TED2004
Richard Pyle: A dive into the reef's Twilight Zone
理查德·派尔：探索珊瑚礁微光区
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在这次引发启迪的演说中，理查德·派尔向我们展示了珊瑚礁系统中繁盛的生命，以及他参与研究开发的新型潜水技术。他和同事们愿意冒着一切危险，只为揭示出那些尚未发现的物种的秘密。
Richard Pyle - Ichthyologist
Ichthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology. Full bio
Ichthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is the first of two rather extraordinary photographs I'm going to show you today.
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这是我今天要给大家展示的两张非同寻常的图片中的第一张
00:16
It was taken 18 years ago.
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它是在18年前拍的
00:18
I was 19 years old at the time.
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当时我19岁
00:20
I had just returned from one of the deepest dives I'd ever made at that time,
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刚刚从那时所参与的最深的一次潜水归来
00:22
-- a little over 200 feet --
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比200英尺深一点点
00:24
and, I had caught this little fish here.
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在那里我抓到了这条小鱼
00:26
It turns out that that particular one was the first live one of that ever taken alive.
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它成为了第一条被活捕上来后还能存活下来的鱼
00:30
I'm not just an ichthyologist, I'm a bona fide fish nerd.
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我不仅仅是一个鱼类学家，我还是一个真正的鱼痴
00:33
And to a fish nerd, this is some pretty exciting stuff.
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而对于鱼痴来说，这是一个非常让人兴奋的工作
00:35
And more exciting was the fact that the person who took this photo
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而更让人兴奋的是，为我拍这张照片的人
00:38
was a guy named Jack Randall,
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名字叫做Jack Randall
00:40
the greatest living ichthyologist on Earth,
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世界上还健在的最伟大的鱼类学家
00:42
the Grand Poobah of fish nerds, if you will.
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你也可以称他是鱼痴的头儿
00:45
And so, it was really exciting to me to have this moment in time,
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因此，这个时刻的及时到来令我相当兴奋
00:49
it really set the course for the rest of my life.
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我以后的人生路线也由此划定
00:52
But really the most significant thing, the most profound thing
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但关于这张图片最重要，最意义深远的事情
00:55
about this picture is that it was taken two days before
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是在拍完它两天之后
00:57
I was completely paralyzed from the neck down.
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我的颈部就完全瘫痪了。
00:59
I made a really stupid kind of mistake
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我犯了一个非常愚蠢的错误
01:02
that most 19-year-old males do when they think they're immortal,
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就像大多数19岁的小伙子们，他们认为自己是死不了
01:05
and I got a bad case of the bends,
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我得上了严重的减压病
01:07
and was paralyzed, and had to be flown back for treatment.
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全身瘫痪，不得不飞回来进行治疗
01:11
I learned two really important things that day.
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那天我明白了两件非常重要的事情
01:14
The first thing I learned -- well, I'm mortal, that's a really big one.
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第一，我是终有一死的，这确实很重要
01:17
And the second thing I learned was that I knew, with profound certainty,
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第二，我非常肯定地知道
01:21
that this is exactly what I was going to do for the rest of my life.
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我在余生中所要从事的究竟是什么
01:24
I had to focus all my energies towards going to find
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我必须将精力都专注地投入到
01:27
new species of things down on deep coral reefs.
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对珊瑚礁深处那些新物种的发现。
01:30
Now, when you think of a coral reef, this is what most people think of:
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现在，当你们想到珊瑚礁时，这就是大多数人所想到的
01:33
all these big, hard, elaborate corals and lots of bright, colorful fishes and things.
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所有这些巨大、坚硬、精巧的珊瑚，还有大量多姿多彩的鱼类以及其他
01:37
But, this is really just the tip of the iceberg.
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但，这仅仅是冰山一角
01:39
If you look at this diagram of a coral reef,
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如果你看一下这张珊瑚礁的图表
01:42
we know a lot about that part up near the top,
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我们对最上方的那部分了解很多
01:44
and the reason we know so much about it
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之所以如此，是因为
01:46
is scuba divers can very easily go down there and access it.
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水肺潜水员能轻松地下潜到那里
01:48
There is a problem with scuba though,
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然而水肺（水下呼吸器）有个问题
01:51
in that it imposes some limitations on how deep you can go,
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它给你的下潜深度设了限制
01:54
and it turns out that depth is about 200 feet.
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大概是200英尺
01:56
I'll get into why that is in just a minute.
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等一会我会解释这是为什么
01:59
But, the point is that scuba divers generally stay less than 100 feet deep,
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但，关键是水肺潜水员们通常只待在100英尺深度以上
02:02
and very rarely go much below this, at least, not with any kind of sanity.
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而很少，至少是有意识地潜到这个深度以下
02:06
So, to go deeper, most biologists have turned to submersibles.
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所以，如果要到更深处，多数的生物学家会选择潜水器
02:09
Now, submersibles are great, wonderful things,
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现在，潜水器是很了不起的东西
02:11
but if you're going to spend 30,000 dollars a day to use one of these things,
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但如果你要每天花3万美元来利用某个潜水器
02:15
and it's capable of going 2,000 feet,
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而它能够下潜的深度是2000英尺
02:17
you're sure not going to go farting around up here in a couple of hundred feet,
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那么你肯定不会就在这几百英尺的地方晃来晃去
02:20
you're going to go way, way, way, down deep.
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你会向下，向下，潜到深处去
02:22
So, the bottom line is that almost all research using submersibles
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归根结底，几乎所有利用潜水器的研究
02:25
has taken place well below 500 feet.
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都是在超过500英尺深的水下进行的
02:27
Now, it's pretty obvious at this point that there's this zone here in the middle
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讲到这里，可以很明显地看到中间的这个区域
02:30
and that's the zone that really centers around my own personal pursuit of happiness.
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而这就是围绕着我个人幸福追求的那个区域
02:34
I want to find out what's in this zone.
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我想找出在里面有什么
02:36
We know almost nothing about it.
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我们几乎对这里一无所知
02:38
Scuba divers can't get there, submarines go right on past it.
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水肺潜水员到不了那里，潜水器又不在那里停留
02:41
It took me a year to learn how to walk again after I had my diving accident in Palau
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自从帛琉群岛的潜水事故之后，我花了一年时间才重新学会行走
02:44
and during that year I spent a lot of time learning
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那一年里，我花了大量时间学习
02:46
about the physics and physiology of diving
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学习潜水的物理学和生理学过程
02:48
and figuring out how to overcome these limitations.
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并找出如何克服这些限制的方法
02:50
So, I'm just going to show you a basic idea.
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我这就给你们展示一些基本的概念
02:52
We're all breathing air right now. Air is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen,
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此时此刻，我们呼吸的空气其实是氧气和氮气的混合物
02:55
about 20 percent oxygen. About 80 percent nitrogen is in our lungs.
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其中大约20%是氧气，80%是氮气
02:59
And there's a phenomenon called Henry's Law
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有一种称为“亨利定律”的现象
03:01
that says that gases will dissolve into a fluid
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指的是气体在液体中的溶解
03:03
in proportion to the partial pressures which you're exposing them to.
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与该液面上气体所受到的分压成正比
03:06
So, basically the gas dissolves into our body.
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所以基本上气体会溶解到我们的体内
03:09
The oxygen is bound by metabolism, we use it for energy.
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氧气是我们获取能量所必需的，与新陈代谢息息相关
03:12
The nitrogen just sort of floats around in our blood and tissues,
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而氮气只是我们血液和组织里的某种漂浮物而已
03:14
and that's all fine, that's how we're designed.
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这没什么关系，我们生来如此
03:16
The problem happens when you start to go underwater.
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问题在于当你开始下潜到水下的时候
03:18
Now, the deeper you go underwater, the higher the pressure is.
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潜得越深，所受到的压力越大
03:21
If you were to go down to a depth of about 130 feet,
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当你到达大约130英尺的深度时
03:24
which is the recommended limit for most scuba divers,
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这是大多数水肺潜水者的建议极限
03:26
you get this pressure effect.
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你就会感觉到某种压力效应
03:28
And the effect of that pressure is that you have an increased density
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即在你的每一次呼吸中
03:31
of gas molecules in every breath you take.
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气体的密度是逐渐增加的
03:33
Over time, those gas molecules dissolve into your blood and tissues
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过一会，这些气体分子就会溶解到你的血液和组织中
03:37
and start to fill you up.
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并开始充满你的体内
03:39
Now, if you were to go down to, say, 300 feet,
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如果你要下潜到300英尺
03:41
you don't have five times as many gas molecules in your lungs --
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那你的肺里就不仅仅只充满相当于平时五倍体积的气体
03:43
you've got 10 times as many gas molecules in your lungs.
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而是充满相当于平时10倍体积的气体
03:46
And, sure enough, they dissolve into your blood, and into your tissues as well.
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肯定的是，它们同样会溶解到你的血液和组织里
03:50
And of course, if you were to down to where there's 15 times as much --
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当然，如果你继续往下的话还有可能是15倍
03:53
the deeper you go, the more exacerbating the problem becomes.
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潜得越深，这个问题就会越严重
03:56
And the problem, the limitation of diving with air
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而这个带空气潜水的极限问题
03:59
is all those dots in your body -- all the nitrogen and all the oxygen.
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也就是在你体内的所有这些点——所有的氮气和氧气
04:02
There're three basic limitations of scuba diving.
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水肺潜水有三个基本的限制
04:04
The first limitation is the oxygen --
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第一个限制就是氧气
04:06
oxygen toxicity.
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氧中毒
04:08
Now, we all know the song: "Love is like oxygen./
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我们都知道那首歌---“爱情就像氧气，
04:10
You get too much, you get too high./
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得到太多，你会太兴奋。
04:12
Not enough, and you're going to die."
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得到不够，你就会死去”
04:14
Well, in the context of diving, you get too much, you die also.
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在潜水这个问题上，你得到太多也会挂掉
04:16
You die also because oxygen toxicity can cause a seizure --
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导致死亡的另一个原因是氧中毒引起的急性痉挛
04:20
makes you convulse underwater, not a good thing to happen underwater.
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在水下，这可不是什么好事情
04:23
It happens because there's too much concentration of oxygen in your body.
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罪魁祸首就是体内过高的氧气浓度
04:27
The nitrogen has two problems.
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氮气会造成两个问题
04:29
One of them is what Jacques Cousteau called "rapture of the deep."
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其中之一就是雅克·库斯托所说的“深海晕眩”
04:32
It's nitrogen narcosis.
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也就是氮气麻醉
04:34
It makes you loopy.
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它会使你晕头转向
04:36
The deeper you go, the loopier you get.
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潜得越深，你就越晕
04:38
You don't want to drive drunk, you don't want to dive drunk, so that's a real big problem.
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你不会愿意醉酒开车，你也不会愿意醉酒潜水，所以这确实是个大问题
04:41
And of course, the third problem is the one I found out the hard way in Palau,
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当然，第三个问题也就是我在帛琉群岛那段艰难旅程所发现的
04:44
which is the bends.
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减压病（bends）
04:46
Now the one thing that I forgot to mention,
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我忘记提到的一点是
04:48
is that to obviate the problem of the nitrogen narcosis --
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如何排除氮气麻醉的问题
04:50
all of those blue dots in our body --
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也就是我们体内的这些蓝色小点
04:52
you remove the nitrogen and you replace it with helium.
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我们可以用氦气来替换氮气
04:54
Now helium's a gas, there're a lot of reasons why helium's good,
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氦气也是种气体，它有许多好处
04:57
it's a tiny molecule, it's inert,
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它的分子很小，同时是惰性气体
04:59
it doesn't give you narcosis.
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它不会导致你的昏迷
05:01
So that's the basic concept that we use.
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这就是我们所用到的基本设想
05:03
But, the theory's relatively easy.
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但这一理论只是相对比较容易而已
05:05
The tricky part is the implementation.
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最有趣的是如何将之变得可行
05:07
So, this is how I began, about 15 years ago.
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这就是我大约15年前着手开始时做的
05:09
I'll admit, it wasn't exactly the smartest of starts,
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我承认，这肯定不是最聪明的开端
05:11
but, you know, you got to start somewhere.
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但无论如何，你总是要开始的
05:13
At the time, I wasn't the only one who didn't know what I was doing --
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而且那个时候，我还真不是唯一一个不知道自己正在做什么的人
05:16
almost nobody did.
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几乎没有人知道
05:18
And this rig was actually used for a dive of 300 feet.
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这个装置实际上是用于300英尺深处的潜水
05:20
Over time we got a little bit better at it,
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但过了一阵，情况有了一点好转
05:22
and we came up with this really sophisticated-looking rig
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我们搞出了这个看起来很是先进的装置
05:24
with four scuba tanks and five regulators
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上面有四个气罐和五个调节器
05:27
and all the right gas mixtures and all that good stuff.
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还有合适的混合气体以及所有要用到的好东西
05:28
And it was fine and dandy,
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它看上去既漂亮又时髦
05:30
and it allowed us to go down and find new species.
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能让我们潜水去寻找新的物种
05:32
This picture was taken 300 feet deep, catching new species of fish.
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这是在300英尺深处拍的照片，他正在捕捉鱼类新种
05:34
But, the problem was that it didn't allow us much time.
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但问题在于我们的潜水不能进行太久
05:36
For all its bulk and size,
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尽管它的体积挺大块
05:38
it only gave us about 15 minutes at most down at those sorts of depths.
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却只能保证最多在这样的深度待15分钟
05:41
We needed more time.
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我们需要更多的时间
05:43
There had to be a better way.
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必须找出更好的方法
05:45
And, indeed, there is a better way.
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而且，事实上，的确有个更好的方法
05:47
In 1994, I was fortunate enough to get access
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1994年，我幸运地有机会用到
05:49
to these prototype closed-circuit rebreathers.
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这些闭路式换气器的原型
05:51
Alright, closed-circuit rebreather --
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那么，闭路式换气器--
05:53
what is it about it that makes it different from scuba,
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它与水肺有什么不同，
05:55
and why is it better?
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又为什么说它更好？
05:57
Well, there are three main advantages to a rebreather.
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换气器有三个主要的优点
05:59
One, they're quiet, they don't make any noise.
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第一，它们很安静，不会产生任何噪音
06:01
Two, they allow you to stay underwater longer.
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第二，它们能使你在水里待的更久
06:03
Three, they allow you to go deeper.
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第三，它们让你潜得更深
06:05
How is it that they do that?
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那么，它们是怎么做到的？
06:07
Well, in order to really understand how they do that
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想真正了解它们是怎么做到这些的
06:09
you have to take off the hood, and look underneath and see what's going on.
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你必须把外罩拿掉，看看里面是怎么工作的
06:12
There are three basic systems to a closed- circuit rebreather.
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闭路式换气器里有三个基本的系统
06:14
The most fundamental of these is called the breathing loop.
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其中最重要的称为呼吸环路（breathing loop）
06:16
It's a breathing loop because you breathe off of it,
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顾名思义，你利用它来呼吸
06:19
and it's a closed loop, and you breathe the same gas around and around and around.
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这是个闭合的环路，所以你会一圈又一圈地呼吸同样的气体
06:22
So there's a mouthpiece that you put in your mouth,
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这里有个你要放在嘴里的接口管
06:24
and there's also a counterlung,
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这还有个气囊（counterlung）
06:26
or in this case, two counterlungs.
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或者像这里这个，两个气囊
06:28
Now, the counterlungs aren't high-tech, they're just simply flexible bags.
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这些气囊并不是什么高科技，它们就是简单而又柔韧的袋子
06:31
They allow you to mechanically breathe, or mechanically ventilate.
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它们是你能机动地呼吸，或机动地换气
06:34
When you exhale your breath, it goes in the exhale counterlung:
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当你呼气的时候，气体进入呼出气囊
06:36
when you inhale a breath, it comes from the inhale counterlung.
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当你吸气的时候，气体从吸气气囊出来
06:39
It's just pure mechanics, allowing you to cycle air through this breathing loop.
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这只是纯粹的机械过程，使气体能在呼吸环里进行循环
06:42
And, the other component on a breathing loop
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在呼吸环上的另外一个部件
06:45
is the carbon dioxide absorbent canister.
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是二氧化碳吸收罐
06:48
Now, as we breathe, we produce carbon dioxide,
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我们呼吸的时候会产生二氧化碳
06:50
and that carbon dioxide needs to be scrubbed out of the system.
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这些二氧化碳需要从系统中除去
06:53
There's a chemical filter in there
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所以在那里面就有个化学过滤器
06:55
that pulls the carbon dioxide out of the breathing gas --
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将二氧化碳从呼吸的气体中去除
06:58
so that, when it comes back to us to breathe again, it's safe to breathe again.
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这就使我们再次呼吸的时候，能安全地呼吸
07:01
So that's the breathing loop in a nutshell.
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以上介绍的就是外壳下面的呼吸环
07:04
The second main component of a closed-circuit rebreather is the gas system.
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闭路式换气器的第二个主要部件是气体系统
07:07
The primary purpose of the gas system
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气体系统最重要的目的
07:10
is to provide oxygen, to replenish the oxygen that your body consumes.
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是提供氧气，补充你身体所消耗的氧气
07:14
So the main tank, the main critical thing,
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所以主要的容器，最关键的东西
07:17
is this oxygen gas supply cylinder we have here.
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就是这边这个氧气供应罐
07:19
But, if we only had an oxygen gas supply cylinder
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但是，如果我们只有这么一个氧气供应罐
07:21
we wouldn't be able to go very deep,
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我们就不能潜得太深
07:23
because we'd run into oxygen toxicity very, very quickly.
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因为我们很快就会产生氧中毒，非常快
07:25
So we need another gas, something to dilute the oxygen with.
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所以我们需要另一种气体来稀释氧气
07:28
And that, fittingly enough, is called the diluent gas supply.
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足够合适之后，我们称之为“稀释气体供应”
07:32
In our applications, we generally put air inside this diluent gas supply,
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现在，在这个装置里，我们就可以将空气输入稀释气体供应罐中
07:36
because it's a very cheap and easy source of nitrogen.
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因为这是一种非常便宜和易得的氮气来源
07:39
So that's where we get our nitrogen from.
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我们的氮气就是从这里来的
07:41
But, if we want to go deeper, of course, we need another gas supply.
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当然，如果想潜得更深，我们还需要补充另一种气体
07:44
We need helium, and the helium is what we really need to go deep.
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我们需要氦气，它是我们深潜时所真正需要的
07:46
And usually we'll have a slightly larger cylinder
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通常我们用的是这个稍微大一点的罐子
07:48
mounted exterior on the rebreather, like this.
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它就像这样挂在换气器的外面
07:51
And that's what we use to inject, as we start to do our deep dives.
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当开始向深处潜水的时候，注入的氦气就来自这里
07:54
We also have a second oxygen cylinder, that's solely as a back-up
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另外我们还有第二个氧气罐，仅仅作为后备
07:57
in case there's a problem with our first oxygen supply we can continue to breathe.
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一旦第一个氧气供应出现问题，我们还能继续呼吸
08:01
And the way you manage all these different gases and all these different gas supplies
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如何操纵所有这些气体及其供应
08:04
is this really high-tech, sophisticated gas block up on the front here,
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就在于前面这个先进的高科技气体控制器
08:08
where it's easy to reach.
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很容易摸到
08:10
It's got all the valves and knobs and things you need to do
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它上面的阀门和旋钮等可以让你
08:12
to inject the right gases at the right time.
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在合适的时间注入合适的气体
08:14
Now, normally you don't have to do that because all of it's done automatically for you
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一般来说这些都是已经为你自动做好的
08:17
with the electronics, the third system of a rebreather.
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因为我们有电子设备，换气器的第三个系统
08:19
The most critical part of a rebreather is the oxygen sensors.
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换气器上最重要的部件是氧气传感器
08:22
You need three of them, so that if one of them goes bad, you know which one it is.
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你需要三个，这样如果其中一个坏了，你就知道是哪一个
08:25
You need voting logic.
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你需要表决逻辑（voting logic）
08:27
You also have three microprocessors.
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你还有三个微处理器
08:29
Any one of those computers can run the entire system,
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这些计算机中的任意一个都能控制整个系统
08:31
so if you have to lose two of them,
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所以就算你失去了其中两个
08:34
there's also back-up power supplies.
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还有后备的能量供应
08:36
And of course there're multiple displays, to get the information to the diver.
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当然，少不了为潜水者提供信息的显示器
08:39
This is the high-tech gadgetry that allows us to do what we do
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这就是那个能让我们在这种深度潜水中
08:41
on these kinds of deep dives.
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能随心所欲的高科技小部件
08:43
And I can talk about it all day -- just ask my wife --
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我能一整天都谈论这些，问问我老婆就知道了
08:45
but I want to move on to something that's kind of much more interesting.
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但，我想讲另一些更有趣的东西
08:47
I'm going to take you on a deep dive.
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我将带你们深潜下去
08:49
I'm going to show you what it's like to do one of these dives that we do.
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我将向你们展示我们是怎么进行这类潜水的
08:51
We start up here on the boat, and for all this high-tech, expensive equipment,
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我们从船上开始，尽管这是部昂贵的高科技装备
08:54
this is still the best way to get in the water -- just pfft! --
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这仍然是最好的入水方式---噗！
08:56
flop over the side of the boat.
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怦然从船舷处落下
08:58
Now, as I showed you in the earlier diagram,
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就像我之前给你们展示的那张图表
09:01
these reefs that we dive on start out near the surface
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这些礁石就在我们开始潜水的水面附近
09:04
and they go almost vertically, completely straight down.
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它们几乎是垂直地、完全直直地向下
09:07
So, we drop in the water, and we just sort of go over the edge of this cliff,
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所以我们在水里往下掉，好像要越过这个悬崖边缘一般
09:10
and then we just start dropping, dropping, dropping.
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然后我们就开始往下掉，往下掉，往下掉
09:12
People have asked me, "It must take a long time to get there?"
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有人问我，“到那儿一定花了不少时间吧？”
09:14
No, it only takes a couple of minutes to get all the way down
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不，只花了几分钟
09:16
to three or four hundred feet, which is where we're aiming for.
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我们就直落到三四百英尺处，我们的目的地
09:19
It's kind of like skydiving in slow motion.
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有点像慢动作的跳伞
09:21
It's really a very interesting --
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这真的非常有趣
09:23
you ever see "The Abyss" where Ed Harris, you know,
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你们看过电影《深渊》（“The Abyss”）里面的Ed Harris©
09:25
he's sinking down along the side of the wall?
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沿着绝壁往下坠落的情景吧？
09:27
That's kind of what it feels like. It's pretty amazing.
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这有点像那种感觉，美妙绝伦
09:29
Also, when you get down there, you find that the water is very, very clear.
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还有，下到那里，你会发现水非常非常的清澈
09:31
It's extremely clear water, because there's hardly any plankton.
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极度清澈的水，因为那里几乎没有什么浮游生物
09:33
But, when you turn on your light, you look around at the caves,
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但是，当你打开灯，环视这些洞穴时
09:35
and all of a sudden you're confronted with a tremendous amount of diversity,
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你就会突然间面对巨大数量的生物多样性
09:38
much more than anyone used to believe.
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远远超过人们过去所认为的
09:40
Now not all of it is new species --
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并非所有这些都是新种
09:43
like that fish you see with the white stripe,
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比如你看到的这条有白道的鱼
09:45
that's a known species.
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就是个已知种
09:47
But, if you look carefully into the cracks and crevices,
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如果你仔细观察这些裂缝和罅隙
09:49
you'll see little things scurrying all over the place.
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你会看到无数的小玩意正来去匆匆
09:53
There's a just-unbelievable diversity.
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这里的多样性令人难以置信
09:55
It's not just fish, either.
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而且，并不仅仅是鱼类的多样性
09:57
These are crinoids, sponges, black corals. There're some more fishes.
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那里有海百合，海绵，黑珊瑚——再来一些鱼类
10:00
And those fishes that you see right now are new species.
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现在你看到的这些鱼类都是新种
10:02
They're still new species because I had a video camera on this dive instead of my net,
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它们仍然是新种，因为我只装了摄像机，而没有带网
10:06
so they're still waiting down there for someone to go find them.
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所以它们仍然在等待着人们去再把它们找出来
10:09
But this is what it looks like,
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这里的环境就是如此
10:11
and this kind of habitat just goes on and on and on for miles.
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而且这样的生境连绵数英里
10:14
This is Papua, New Guinea.
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这就是巴布亚新几内亚
10:16
Now little fishes and invertebrates aren't the only things we see down there.
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小鱼和无脊椎动物并非我们看到的全部
10:19
We also see sharks,
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我们还能看到鲨鱼
10:21
much more regularly than I would have expected to.
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它们比我原先预计的更加常见
10:24
And we're not quite sure why.
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我们并不很确定为什么
10:26
But what I want you to do right now is imagine yourself 400 feet underwater,
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现在，我要你们想象一下自己正身处400英尺水深
10:28
with all this high-tech gear on your back,
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背着高科技的设备
10:30
you're in a remote reef off Papua, New Guinea,
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地点是新几内亚的帛琉群岛附近
10:32
thousands of miles from the nearest recompression chamber,
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距离最近的减压舱有数千英里
10:35
and you're completely surrounded by sharks.
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而你正完全被鲨鱼所包围
10:38
Video: Look at those ...
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视频：看这些……
10:40
Uh-oh ... uh-oh!
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啊噢……啊噢！
10:42
I think we have their attention. (Laughter)
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我想我引起它们注意了
10:46
Richard Pyle: When you start talking like Donald Duck,
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Richard Pyle:当你开始像唐老鸭一样说话
10:49
there's no situation in the world that can seem tense.
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世界上就没有什么叫做“紧张”的东西
10:51
(Laughter)
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（笑）
10:54
So, we're down there, and this is at 400 feet --
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好，我们下到这了，400英尺深
10:57
that's looking straight up, by the way,
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这是垂直向上看的情景
10:58
so you can get a sense of how far away the surface is.
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你可以了解距离睡眠有多远
11:00
And if you're a biologist and you know about sharks,
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如果你是个生物学家，并了解鲨鱼
11:02
and you want to assess, you know, how much jeopardy am I really in here,
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你就想评估一下自己的处境到底有多危险
11:06
there's one question that sort of jumps to the forefront of your mind immediately
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所以就有个问题马上跳进你的大脑里
11:10
which is --
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就是——
11:12
Diver 1 (Video): What kind of sharks?
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视频：哪种鲨鱼？
11:15
Diver 2: Uh, silvertip sharks.
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啊，白边真鲨（silvertip shark）
11:17
Diver 1: Oh.
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噢
11:18
RP: Silvertip sharks -- they're actually three species of sharks here.
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白边真鲨——这里其实有三种鲨鱼
11:20
The silvertips are the one with the white edges on the fin,
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白边真鲨是一种鳍上有白边的鲨鱼
11:23
and there're also gray reef sharks and some hammerheads off in the distance.
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不远之处，几条灰礁鲨 (grey reef shark)和双髻鲨在游弋
11:26
And yes, it's a little nerve-wracking.
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是的，这确实有点伤脑筋
11:30
Diver 2 (Video): Hoo!
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视频：呼！
11:33
That little guy is frisky! (Laughter)
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那小家伙真活泼！
11:38
Now, you've seen video like this on TV a lot,
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现在，你们在电视上经常看到这样的画面
11:42
and it's very intimidating, and I think it gives the wrong impression about sharks.
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令人望而生畏，我想，这给出的对鲨鱼错误的印象
11:45
Sharks are actually not very dangerous animals
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鲨鱼实际上不是非常危险的动物
11:47
and that's why we weren't worried much, why we were joking around down there.
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这也是为什么我们不是很担心，而在下面开着玩笑的原因
11:50
More people are killed by pigs, more people are killed by lightning strikes,
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被猪杀死的人，因闪电而死的人
11:53
more people are killed at soccer games in England.
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甚至因英格兰的足球赛而死的人都比因鲨鱼而死的人多
11:56
There's a lot of other ways you can die.
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死法有很多种
11:58
And I'm not making that stuff up.
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我也不是在这里瞎编
12:00
Coconuts! You can get killed by a coconut more likely than killed by a shark.
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椰子！你被椰子砸死的概率都必被鲨鱼咬死的概率高
12:03
So sharks aren't quite as dangerous as most people make them out to be.
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所以鲨鱼并非像多数人声称的那么危险
12:07
Now, I don't know if any of you get U.S. News and World Report --
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我不知道你们中有没有人看《美国新闻和世界报道》杂志
12:10
I got the recent issue.
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我有最近的一期
12:12
There's a cover story all about the great explorers of our time.
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上面的封面故事是关于我们这个时代那些伟大的探险者
12:14
The last article is an article entitled "No New Frontiers."
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最后一篇文章的标题是“没有新领域了”（No New Frontiers）
12:18
It questions whether or not there really are any new frontiers out there,
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它质疑是否还存在什么真正的新的领域
12:22
whether there are any real, true, hardcore discoveries that can still be made.
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是否还能做出真实的，绝对的新发现
12:25
And this is my favorite line from the article.
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这就是里面我最喜欢的一句台词
12:27
As a fish nerd, I have to laugh, because you know they don't call us fish nerds for nothing --
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作为一名鱼痴，我应该高兴，因为他们不会无缘无故地这样叫
12:30
we actually do get excited about finding a new dorsal spine in a guppy.
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我们确实会因为在孔雀鱼的背鳍上发现一根新刺而兴奋异常
12:35
But, it's much more than that.
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但，还不止这些
12:37
And, I want to show you a few of the guppies we've found over the years.
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我想向你们展示我们几年来发现的几种孔雀鱼
12:41
This one's -- you know, you can see how ugly it is.
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这一只，你可以看出长得有多丑
12:44
Even if you ignore the scientific value of this thing,
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如果忽略它的科学价值
12:48
just look at the monetary value of this thing.
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单看它的经济价值
12:50
A couple of these ended up getting sold through the aquarium trade to Japan,
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通过水族馆的交易，有一对鱼被卖到日本
12:53
where they sold for 15,000 dollars apiece.
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每一条就值15000美元
12:55
That's half-a-million dollars per pound.
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接近50万美元一磅
12:58
Here's another new angelfish we discovered.
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这是我们发现的一种新的天使鱼（angelfish）
13:00
This one we actually first discovered back in the air days -- the bad old air days,
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这实际上是我们在以前的空气潜水岁月里发现的，空气潜水差劲的岁月
13:04
as we used to say -- when we were doing these kind of dives with air.
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也就是过去所说的当我们使用空气来作这类潜水的时候
13:06
We were at 360 feet.
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我们在360英尺深处
13:08
And I remember coming up from one of these deep dives, and I had this fog,
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我还记得结束深潜游上来之后，我像这样迷糊不清
13:11
and the narcosis takes a little while to, you know, fade away.
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迷糊的状态持续了一小会才逐渐褪去
13:14
It's sort of like sobering up.
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有点像酒后清醒过来
13:16
And I had this vague recollection of seeing these yellow fish with a black spot,
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而我有个模糊的回忆，似乎看到了这些有个黑点的黄色小鱼
13:18
and I thought, "Aw, damn. I should have caught one.
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我就想：“啊，可恶，我应该抓一条，
13:21
I think that's a new species."
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看起来那是个新种。”
13:23
And then, eventually, I got around to looking in my bucket.
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最后，我终于有时间来看看我的桶
13:25
Sure enough, I had caught one -- I just completely forgot that I had caught one. (Laughter)
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当然，我抓到了一条----我只是完全忘了自己抓过一条
13:27
And so this one we decided to give the name Centropyge narcosis to.
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所以我们决定叫这条鱼为Centropyge narcosis（深海珊瑚神仙，narcosis意为昏迷）
13:31
So that's it's official scientific name,
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这就成了它的学名
13:33
in reference to its deep-dwelling habits.
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与它居于深海的习性有关
13:35
And this is another neat one.
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这是另外一条光彩照人的鱼
13:37
When we first found it, we weren't even sure what family this thing belonged to,
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第一次发现它时，我们甚至不敢肯定它属于什么科
13:39
so we just called it the Dr. Seuss fish,
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所以我们就叫它苏斯教授鱼（Dr. Seuss，美国少儿图书作家）
13:41
because it looked like something out of one of those books.
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因为它看起来就像从他某本书里出来的
13:43
Now, this one's pretty cool.
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这一条非常酷
13:46
If you go to Papua, New Guinea, and go down 300 feet,
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如果你去巴布亚新几内亚，潜到300英尺
13:48
you're going to see these big mounds.
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你就会看到这样的大石堆
13:50
And this may be kind of hard to see, but they're about --
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这么看也许很吃力，但它们
13:52
oh, a couple meters in diameter.
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噢，直径可达数米
13:54
If you look closely, you'll see there's
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拉近来看，你会看到那有条白色小鱼
13:56
a little white fish and gray fish that hangs out near them.
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一条灰白的小鱼在它们附近晃悠
13:58
Well, it turns out this little white fish builds these giant mounds,
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没错，其实就是这种小白鱼建起了这些巨大的石堆
14:00
one pebble at a time.
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一次一块石头建起来的
14:02
It's really extraordinary to find something like this.
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能有这样的发现真的太不寻常了
14:04
It's not just new species: it's new behavior, it's new ecology it's all kind of new things.
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不仅仅是新种，还是新的行为，新的生态学，全都是新的东西
14:07
So, what I'm going to show you right now, very quickly,
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好，接下来我将很快向你们展示的
14:09
is just a sampling of a few of the new species we've discovered.
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就是我们发现的一些新种
14:13
What's extraordinary about this is not just the sheer number of species we're finding --
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真正不寻常的不是这些新种的惊人数目——
14:16
although as you can see that's pretty amazing, this is only half of what we've found --
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尽管你会觉得这很了不起，但这只是我们发现的一半——
14:19
what's extraordinary is how quickly we find them.
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真正不寻常的是我们发现它们的速度有多快
14:23
We're up to seven new species per hour of time we spend at that depth.
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在那个深度，最多时我们每小时可以发现7个新种
14:26
Now, if you go to an Amazon jungle and fog a tree, you may get a lot of bugs,
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如果你去亚马逊丛林，朝棵树喷喷烟雾，你或许能得到许多虫子
14:31
but for fishes, there's nowhere in the world
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但对于鱼类，世界上还没有其他地方
14:33
you can get seven new species per hour of time.
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能让你每小时发现7个新种
14:36
Now, we've done some back of the envelope calculations,
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作了大概的计算后
14:38
and we're predicting that there are probably on the order of 2,000 to 2,500 new species
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我们预计单单在印度洋-太平洋地区
14:42
in the Indo-Pacific alone.
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就有大概2000到2500个新种
14:44
There are only five to six thousand known species.
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已知的物种大约是五千到六千种
14:46
So a very large percentage of what is out there isn't really known.
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所以那里的一切还有相当大部分是未知的
14:50
We thought we had a handle on all the reef fish diversity -- evidently not.
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我们以为自己已经搞清楚了岩礁鱼类的多样性，显然不是
14:53
And I'm going to just close on a very somber note.
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最后我以一张非常阴郁的片子作为结束
14:55
At the beginning I told you that I was going to show you two extraordinary photographs.
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一开始的时候我说过将给你们展示两张非同寻常的图片
15:00
This is the second extraordinary photograph I'm going to show you.
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这就是其中的第二张
15:02
This one was taken at the exact moment I was down there filming those sharks.
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那时我正在那里拍摄那些鲨鱼
15:07
This was taken exactly 300 feet above my head.
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图片就是在我头上300英尺的地方拍的
15:09
And the reason this photograph is extraordinary
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之所以说这张图片非同寻常
15:12
is because it captures a moment in the very last minute of a person's life.
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是因为它捕捉到了一个人生命的最后一刻
15:16
Less than 60 seconds after this picture was taken, this guy was dead.
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图片拍完后不到一分钟，这个人死了
15:20
When we recovered his body, we figured out what had gone wrong.
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我们找回他的尸体，发现了悲剧发生的原因
15:24
He had made a very simple mistake.
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他只犯了一个很简单的错误
15:26
He turned the wrong valve when he filled his cylinder --
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在给气罐充气时他旋错了阀门
15:28
he had 80 percent oxygen in his tank when he should have had 40.
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在他的气罐里有80%的氧气，而不是应该有的40%
15:30
He had an oxygen toxicity seizure and he drowned.
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氧中毒的突然发作使他不幸溺死
15:33
The reason I show this -- not to put a downer on everything --
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我展示这个的原因——绝不是要让大家沮丧
15:36
but I just want to use it to key off my philosophy of life in general,
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而只是要用它来引出我总的人生哲学
15:41
which is that we all have two goals.
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也就是，我们都有两个目标
15:43
The first goal we share with every other living thing on this planet,
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我们与这个星球上其他生物分享了第一个目标
15:45
which is to survive. I call it perpetuation:
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即生存——我称这为“不朽”（perpetuation）
15:47
the survival of the species and survival of ourselves,
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因为无论是物种的生存还是我们的生存
15:51
because they're both about perpetuating the genome.
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都是为了基因组的不朽
15:54
And the second goal, for those of us who have mastered that first goal,
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第二个目标是，对我们之中已经实现第一个目标的人来说
15:56
is to -- you know, you call it spiritual fulfillment, you can call it financial success,
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就是，你可以说是精神的满足，或者经济上的成功
16:01
you can call it any number of different things.
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你把它叫作什么都可以
16:03
I call it seeking joy --
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我称之为寻找快乐——
16:05
this pursuit of happiness.
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对幸福的追求
16:07
So, I guess my theme on this is this guy lived his life to the fullest,
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所以，我想这也是这位朋友这辈子生活的主旨
16:10
he absolutely did.
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他确实做到了
16:12
You have to balance those two goals.
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你必须保持这两个目标的平衡
16:14
If you live your whole life in fear --
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如果你整个人生都是在恐惧中——
16:16
I mean, life is a sexually transmitted disease with 100 percent mortality.
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我说，生命是一种死亡率100%的性传播疾病
16:19
So, you can't live your life in fear.
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所以，你不能在恐惧中生活
16:22
(Laughter)
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（笑）
16:24
I thought that was an old one.
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我想那是个老笑话了
16:26
(Applause)
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（掌声）
16:27
But, at the same time you don't want to get so focused on rule number two,
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但与此同时，你不会愿意因为太专注于第二个目标
16:31
or goal number two, that you neglect goal number one.
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而忽略了第一个目标
16:34
Because once you're dead, you really can't enjoy anything after that.
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因为一旦死去，你就什么也享受不了了
16:37
I wish you all the best of luck in maintaining that balance in your future endeavors.
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祝你们好运，希望你们能努力保持这样的平衡
16:41
Thanks.
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谢谢
16:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Pyle - IchthyologistIchthyologist Richard Pyle is a fish nerd. In his quest to discover and document new species of fish, he has also become a trailblazing exploratory diver and a pioneer of database technology.
Why you should listen
A pioneer of the dive world, Richard Pyle discovers new biodiversity on the cliffs of coral reefs. He was among the first to use rebreather technology to explore depths between 200 and 500 feet, an area often called the "Twilight Zone." During his dives, he has identified and documented hundreds of new species. Author of scientific, technical and popular articles, his expeditions have also been featured in the IMAX film Coral Reef Adventure, the BBC series Pacific Abyss and many more. In 2005, he received the NOGI Award, the most prestigious distinction of the diving world.
Currently, he is continuing his research at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, outside Honolulu, Hawai'i, and is affiliated with the museum's comprehensive Hawaii Biological Survey. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Association for Marine Exploration, of which he is a founding member. He continues to explore the sea and spearhead rebreather technology, and is a major contributor to the Encyclopedia of Life.
Richard Pyle | Speaker | TED.com