TED Salon Samsung
Tamas Kocsis: The case for a decentralized internet
塔马斯 · 柯西斯: 一个去中心化网络的案例
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谁在控制网络？网站开发员塔马斯 · 柯西斯说，越来越多的答案指向大公司和政府——这是一种正在威胁数字隐私及在线信息获取的趋势。在这个精彩的演讲里，柯西斯分别讲述了网络自由面临的不同威胁，并分享了他的一个计划，那就是建立一个将权力归还给日常用户的替代性去中心化网络。
Tamas Kocsis - Web developer
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Tamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Three years ago,
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三年前，
00:14
I started building a decentralized web
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我开始着手建立一个去中心化网络，
00:17
because I was worried
about the future of our internet.
about the future of our internet.
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因为我很担心互联网的未来。
我们现在使用的网络就像守门人。
00:21
The current internet we are using
is about gatekeepers.
is about gatekeepers.
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00:24
If you want to reach something on the web,
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如果你想进入某个网站，
00:26
then you need to go
through multiple middlemen.
through multiple middlemen.
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需要通过好几个中间人。
00:29
First, a domain name server,
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先是一个域名服务器，
00:31
then a server hosting company,
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接着是一个服务器托管商，
00:34
which usually points you to a third party,
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它通常把你指引给一个第三方，
00:37
to a web hosting service.
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去访问网站托管服务。
00:41
And this happens every time
you want to reach a website on the web.
you want to reach a website on the web.
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每次你想访问网络上的一个网址，
都会经历这样的过程。
都会经历这样的过程。
00:45
But these gatekeepers are
vulnerable to internet attacks
vulnerable to internet attacks
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但是这些守门人容易遭受网络攻击，
00:49
and also makes the censorship
and the surveillance easier.
and the surveillance easier.
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也使审查和监管更轻而易举。
00:55
And the situation is getting worse.
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而且这种情况正在变得越来越严重。
00:57
Everything is moving to the cloud,
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一切都在向网络云端转移，
00:59
where the data is hosted
by giant corporations.
by giant corporations.
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由大公司来托管上面的数据。
01:03
This move creates much,
much more powerful middlemen.
much more powerful middlemen.
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这一变动创造出更多、
更有权力的中间人。
更有权力的中间人。
01:08
Now, move to the cloud makes sense
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向云端转移合情合理，
01:10
because this way it's easier and cheaper
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因为对开发商和服务运营商来说，
01:12
for the developers
and the service operators.
and the service operators.
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这种方式更简便、更廉价。
01:15
They don't have to worry
about maintaining the physical servers.
about maintaining the physical servers.
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他们无需为维护物理服务器操心。
01:20
I can't blame them, but I found
this trend to be very dangerous,
this trend to be very dangerous,
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我不能指责他们，
但是我发现这种趋势很危险，
但是我发现这种趋势很危险，
01:25
because this way, these giant corporations
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因为通过这种方式，这些大公司
01:28
have unlimited control
over the hosting services.
over the hosting services.
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对托管服务拥有无限的控制权。
01:32
And it's very easy to abuse this power.
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这很容易就会导致权力的滥用。
01:37
For example, last year, a CEO of a company
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例如去年，
一家为900万个网站
担当守门人的网络公司，
担当守门人的网络公司，
01:41
that acts as a gatekeeper
for nine million websites
for nine million websites
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其CEO迫于公众压力
01:45
decided, after some public pressure,
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决定封锁公司管理的其中一个网站，
01:48
that one of the sites it manages,
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01:50
a far right page, should be blocked.
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一个极右翼的网站界面。
01:54
He then sent an internal email
to his coworkers.
to his coworkers.
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紧接着他给同事发了一封内部邮件。
01:59
"This was an arbitrary decision.
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“这是一个武断的决定。
02:02
I woke up this morning in a bad mood
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今早醒来时我的心情很糟，
02:05
and decided to kick them
off the Internet."
off the Internet."
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就决定把它们赶出互联网。”
02:09
Even he admits,
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他甚至自己也承认，
02:11
"No one should have this power."
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“没人应该拥有这种权力。”
02:15
As a response, one of
the employees asked him,
the employees asked him,
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一位员工回复了他并问道，
02:18
"Is this the day the Internet dies?"
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“今天是互联网死亡日吗？”
02:23
I don't think we are actually
killing the internet,
killing the internet,
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我不认为我们正在消灭互联网，
但是我确信
02:26
but I do think that we are in the middle
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我们正身处一种
不负责任的集权化进程中，
不负责任的集权化进程中，
02:28
of a kind of irresponsible
centralization process
centralization process
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02:31
that makes our internet more fragile.
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它令我们的网络更脆弱。
02:35
The decentralized, people-to-people web
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而去中心化、人对人网络
可以通过取消中心点、
取消网站托管服务来
取消网站托管服务来
02:38
solves this problem
by removing the central points,
by removing the central points,
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解决这个问题。
02:41
the web-hosting services.
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02:43
It empowers the users
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它使用户能够
拥有他们想保留的托管网站。
02:46
to have host sites they want to preserve.
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02:51
On this network, the sites get downloaded
directly from other visitors.
directly from other visitors.
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在这个网络中，可以直接
从其他访客那里下载网站。
从其他访客那里下载网站。
02:57
This means, if you have a site
with 100 visitors,
with 100 visitors,
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这意味着，如果
你的网站有100个访客，
你的网站有100个访客，
02:59
then it's hosted
[by] 100 computers around the world.
[by] 100 computers around the world.
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那它就由来自世界各地的
100台计算机托管。
100台计算机托管。
03:04
Basically, this is a people-powered
version of the internet.
version of the internet.
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这基本上就是一个
以人为本的网络，
以人为本的网络，
03:10
The security of the network
is provided by public-key cryptography.
is provided by public-key cryptography.
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由公钥加密系统保障网络安全。
03:14
This makes sure that no one
can modify the sites
can modify the sites
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这可以确保除真正的所有者外，
没人能修改网站。
03:18
but only the real owner.
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03:21
Think of it like instead of getting
electricity from big power plants,
electricity from big power plants,
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这就像你不通过
大型发电站，而是在屋顶
大型发电站，而是在屋顶
放几块太阳能板来发电，
03:25
you put solar panels on top of your house,
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如果街坊邻居需要额外能源，
03:27
and if your neighbor down the street
needs some extra energy,
needs some extra energy,
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他们就能从你的屋里下载一些。
03:30
then they can just download
some from your house.
some from your house.
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03:36
So by using the decentralized web,
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所以利用去中心化网络，
03:39
we can help to keep content
accessible for other visitors.
accessible for other visitors.
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我们可以帮助其他访客获取内容。
03:44
And by that, it means
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这也就意味着
03:47
that we can also fight against things
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我们也能够对抗
03:51
that we feel are unjust,
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那些我们觉得不公平的事情，
03:54
like censorship.
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例如审查制度。
03:56
In China, the internet
is tightly controlled.
is tightly controlled.
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在中国，网络被严密控制。
04:00
They can't criticize the government,
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人们不能批评政府，
04:04
organize a protest,
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组织抗议，
还被禁止在网上发布
04:06
and it's also forbidden to post
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04:09
a kind of emoticon to remember the victims
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
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一种纪念天安门广场大屠杀
罹难者的表情符号。
罹难者的表情符号。
04:15
With the decentralized web,
it's not the government that decides
it's not the government that decides
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但在去中心化网络中，
不再由政府来决定
不再由政府来决定
什么能被看到，什么不能被看到，
04:18
what gets seen and what doesn't.
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04:21
It's the people,
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而由人民来决定，
这让网络更民主。
04:23
which makes the web more democratic.
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04:26
But at the same time,
it's hard to use this network
it's hard to use this network
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同时，也很难利用这个网络
04:29
to do something that is clearly illegal
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进行世界上流行的
非法行为，
04:31
everywhere in the world,
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04:33
as the users probably
don't want to endanger themselves
don't want to endanger themselves
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因为用户大概也不想因为
托管这类有问题的内容
托管这类有问题的内容
04:36
hosting these kinds
of problematic content.
of problematic content.
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而危及自身。
04:41
Another increasing threat
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另一个日益加剧的
对网络自由的威胁
04:44
to internet freedom
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04:47
is overregulation.
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就是过度监管。
04:51
I have the impression
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我感觉
我们那些
04:53
that our delegates
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投票表决网络监管法案的代表们
04:55
who vote on the internet regulation laws
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04:57
are not fully aware of their decisions.
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并不完全清楚自己的决定。
05:01
For example, the European Parliament
has a new law on the table,
has a new law on the table,
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比如，欧洲议会在讨论一项新法案，
一项新的版权保护法案，
05:05
a new copyright protection law,
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05:07
that has a part called Article 13.
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其中一部分被称为第13条。
05:11
If it passes, it would require
every big website
every big website
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如果这条通过，
将会要求所有大型网站
将会要求所有大型网站
部署过滤器，
05:16
to implement a filter
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05:18
that automatically blocks content
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基于大公司制定的规则
自动阻止内容。
05:21
based on rules controlled
by big corporations.
by big corporations.
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05:25
The original idea is
to protect copyrighted materials,
to protect copyrighted materials,
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它的初衷是保护版权资料，
05:28
but it would endanger many other things
we do on the internet:
we do on the internet:
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但也会危及我们在网上
做的很多其他事情：
做的很多其他事情：
05:32
blogging, criticizing,
discussing, linking and sharing.
discussing, linking and sharing.
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发博客、批评、讨论、建立链接和共享。
05:36
Google and YouTube
already have similar systems
already have similar systems
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谷歌和YouTube已经有类似的系统，
05:40
and they are receiving
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
100,000 takedown requests every hour.
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每小时可收到10万个删稿请求。
05:47
Of course, they can't process
this amount of data by hand,
this amount of data by hand,
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当然，它们无法人工处理
如此庞大的数据，
如此庞大的数据，
所以它们利用机器学习
05:50
so they are using machine learning
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05:52
to decide if it's really
a copyright violation or not.
a copyright violation or not.
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来判别内容是否侵权。
05:56
But these filters do make mistakes.
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但是这些过滤器也会出错。
06:01
They're removing everything
from documentation of human rights abuses,
from documentation of human rights abuses,
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它们无所不删，
从侵犯人权的纪录片，
从侵犯人权的纪录片，
知识产权讲座，
06:06
lectures about copyrights
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06:09
and search results
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到关于新第13条的
06:12
that point to criticism
of this new Article 13.
of this new Article 13.
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批评性言论的网络搜索结果。
06:18
Beside of that, they are also
removing many other things.
removing many other things.
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此外，它们还会删除其他许多内容。
06:24
And sometimes, these filters
aren't just removing the specific content,
aren't just removing the specific content,
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有时，这些过滤器
不只删除特定内容，
不只删除特定内容，
06:30
but it could also lead
to loss of your linked accounts:
to loss of your linked accounts:
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还会导致你的关联账户信息丢失：
你的电子邮箱地址、文件、照片
06:35
your email address,
your documents, your photos,
your documents, your photos,
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或者尚未完成的书，
06:39
or your unfinished book,
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06:42
which happened
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
with the writer Dennis Cooper.
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作家丹尼斯 · 库伯
就遇到过这样的糟心事。
就遇到过这样的糟心事。
06:45
It's not hard to see
how a system like this could be abused
how a system like this could be abused
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不难看出这样一个系统是如何
06:50
by politicians and corporate competitors.
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被政客和公司的竞争对手滥用的。
06:55
This Article 13, the extension of these
automated filters to the whole internet,
automated filters to the whole internet,
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第13条将自动过滤器的实施
扩大到整个互联网，
扩大到整个互联网，
此举遭到维基百科、Github、Mozilla，
07:02
got strong opposition
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07:04
from Wikipedia, Github,
Mozilla, and many others,
Mozilla, and many others,
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以及包括万维网创始人
07:09
including the original founders
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
of the internet and the World Wide Web,
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温特 · 瑟夫和蒂姆 · 伯纳斯-李
在内的多名人士的强烈反对。
07:15
Vint Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee.
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07:18
But despite this strong opposition,
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然而，尽管遭到强烈反对，
07:21
on the last European Parliament vote,
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在上一轮欧洲议会投票中，
07:23
two thirds of the representatives
supported this law.
supported this law.
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仍有三分之二的代表支持这项法案。
07:29
The final vote will be early 2019.
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最终轮投票将于2019年初进行。
07:32
The result is important,
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结果很重要，
07:34
but whatever happens,
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但无论结果怎样，
07:37
I'm pretty sure it will be followed
by many other similar proposals
by many other similar proposals
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我都非常确定，在全世界
范围内将会出现许多
范围内将会出现许多
07:42
around the world.
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类似的后续提案。
07:45
These kinds of regulations
would be very hard to enforce
would be very hard to enforce
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这类监管法规很难在
07:48
through a decentralized web,
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去中心化网络上实行，
因为去中心化网络中没有托管公司。
07:49
as there is no hosting companies.
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07:53
The websites are served
by the visitors themselves.
by the visitors themselves.
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网站由访客自己托管。
07:58
I started to build
this network three years ago.
this network three years ago.
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我在三年前开始建立这个网络。
08:03
Since then, I've spent thousands,
tens of thousands of hours
tens of thousands of hours
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从那时算起，我已经在研发方面花费了
08:07
on the development.
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成千上万个小时。
08:09
Why?
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为什么呢？
08:11
Why would anyone spend thousands of hours
on something anyone can freely copy,
on something anyone can freely copy,
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为什么有人花成千上万个小时
在一个人人都能自由拷贝、
在一个人人都能自由拷贝、
08:15
rename, or even sell?
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重命名，甚至是售卖的东西上？
08:19
Well, in my case,
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对我来说，
08:21
one of the reasons was
to do something meaningful.
to do something meaningful.
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其中一个原因就是
做这件事情有意义。
做这件事情有意义。
08:24
During my daily regular job
as a web developer,
as a web developer,
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我是一名网站开发员，
08:27
I didn't have the feeling
that I'm working on something
that I'm working on something
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日常工作中我并没有感觉到
08:30
that had a chance to be a bigger than me.
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自己在做一些超出
个人意义范畴的事情。
个人意义范畴的事情。
08:35
Simply, I just wanted to make
my short presence in this world
my short presence in this world
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我只是想让自己短暂的一生
08:38
to be meaningful.
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过得有意义。
08:43
Last year, the Great Firewall of China
started blocking this network I created.
started blocking this network I created.
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去年，中国的防火墙
开始屏蔽我创建的这个网络。
开始屏蔽我创建的这个网络。
08:49
This move officially made me the enemy
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这一动作因此正式将我和
08:52
of the government-supported
internet censorship.
internet censorship.
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由政府支持的网络审查结为冤家。
08:57
Since then, it's been really
a game of cat and mouse.
a game of cat and mouse.
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从此，真正的猫鼠游戏开始了。
09:00
They make new rules in the firewall
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他们制定了新的防火墙规则，
09:03
and I try to react to it as fast as I can
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那我就尽全力快速应对，
09:06
so the users can keep hosting content
and create websites
and create websites
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以便让用户能保存
托管内容并创建网站，
托管内容并创建网站，
09:10
that otherwise would be censored
by the centralized Chinese internet.
by the centralized Chinese internet.
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否则再慢一点就会被
集权化的中国网络审查。
集权化的中国网络审查。
09:17
My other motivation
to create this network was worry.
to create this network was worry.
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我创建这个网络的
另一个原因是出于一种担忧。
另一个原因是出于一种担忧。
09:23
I fear that the future of our internet
is out of our control.
is out of our control.
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我担心网络的未来发展会失控。
09:28
The increasing centralization
and the proposed laws
and the proposed laws
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日渐增多的网络集权和法律提案
09:31
are threatening our freedom of speech
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正在威胁我们的自由发言权，
09:34
and, by that, our democracy.
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也就是民主权。
09:37
So for me, building a decentralized web
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所以对我来说，
建立一个去中心化网络
建立一个去中心化网络
09:40
means creating a safe harbor,
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意味着创造一个安全的避风港，
09:44
a space where the rules are not written
by big corporations and political parties,
by big corporations and political parties,
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在那里，规则不再由
大公司和政治团体制定，
大公司和政治团体制定，
09:50
but by the people.
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而是由人民。
09:53
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（鼓掌）
09:55
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tamas Kocsis - Web developerTamas Kocsis is a self-taught web developer who was always obsessed by new technologies.
Why you should listen
Tamas Kocsis was never motivated by building a career or getting a high-paid job -- instead, he was more interested in exploring new things, doing something meaningful and solving important problems.
In 2013 Kocsis got excited about the decentralization movement started by Bitcoin cryptocurrency. A year later he started to develop a peer-to-peer, people-powered version of the web called ZeroNet to be a useful member of this community.
Kocsis became interested in programming and web design at the age of 13, then got his first paid assignment as a web developer at age 16. Besides programming, he enjoys any kind of activity that has a definite end result; he's designed and built his own tables, lamps and various objects using concrete, recycled wood, felt and paper.
Tamas Kocsis | Speaker | TED.com