reinvent the whole model of scientific research.
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4713
我们需要的是革新整个科学研究模式。
09:07
The pharmaceutical industry needs to place assets
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医药行业需要把共享他们的资产
09:10
in a commons. They need to start sharing precompetitive research.
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他们需要开始分享竞争前的研究成果。
09:14
They need to start sharing
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他们需要开始共享
09:16
clinical trial data,
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临床实验数据，
09:18
and in doing so, create a rising tide that could lift all boats,
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这么做，能在整个行业创造一个上升趋势，
09:22
not just for the industry but
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1942
这不仅仅是为了这个行业，而是
09:24
for humanity.
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为了全人类。
09:27
Now, the fourth meaning
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接下来，是开放的
09:29
of openness,
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2146
第4个含义
09:31
and corresponding principle, is about empowerment.
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1999
和相对应的原则，即权力。
09:33
And I'm not talking about the motherhood sense here.
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我不是要在这里讨论母性意识。
09:36
Knowledge and intelligence is power,
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知识和智慧就是力量，
09:39
and as it becomes more distributed, there's a
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2839
由于它变得越来越分散，就会有
09:42
concomitant distribution
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伴随分布
09:44
and decentralization and disaggregation of power
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和权力下放及分类
09:48
that's underway in the world today.
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这是目前全世界正在面临的局面。
09:50
The open world is bringing freedom.
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开放的世界将带来自由。
09:53
Now, take the Arab Spring.
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比如说，”阿拉伯之春“。
09:55
The debate about the role of social media
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关于社会媒体角色和
09:57
and social change has been settled.
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1994
社会变革的争议被解决了。
09:59
You know, one word: Tunisia.
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你们知道的，一个词：突尼斯。
10:03
And then it ended up having a whole bunch of other words too.
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然后最终演变出一大串其它词。
10:05
But in the Tunisian revolution,
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2342
但在突尼斯革命中，
10:07
the new media didn't cause the revolution;
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新媒体没有引发革命；
10:09
it was caused by injustice.
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1780
是不公正引发了革命。
10:11
Social media didn't create the revolution;
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社会媒体没有引发革命；
10:15
it was created by a new generation of young people
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革命是由新一代的年轻人创造的
10:18
who wanted jobs and hope and
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1808
他们需要工作和希望
10:20
who didn't want to be treated as subjects anymore.
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他们不想再被当作研究对象。
10:24
But just as the Internet drops transaction and collaboration
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3065
但是，正当英特网为商业和政府降低
10:27
costs in business and government,
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交易和协作的成本的同时，
10:29
it also drops the cost of dissent, of rebellion,
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2757
它也拉低了叛乱，逆反，
10:32
and even insurrection
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1829
甚至是暴动的成本
10:34
in ways that people didn't understand.
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2092
以一种让人难以理解的方式。
10:36
You know, during the Tunisian revolution,
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1823
你们知道，在突尼斯革命中，
10:38
snipers associated with the regime were killing
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2694
与政府勾结的狙击手杀害了
10:40
unarmed students in the street.
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1744
街上手无寸铁的学生。
10:42
So the students would take their mobile devices,
248
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3021
因此学生们用他们的移动设备，
10:45
take a picture, triangulate the location,
249
629596
2653
拍下照片，三角定位，
10:48
send that picture to friendly military units,
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2201
并把照片寄给友好盟军，
10:50
who'd come in and take out the snipers.
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2409
让他们来消灭那些狙击手。
10:52
You think that social media is about hooking up online?
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2534
你们还以为社会媒体仅仅意味着挂在网上吗？
10:55
For these kids, it was a military tool
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3027
对这些孩子来说，这是一种军事工具
10:58
to defend unarmed people from murderers.
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3126
使手无寸铁的平民免遭杀戮。
11:01
It was a tool of self-defense.
255
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2133
这是一种自我防卫的工具。
11:03
You know, as we speak today, young people
256
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2355
你们知道，正如我们今天说到的，年轻人
11:05
are being killed in Syria,
257
650034
2010
在叙利亚被杀害，
11:07
and up until three months ago,
258
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1810
直到3个月前，
11:09
if you were injured on the street,
259
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2199
如果你在街上受伤，
11:11
an ambulance would pick you up,
260
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1452
救护车会来接你，
11:13
take you to the hospital, you'd go in, say, with a broken leg,
261
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2900
带你去医院，你走进去，也许，跛着脚，
11:16
and you'd come out with a bullet in your head.
262
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2479
你出来时可能就是脑袋中抢。
11:18
So these 20-somethings created
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2911
因此，这些年轻人创造了
11:21
an alternative health care system,
264
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2294
一种可选的医疗系统，
11:23
where what they did is they used Twitter and basic
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2390
他们利用Twitter和基本的
11:26
publicly available tools that when someone's injured,
266
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3245
公共工具，当有人受伤时，
11:29
a car would show up, it would pick them up,
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2680
一辆车会出现，把他们接走，
11:32
take them to a makeshift medical clinic, where you'd get
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2559
带他们到一个临时搭建的医疗诊所，在那里
11:34
medical treatment, as opposed to being executed.
269
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3542
能得到正常的医治。
11:38
So this is a time of great change.
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3185
因此，这是一个巨大变革的时代。
11:41
Now, it's not without its problems.
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2634
但也不能说不存在任何问题。
11:44
Up until two years ago,
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2646
直到2年前，
11:46
all revolutions in human history had a leadership,
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3153
人类历史上所有革命都有领袖，
11:50
and when the old regime fell, the leadership
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2792
当旧体制消亡，领袖
11:52
and the organization would take power.
275
696915
978
和新的组织就能掌权。
11:53
Well, these wiki revolutions happen so fast
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2525
这些维基革命发生的如此之快
11:56
they create a vacuum, and
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1498
他们创建了一个真空环境
11:57
politics abhors a vacuum,
278
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1735
然而政治痛恨真空，
11:59
and unsavory forces can fill that,
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2072
令人厌恶的力量能够填补之，
12:01
typically the old regime,
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3126
典型的旧体制，
12:04
or extremists, or fundamentalist forces.
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2346
或极端主义者，或原教旨主义势力。
12:07
You can see this playing out today in Egypt.
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2735
你们能看到今天的埃及就是这出戏码。
12:09
But that doesn't matter,
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1663
但这无关紧要，
12:11
because this is moving forward.
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2137
因为它正在前进。
12:13
The train has left the station. The cat is out of the bag.
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2976
火车离开了车站。猫蹦出了袋子。
12:16
The horse is out of the barn. Help me out here, okay?
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3378
马跑出了马厩。帮帮我，好吗？
12:19
(Laughter) The toothpaste is out of the tube.
287
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2142
（笑声）牙膏被挤出来了。
12:22
I mean, we're not putting this one back.
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2223
我的意思是，我们不是在倒退。
12:24
The open world is bringing empowerment and freedom.
289
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3733
开放的世界将带来权力与自由。
12:28
I think, at the end of these four days,
290
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2784
我认为，在4天之后
12:30
that you'll come to conclude that the arc of history
291
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2766
你们就能得出结论历史之方向
12:33
is a positive one, and it's towards openness.
292
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3496
是积极的，是朝着开放发展的。
12:37
If you go back a few hundred years,
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2481
如果你们回顾几百年前，
12:39
all around the world it was a very closed society.
294
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2384
全世界曾是一个十分封闭的社会。
12:41
It was agrarian, and the means of production
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1569
那时处于土地改革，生产资料
12:43
and political system was called feudalism, and knowledge
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2715
和政治体制被称为封建主义，知识
12:46
was concentrated in the church and the nobility.
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集中在教会和贵族手中。
12:50
People didn't know about things.
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1607
人们很无知。
12:51
There was no concept of progress.
299
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2475
没有进步的概念。
12:54
You were born, you lived your life and you died.
300
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1903
你出生，生活然后死去。
12:56
But then Johannes Gutenberg came along with his great invention,
301
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4596
然后Johannes Gutenberg 带着他的伟大发明到来，
13:00
and, over time, the society opened up.
302
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3552
渐渐地，社会变得开放起来。
13:04
People started to learn about things, and when they did,
303
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2041
人们开始学习。当他们学习时，
13:06
the institutions of feudal society appeared
304
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1385
封建社会体制趋向
13:07
to be stalled, or frozen, or failing.
305
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3703
停滞，冻结或消亡。
13:11
It didn't make sense for the church to be responsible
306
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2776
对于交谈来说掌握医药已没有任何意义
13:14
for medicine when people had knowledge.
307
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2282
当人们拥有知识了之后。
13:16
So we saw the Protestant Reformation.
308
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1947
因此我们看到了新教改革。
13:18
Martin Luther called the printing press
309
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1870
Martin Luther称之为”印刷机“
13:20
"God's highest act of grace."
310
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2397
”上帝最大的恩赐。“
13:22
The creation of a corporation, science, the university,
311
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3511
公司，科学，大学的创立
13:26
eventually the Industrial Revolution,
312
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1687
最终迎来了工业革命，
13:27
and it was all good.
313
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2174
所有这些都是正面的。
13:30
But it came with a cost.
314
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2147
但都需要付出一定的代价。
13:32
And now, once again, the technology genie
315
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2712
现在，再一次的，科技天才
13:34
is out of the bottle, but this time it's different.
316
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3320
正在踊跃而出，但这次不太一样。
13:38
The printing press gave us access to the written word.
317
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2865
”印刷机“给了我们接触书面文字的机会。
13:41
The Internet enables each of us to be a producer.
318
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3459
英特网让我们每个人都能成为生产商。
13:44
The printing press gave us access to recorded knowledge.
319
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2814
”印刷机“使我们能够接触记录的知识。
13:47
The Internet gives us access,
320
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1910
英特网使我们接触的，
13:49
not just to information and knowledge, but
321
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1649
不仅仅是信息和知识，还有
13:50
to the intelligence contained in the crania of other people
322
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3376
人们脑中包含的智慧
13:54
on a global basis.
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1537
在全球范围内。
13:55
To me, this is not an information age,
324
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3239
对我来说，这不是一个信息时代，
13:59
it's an age of networked intelligence.
325
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2874
这是一个网络智能时代。
14:02
It's an age of vast promise,
326
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3872
这是一个广阔诺言的时代，
14:05
an age of collaboration,
327
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3128
一个合作的时代，
14:09
where the boundaries of our organizations are changing,
328
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4179
我们的组织边界在变化，
14:13
of transparency, where sunlight
329
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2715
一个透明化的时代，阳光
14:15
is disinfecting civilization,
330
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3223
涤荡着人类文明，
14:19
an age of sharing and understanding
331
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3556
这是一个分享和理解
14:22
the new power of the commons,
332
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1706
共同的新权力的时代，
14:24
and it's an age of empowerment
333
848502
2643
一个权力和
14:27
and of freedom.
334
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2891
自由的时代。
14:29
Now, what I'd like to do is,
335
854036
3536
现在，我想做的是，
14:33
to close, to share with you
336
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2648
总结，与你们分享
14:36
some research that I've been doing.
337
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2609
某个我做过的研究。
14:38
I've tried to study all kinds of organizations
338
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2511
我研究过各种组织
14:41
to understand what the future might look like,
339
865340
3137
为了了解未来会是怎么样，
14:44
but I've been studying nature recently.
340
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3025
但最近我开始研究自然。
14:47
You know, bees come in swarms
341
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3630
你们知道的，蜜蜂和
14:51
and fish come in schools.
342
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2711
鱼儿都喜成群结队。
14:53
Starlings, in the area around Edinburgh,
343
877843
2813
椋鸟，在爱丁堡周围的地区，
14:56
in the moors of England,
344
880656
1483
在英格兰的旷野上，
14:58
come in something called a murmuration,
345
882139
2094
传来某种淙淙的声音，
15:00
and the murmuration refers to the murmuring of the wings
346
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2772
是翅膀扇动的淙淙声
15:02
of the birds, and throughout the day the starlings
347
887005
1913
一整天过去，椋鸟
15:04
are out over a 20-mile radius
348
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1865
飞过了20英里半径
15:06
sort of doing their starling thing.
349
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2041
自得其乐。
15:08
And at night they come together
350
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1764
到了晚上，它们聚在一起
15:10
and they create one of the most spectacular things
351
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2122
创造出最壮观的一幕
15:12
in all of nature,
352
896710
1595
在大自然中，
15:14
and it's called a murmuration.
353
898305
2054
就被称为淙淙声。
15:16
And scientists that have studied this have said
354
900359
2917
对此作过研究的科学家曾说过
15:19
they've never seen an accident.
355
903276
1746
他们从未见过有意外发生。
15:20
Now, this thing has a function.
356
905022
1950
现在，这件事有了一种功能性。
15:22
It protects the birds.
357
906972
1862
它能保护鸟儿。
15:24
You can see on the right here,
358
908834
1600
你们能看到就在这里，
15:26
there's a predator being chased away by the collective power
359
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有一个猎手被鸟群的力量驱赶，
15:30
of the birds, and apparently this is a frightening thing
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很显然，这是一件可怕的事情
15:33
if you're a predator of starlings.
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如果你是一个猎鸟者的话。
15:37
And there's leadership,
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这其中也存在领袖，
15:39
but there's no one leader.
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但不仅仅是一个领导者。
15:41
Now, is this some kind of fanciful analogy,
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那么，这是不是某种奇特的比喻呢？
15:43
or could we actually learn something from this?
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或者，我们是否能从中学到什么？
15:46
Well, the murmuration functions to record
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这种淙淙声记述了
15:49
a number of principles,
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一系列的原则，
15:50
and they're basically the principles that
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基本上就是
15:52
I have described to you today.
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我今天阐述的原则。
15:54
This is a huge collaboration.
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这是一种广博的协作。
15:57
It's an openness, it's a sharing
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是开放，是分享
15:58
of all kinds of information, not just about location
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各种信息，而不仅仅是地点
16:01
and trajectory and danger and so on, but about food sources.
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路线和危险等，而是食物的来源。
16:06
And there's a real sense of interdependence,
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这里就存在一种真正的相互依存感，
16:10
that the individual birds somehow understand
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鸟群个体不知为何就能够理解
16:14
that their interests are in the interest of the collective.
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它们个体的利益是依托于群体利益的。
16:17
Perhaps like we should understand
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也许就像我们理解的那样
16:19
that business can't succeed
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商业是无法成功的
16:23
in a world that's failing.
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如果整个市场濒临崩溃的话。
16:25
Well, I look at this thing,
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我看了这个之后
16:27
and I get a lot of hope.
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忽然感觉充满了希望。
16:29
Think about the kids today in the Arab Spring, and
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想象一下今天“阿拉伯之春”的孩子们，
16:35
you see something like this that's underway.
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你就会看到类似的事情即将来到。
16:37
And imagine, just consider this idea, if you would:
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想象一下，如果你可以的话：
16:42
What if we could connect ourselves in this world
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如果在这个世界上，我们能够连接我们自己
16:45
through a vast network of air and glass?
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借助一个巨大的空气和玻璃网络，那会是如何呢？
16:49
Could we go beyond just sharing information and knowledge?
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我们能否超越仅仅分享信息和知识这个层面呢？
16:52
Could we start to share our intelligence?
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我们能否开始分享我们的智慧呢？
16:55
Could we create some kind of
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我们能否创造某种
16:57
collective intelligence
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集体智慧
16:59
that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team
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超越个体，群体或团队
17:03
to create, perhaps, some kind of consciousness
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创造，也许是某种意识
17:07
on a global basis?
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在全球范围内？
17:08
Well, if we could do this, we could attack some big problems in the world.
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如果我们真的能做到，我们就可以解决世界上一些重大问题。
17:12
And I look at this thing,
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我反观这一点，
17:14
and, I don't know, I get a lot of hope that maybe this
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我也不知道，但我忽然就充满了希望，
也许这个
也许这个
17:17
smaller, networked, open world
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更小的，联网的，开放的世界
17:20
that our kids inherit might be a better one, and that
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我们的孩子们继承的世界，也许会更好，
17:23
this new age of networked intelligence could be
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这个网络智慧的新时代可能是
17:27
an age of promise fulfilled
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一个兑现承诺的
17:29
and of peril unrequited.
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和危机重重的时代。
17:32
Let's do this. Thank you.
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让我们行动起来。谢谢！
17:36
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Don Tapscott - Digital strategistDon Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages
Why you should listen
A leading analyst of innovation and the impacts of technology, Don Tapscott has authored or co-authored 15 widely read books about various aspects of the reshaping of our society and economy. His work Wikinomics counts among the most influential business books of the last decade. His new book The Blockchain Revolution, co-authored with his son, Alex, discusses the blockchain, the distributed-database technology that's being deployed well beyond its original application as the public ledger behind Bitcoin. In the book, they analyze why blockchain technology will fundamentally change the internet -- how it works, how to use it and its promises and perils.
Tapscott is an adjunct professor of management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, a Senior Advisor at the World Economic Forum and an Associate of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
Don Tapscott | Speaker | TED.com