TEDMED 2017
Howard C. Stevenson: How to resolve racially stressful situations
霍華史帝文森: 如何解決種族壓力很高的情況
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種族緊張會撕裂社會的結構，需要技能來治癒它，需要能在高種族壓力的情況下，公開表述自己的技能。心理學家霍華史帝文森協助孩子和父母，透過種族知識：覺察、改換角色、解決這些情況的能力，來減輕和管理壓力與創傷。這場鼓舞人心的演說以一種很寧靜的方式觸動人心。來聽聽這種方式如何能協助了解種族威脅，用有生產力的方式幫年輕人建立信心，為自己站出來。
Howard C. Stevenson - Racial literacy leader
Dr. Howard C. Stevenson's work involves developing culturally relevant, in-the-moment, strength-based measures and therapeutic interventions that teach emotional and racial literacy to families and youth. Full bio
Dr. Howard C. Stevenson's work involves developing culturally relevant, in-the-moment, strength-based measures and therapeutic interventions that teach emotional and racial literacy to families and youth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's an African proverb that goes,
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有句非洲諺語說：
00:14
"The lion's story will never be known
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「只要說故事的人是獵人，
獅子的故事就永遠不會被知道。」
00:17
as long as the hunter
is the one to tell it."
is the one to tell it."
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00:21
More than a racial conversation,
we need a racial literacy
we need a racial literacy
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比起種族談話，
我們更需要種族知識，
我們更需要種族知識，
00:25
to decode the politics
of racial threat in America.
of racial threat in America.
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才能理解美國種族威脅的政治。
00:30
Key to this literacy is a forgotten truth,
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種族知識的關鍵是
一個被遺忘的事實：
一個被遺忘的事實：
00:33
that the more we understand
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我們越是了解
00:36
that our cultural differences
represent the power
represent the power
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我們的文化差異代表著一種力量，
00:40
to heal the centuries
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它能治癒數個世紀以來的種族歧視、
00:42
of racial discrimination,
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00:43
dehumanization and illness.
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去人性化，以及病症。
00:46
Both of my parents were African-American.
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我的雙親都是非裔美國人。
00:49
My father was born in Southern Delaware,
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我父親出生於南達拉威，
00:51
my mother, North Philadelphia,
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我母親出生於北費城，
00:53
and these two places are as different
from each other as east is from west,
from each other as east is from west,
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這兩個地方的差異
可說是南轅北轍，
可說是南轅北轍，
就如同紐約市
與阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利。
與阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利。
00:57
as New York City is
from Montgomery, Alabama.
from Montgomery, Alabama.
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01:01
My father's way of dealing
with racial conflict
with racial conflict
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我父親處理種族矛盾的方式
01:03
was to have my brother Bryan,
my sister Christy and I in church
my sister Christy and I in church
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就是讓我弟弟布萊恩、
我妹妹克莉斯蒂，和我
我妹妹克莉斯蒂，和我
一週七天，一天二十四
小時都待在教堂裡。
小時都待在教堂裡。
01:07
what seemed like 24 hours a day,
seven days a week.
seven days a week.
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01:10
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:12
If anybody bothered us
because of the color of our skin,
because of the color of our skin,
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如果有任何人因為
我們的膚色而騷擾我們，
我們的膚色而騷擾我們，
01:16
he believed that you should pray for them,
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他認為你應該要為他們禱告，
01:18
knowing that God
would get them back in the end.
would get them back in the end.
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因為你知道上帝最終會給他們報應。
01:21
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:23
You could say that his racial-coping
approach was spiritual --
approach was spiritual --
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你可以說他處理種族
問題的方式很靈性－－
問題的方式很靈性－－
01:26
for later on, one day,
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要等到後來，等到有一天，
01:28
like Martin Luther King.
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就像金恩博士。
01:30
My mother's coping approach
was a little different.
was a little different.
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我母親的處理方式有點不同。
01:33
She was, uh, you could say,
more relational --
more relational --
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她…呃，可以說是比較關係式的－－
01:35
right now, like, in your face,
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現在就做，當著你的面，
01:38
right now.
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現在就做。
01:39
More like Malcolm X.
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比較像麥爾坎Ｘ。
01:41
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:42
She was raised from neighborhoods
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她成長的街坊
01:44
in which there was racial
violence and segregation,
violence and segregation,
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有著種族暴力與種族隔離，
01:46
where she was chased out of neighborhoods,
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她會被趕出別人的街坊，
01:48
and she exacted violence
to chase others out of hers.
to chase others out of hers.
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而她會採用暴力
把他人趕出她的街坊。
把他人趕出她的街坊。
01:51
When she came to Southern Delaware,
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當她來到南達拉威時，
01:53
she thought she had come
to a foreign country.
to a foreign country.
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她以為她到了國外。
01:56
She didn't understand anybody,
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她無法理解任何人，
01:58
particularly the few black and brown folks
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尤其是少數幾個黑人和棕皮膚的人，
02:00
who were physically deferential
and verbally deferential
and verbally deferential
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在身體上和言語上都會對白人
02:04
in the presence of whites.
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特別恭敬。
02:06
Not my mother.
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我母親不會。
02:07
When she wanted to go
somewhere, she walked.
somewhere, she walked.
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當她想去某個地方，她就去。
02:09
She didn't care what you thought.
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她不在乎你怎麼想。
02:11
And she pissed a lot of people off
with her cultural style.
with her cultural style.
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而她的文化風格也惹惱了很多人。
02:15
Before we get into the supermarket,
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在我們進入超市之前，
02:17
she would give us the talk:
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她會這樣對我們說：
02:20
"Don't ask for nothin',
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「不要要求任何東西，
02:22
don't touch nothin'.
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不要碰任何東西。
02:24
Do you understand what I'm saying to you?
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你們知道我在說什麼嗎？
02:28
I don't care if all the other children
are climbing the walls.
are climbing the walls.
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我不管其他小孩是不是在爬牆。
02:31
They're not my children.
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他們不是我的孩子。
02:32
Do you understand what I'm saying to you?"
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你們了解我在說什麼嗎？」
02:36
In three-part harmony:
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我們三人會一致回答：
02:37
"Yes, Mom."
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「了解，母親。」
02:40
Before we'd get into the supermarket,
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在我們進入超市之前，
02:43
that talk was all we needed.
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我們需要的就只有這段談話。
02:45
Now, how many of you ever got that talk?
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在座有多少人接受過這種談話？
02:48
How many of you ever give that talk?
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有多少人曾經給過這種談話？
02:50
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:51
How many of you ever give that talk today?
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有多少人今天給過這種談話？
02:55
My mother didn't give us the talk
because she was worried about money
because she was worried about money
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我母親這樣對我們說，
並不是因為擔心錢、
並不是因為擔心錢、
02:59
or reputation
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名譽，或
03:00
or us misbehaving.
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我們有不當行為。
03:01
We never misbehaved.
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我們從來沒有不當行為。
03:03
We were too scared.
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我們太害怕了。
我們一天二十四小時，
03:05
We were in church 24 hours a day,
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一週七天都在教堂裡。
03:06
seven days a week.
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03:07
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:09
She gave us that talk to remind us
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她對我們說那番話，是要提醒我們
03:11
that some people in the world
would interpret us as misbehaving
would interpret us as misbehaving
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世界上有些人會認為我們行為不當，
03:15
just by being black.
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只因為我們是黑人。
03:18
Not every parent has to worry
about their children being misjudged
about their children being misjudged
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不是所有家長都要擔心
他們的小孩因為膚色，
他們的小孩因為膚色，
03:22
because of the color of their skin,
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連只是呼吸都會被錯誤評斷。
03:24
just by breathing.
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03:26
So we get into the supermarket,
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所以，我們進入了超市，
03:28
and people look at us --
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大家看著我們－－
03:29
stare at us as if we just stole something.
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好像我們偷了東西似的盯著我們。
03:33
Every now and then, a salesperson
would do something or say something
would do something or say something
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偶爾，店員會做些什麼或說些什麼，
03:37
because they were pissed
with our cultural style,
with our cultural style,
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因為他們被我們的文化風格給惹惱，
03:39
and it would usually happen
at the conveyor belt.
at the conveyor belt.
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通常會發生在傳輸帶結帳台時。
03:42
And the worst thing they could do
was to throw our food into the bag.
was to throw our food into the bag.
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他們能做出最糟的事
就是把我們的食物丟到袋子裡。
03:46
And when that happened, it was on.
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發生這種事時，好戲就上場了。
03:48
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:49
My mother began
to tell them who they were,
to tell them who they were,
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我母親會開始告訴他們他們是誰、
03:52
who their family was,
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他們的家人是誰、
03:53
where to go,
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要去哪裡、
03:55
how fast to get there.
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多快能到達那裡。
03:56
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:57
If you haven't been cursed out
by my mother, you haven't lived.
by my mother, you haven't lived.
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如果你沒被我母親罵過，
你就不算真正活過。
你就不算真正活過。
04:01
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:02
The person would be on the floor,
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那個人就會趴在地上，
04:04
writhing in utter decay and decomposition,
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因為完全腐爛分解而扭曲，
04:07
whimpering in a pool of racial shame.
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在種族恥辱的池子中啜泣。
04:09
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:11
Now, both my parents were Christians.
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我的雙親都是基督徒。
04:14
The difference is my father prayed
before a racial conflict
before a racial conflict
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差別在於，我父親會在
種族衝突發生之前禱告，
種族衝突發生之前禱告，
04:17
and my mother prayed after.
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我母親是在之後才禱告。
04:18
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
04:20
There is a time, if you use
both of their strategies,
both of their strategies,
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有時候，若你用他們兩人的策略，
04:23
if you use them in the right time
and the right way.
and the right way.
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如果你在對的時間點
以對的方式用出來。
以對的方式用出來。
04:27
But it's never a time --
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但從來沒有時間－－
04:28
there's a time for conciliation,
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有調解的時間，
04:31
there's a time for confrontation,
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有對立的時間，
04:33
but it's never a time to freeze up
like a deer in the headlights,
like a deer in the headlights,
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但從來沒有像鹿在
車燈前呆住不動的時間，
車燈前呆住不動的時間，
04:37
and it's never a time to lash out
in heedless, thoughtless anger.
in heedless, thoughtless anger.
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從來沒有出於不留心、不經
大腦的憤怒而猛烈攻擊的時間。
大腦的憤怒而猛烈攻擊的時間。
04:43
The lesson in this is
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從中我們能學到的是，
04:45
that when it comes to race relations,
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談到種族關係時，
04:46
sometimes, we've got to know how to pray,
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有時，我們得要知道如何禱告，
04:49
think through, process, prepare.
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想清楚、處理、準備。
04:51
And other times,
we've got to know how to push,
we've got to know how to push,
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其他時候，我們得要如何推進，
04:53
how to do something.
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如何做點什麼。
04:55
And I'm afraid that neither
of these two skills --
of these two skills --
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我擔心的是，這兩種技巧－－
04:58
preparing,
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準備，
05:00
pushing --
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推進－－
05:01
are prevalent in our society today.
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在現今社會中都不普遍。
05:06
If you look at the neuroscience research
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如果你去看神經科學研究，
05:11
which says that when
we are racially threatened,
we are racially threatened,
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研究指出，當我們受到
種族方面的威脅時，
種族方面的威脅時，
05:14
our brains go on lockdown,
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我們的大腦就會封鎖起來，
05:16
and we dehumanize black and brown people.
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不會將黑人及棕色人種當人看待。
05:19
Our brains imagine that children
and adults are older than they really are,
and adults are older than they really are,
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我們的大腦會想像，孩童和成人
比他們的實際年齡更老，
比他們的實際年齡更老，
05:25
larger than they really are
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體型比實際更大，
05:27
and closer than they really are.
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也比實際更接近。
05:29
When we're at our worst,
we convince ourselves
we convince ourselves
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我們最糟的時候，會說服自己，
05:32
that they don't deserve
affection or protection.
affection or protection.
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他們不應該得到愛或是保護。
05:35
At the Racial Empowerment Collaborative,
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在「種族賦權合作社」，
05:37
we know that some of the scariest
moments are racial encounters,
moments are racial encounters,
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我們知道，一些最駭人的時刻，
就是種族衝突，
05:43
some of the scariest moments
that people will ever face.
that people will ever face.
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人會面臨到的一些最駭人的時刻。
05:47
If you look at the police encounters
that have led to some wrongful deaths
that have led to some wrongful deaths
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有些警察衝突造成誤殺，受害者通常
05:51
of mostly Native Americans
and African-Americans in this country,
and African-Americans in this country,
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是這個國家中的
原住民和非裔美國人，
原住民和非裔美國人，
05:55
they've lasted about two minutes.
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這類衝突都不到兩分鐘。
05:58
Within 60 seconds,
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在六十秒內，
06:00
our brains go on lockdown.
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我們的大腦會封鎖起來。
06:02
And when we're unprepared,
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當我們沒有準備時，
06:04
we overreact.
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就會過度反應。
06:05
At best, we shut down.
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最好的狀況是沒反應。
06:07
At worst, we shoot first
and ask no questions.
and ask no questions.
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最糟的狀況是不問問題就先開槍。
06:11
Imagine if we could reduce
the intensity of threat
the intensity of threat
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想像一下，若能減少那六十秒之內的
06:15
within those 60 seconds
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威脅強度，
06:17
and keep our brains
from going on lockdown.
from going on lockdown.
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避免我們的大腦被封鎖住。
06:20
Imagine how many children
would get to come home from school
would get to come home from school
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想像一下，有多少孩子
就能夠從學校回家，
就能夠從學校回家，
06:23
or 7-Eleven
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或從 7-11 回家，
06:25
without getting expelled or shot.
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而不會被驅逐或射殺。
06:28
Imagine how many mothers
and fathers wouldn't have to cry.
and fathers wouldn't have to cry.
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想像一下，有多少
父母親就不用哭泣。
父母親就不用哭泣。
06:33
Racial socialization can help young people
negotiate 60-second encounters,
negotiate 60-second encounters,
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種族社會化能夠協助年輕人
順利通過那六十秒的衝突遭遇，
順利通過那六十秒的衝突遭遇，
06:39
but it's going to take more than a chat.
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但不可能只是透過聊聊天就能辦到。
06:41
It requires a racial literacy.
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需要的是種族知識。
06:44
Now, how do parents
have these conversations,
have these conversations,
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父母親要如何進行這類談話？
06:46
and what is a racial literacy?
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種族知識又是什麼？
06:48
Thank you for asking.
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感謝發問。
06:49
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:51
A racial literacy involves
the ability to read,
the ability to read,
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種族知識涉及了
覺察能力、改換角色，
覺察能力、改換角色，
06:55
recast and resolve
a racially stressful encounter.
a racially stressful encounter.
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及解決在種族方面很有壓力的衝突。
06:59
Reading involves recognizing
when a racial moment happens
when a racial moment happens
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覺察包括要能夠辨識出
種族時刻正在發生，
種族時刻正在發生，
07:02
and noticing our stress reactions to it.
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並注意到我們對它的壓力反應。
07:05
Recasting involves
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改換角色包括
07:08
taking mindfulness and reducing
my tsunami interpretation of this moment
my tsunami interpretation of this moment
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要能留心保持正念，減少
對於這個時刻的海嘯詮釋，
對於這個時刻的海嘯詮釋，
07:13
and reducing it
to a mountain-climbing experience,
to a mountain-climbing experience,
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把它減輕為爬山經驗，
07:17
one that is --
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也就是
07:18
from impossible situation
to one that is much more doable
to one that is much more doable
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從不可能之情境的經驗
變成可愛許多
變成可愛許多
07:22
and challenging.
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且有挑戰性的經驗。
07:25
Resolving a racially stressful
encounter involves
encounter involves
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至於解決在種族方面
很有壓力的衝突，
很有壓力的衝突，
07:28
being able to make a healthy decision
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需要能夠做出健康的決策，
07:30
that is not an underreaction,
where I pretend, "That didn't bother me,"
where I pretend, "That didn't bother me,"
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並不是要反應不足，
假裝「這不會困擾我」，
假裝「這不會困擾我」，
07:34
or an overreaction,
where I exaggerate the moment.
where I exaggerate the moment.
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也不是過度反應，把這個時刻誇大。
07:38
Now, we can teach parents and children
how to read, recast and resolve
how to read, recast and resolve
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我們能夠教導父母和孩子如何
覺察、改換角色、解決衝突，
覺察、改換角色、解決衝突，
07:43
using a mindfulness strategy
we call: "Calculate, locate, communicate,
we call: "Calculate, locate, communicate,
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用的是一種正念策略，我們
稱之為：「估算、定位、溝通、
稱之為：「估算、定位、溝通、
07:48
breathe and exhale."
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呼吸，和吐氣。」
07:50
Stay with me.
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跟上我。
07:51
"Calculate" asks,
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「估算」是要問：
07:53
"What feeling am I having right now,
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「我現在有什麼樣的感覺？
07:54
and how intense is it
on a scale of one to 10?"
on a scale of one to 10?"
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從一分到十分，這感覺有多強？」
07:59
"Locate" asks, "Where
in my body do I feel it?"
in my body do I feel it?"
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「定位」是要問：「我在
身體中的哪裡有這種感覺？」
身體中的哪裡有這種感覺？」
08:03
And be specific,
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明確地辨識位置，
08:05
like the Native American girl at a Chicago
fifth-grade school said to me,
fifth-grade school said to me,
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就像一位芝加哥的五年級
原住民女孩對我說：
原住民女孩對我說：
08:10
"I feel angry at a nine
because I'm the only Native American.
because I'm the only Native American.
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「我感受到九分的憤怒，
因為我是唯一的美國原住民。
因為我是唯一的美國原住民。
08:15
And I can feel it in my stomach,
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而這感覺是在我的胃裡，
08:17
like a bunch of butterflies
are fighting with each other,
are fighting with each other,
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就像是一群蝴蝶在對抗彼此，
08:20
so much so that they fly up
into my throat and choke me."
into my throat and choke me."
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激烈到牠們甚至飛到我的
喉嚨，讓我被哽住。」
喉嚨，讓我被哽住。」
08:24
The more detailed you can be,
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你能描述越多細節，
08:26
the easier it is to reduce that spot.
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在當下就越容易將它減緩。
08:28
"Communicate" asks,
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「溝通」是要問：
08:29
"What self-talk and what images
are coming in my mind?"
are coming in my mind?"
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「我腦中出現了什麼樣的
自我對話和影像？」
自我對話和影像？」
08:33
And if you really want help,
try breathing in
try breathing in
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若你真的希望有所幫助，試著吸氣，
08:36
and exhaling slowly.
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再慢慢吐氣。
08:38
With the help of my many colleagues
at the Racial Empowerment Collaborative,
at the Racial Empowerment Collaborative,
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許多「種族賦權合作社」的
同事協助我，
同事協助我，
08:42
we use in-the-moment stress-reduction
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讓我們能夠在數項研究及治療計畫中
08:44
in several research and therapy projects.
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使用「當下壓力緩和」。
08:47
One project is where we use basketball
to help youth manage their emotions
to help youth manage their emotions
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在一個計畫中，我們
用籃球來協助年輕人，
用籃球來協助年輕人，
在球場上的六十秒爆發
時刻，管理他們的情緒。
時刻，管理他們的情緒。
08:52
during 60-second eruptions on the court.
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08:56
Another project, with the help
of my colleagues Loretta and John Jemmott,
of my colleagues Loretta and John Jemmott,
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在另一個計畫中，有我同事
蘿瑞塔和約翰賈摩特的協助，
蘿瑞塔和約翰賈摩特的協助，
09:01
we leverage the cultural style
of African-American barbershops,
of African-American barbershops,
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我們發揮了非裔美國人
理髮廳文化風格的功效，
理髮廳文化風格的功效，
09:06
where we train black barbers
to be health educators in two areas:
to be health educators in two areas:
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在理髮廳，我們訓練黑人理髮師
成為兩個領域的健康教育者：
成為兩個領域的健康教育者：
09:10
one, to safely reduce the sexual risk
in their partner relationships;
in their partner relationships;
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第一，安全地減低
伴侶關係中的性風險；
伴侶關係中的性風險；
09:14
and the other,
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第二，
09:15
to stop retaliation violence.
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阻止關係中的暴力。
09:18
The cool part is the barbers use
their cultural style
their cultural style
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很酷的一點是，理髮師
會用他們的文化風格，
會用他們的文化風格，
09:21
to deliver this health education
to 18- to 24-year-old men
to 18- to 24-year-old men
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一邊幫 18~24 歲的男性理髮，
一邊把這些健康教育傳授給他們。
09:25
while they're cutting their hair.
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09:27
Another project is where we teach teachers
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還有另一個計畫，我們教導老師
09:31
how to read, recast and resolve
stressful moments in the classroom.
stressful moments in the classroom.
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如何覺察、改換角色，
及解決教室中的壓力時刻。
及解決教室中的壓力時刻。
09:36
And a final project, in which we teach
parents and their children separately
parents and their children separately
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最後一個計畫，我們分開
教導家長和他們的孩子，
教導家長和他們的孩子，
09:41
to understand their racial traumas
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讓他們了解他們的種族創傷，
09:44
before we bring them together
to problem-solve daily microaggressions.
to problem-solve daily microaggressions.
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然後才把他們集合在一起，
來解決每天日常的微侵略問題。
來解決每天日常的微侵略問題。
09:49
Now, racially literate conversations
with our children can be healing,
with our children can be healing,
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和我們的孩子進行關於種族
知識的對談，是有治癒效果的，
知識的對談，是有治癒效果的，
09:53
but it takes practice.
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但需要練習。
09:54
And I know some of you
are saying, "Practice?
are saying, "Practice?
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我知道有些人在說：「練習？
09:57
Practice?
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練習？
09:58
We're talking about practice?"
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我們要談練習？」
10:00
Yes, we are talking about practice.
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是的，我們要談練習。
10:03
I have two sons.
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我有兩個兒子。
10:05
My oldest, Bryan, is 26,
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大兒子布萊恩 26 歲，
10:07
and my youngest, Julian, is 12.
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小兒子朱利安 12 歲。
10:10
And we do not have time
to talk about how that happened.
to talk about how that happened.
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我們沒時間談這是怎麼發生的。
10:12
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
10:14
But,
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但，
10:16
when I think of them,
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當我想到他們時，
10:17
they are still babies to me,
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仍把他們視為寶寶，
10:19
and I worry every day
that the world will misjudge them.
that the world will misjudge them.
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我每天都會擔心這個世界
會錯誤評斷他們。
會錯誤評斷他們。
10:23
In August of 2013,
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2013 年 8 月，
10:26
Julian, who was eight at the time,
and I were folding laundry,
and I were folding laundry,
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朱利安那時 8 歲，
我正在摺洗好的衣服，
我正在摺洗好的衣服，
10:29
which in and of itself
is such a rare occurrence,
is such a rare occurrence,
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這本身就是件很罕見的事。
10:32
I should have known something
strange was going to happen.
strange was going to happen.
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我當時應該要知道
有奇怪的事情即將發生的。
有奇怪的事情即將發生的。
10:35
On the TV were Trayvon Martin's parents,
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電視上播的是特雷文馬丁的父母，
10:37
and they were crying
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他們在哭泣，
10:40
because of the acquittal
of George Zimmerman.
of George Zimmerman.
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因為喬治齊默曼被宣告無罪。
10:42
And Julian was glued to the TV.
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朱利安緊盯著電視。
10:46
He had a thousand questions,
and I was not prepared.
and I was not prepared.
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他有一大堆問題，而我沒有準備。
10:49
He wanted to know why:
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他想要知道為什麼：
10:50
Why would a grown man stalk
and hunt down and kill
and hunt down and kill
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為什麼會有成人要跟蹤、追捕、殺害
10:55
an unarmed 17-year-old boy?
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一個沒有武裝的 17 歲男孩？
10:58
And I did not know what to say.
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我不知道該說什麼。
11:00
The best thing that could
come out of my mouth was,
come out of my mouth was,
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我這張嘴能說出最好的話就是：
11:02
"Julian, sometimes in this world,
there are people
there are people
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「朱利安，有時候，
在這個世界上，有些人
在這個世界上，有些人
11:05
who look down on black and brown people
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會看不起黑人和棕色人種，
11:08
and do not treat them --
and children, too --
and children, too --
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且不會把他們－－也包括孩子－－
11:11
do not treat them as human."
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不會把他們當人看待。」
11:13
He interpreted the whole situation as sad.
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他把這整個情況詮釋為感傷。
（畫外音）朱利安史帝文森：
那好感傷。
那好感傷。
11:16
(Voice-over) Julian Stevenson: That's sad.
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「我們不在乎。你非我族類。」
11:19
"We don't care. You're not our kind."
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11:20
HS: Yes.
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霍華：是的。
11:22
JS: It's like, "We're better than you."
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朱利安：就像是：「我們比你好。」
11:25
HS: Yes.
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霍華：是的。
11:26
JS: "And there's nothing
you can do about that.
you can do about that.
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朱利安：「而你卻對此無能為力。
11:29
And if you scare me,
or something like that,
or something like that,
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且如果你嚇到我之類的，
11:32
I will shoot you
because I'm scared of you."
because I'm scared of you."
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我就會射殺你，因為我怕你。」
11:35
HS: Exactly.
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霍華：正是如此。
11:36
But if somebody's stalking you --
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但，如果有人在跟蹤你－－
11:38
JS: It's not the same for everyone else.
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朱利安：對其他人就不是這樣的。
11:40
HS: It's not always the same, no.
You've got to be careful.
You've got to be careful.
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霍華：不見得是這樣的。
有色人種才會遇到。
有色人種才會遇到。
11:43
JS: Yeah, because people
can disrespect you.
can disrespect you.
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朱利安：是啊，
因為別人可以輕視你。
因為別人可以輕視你。
11:45
HS: Exactly.
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霍華：正是如此。
11:46
JS: And think that you're,
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朱利安：且認為你是…
11:50
"You don't look --
you don't look like you're ..."
you don't look like you're ..."
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「你看起來不－－
你看起來不像是你…」
你看起來不像是你…」
11:55
It's like they're saying
that "You don't look right,
that "You don't look right,
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就像他們在說：「你看起來不對，
12:00
so I guess I have the right
to disrespect you."
to disrespect you."
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所以我想，我有權可以輕視你。」
12:02
HS: Yeah, and that's what we call,
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霍華：是的，那就是我們
12:04
we call that racism.
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說的種族歧視。
12:06
And we call that racism, Julian,
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我們稱之為種族歧視，朱利安，
12:08
and yes, some people -- other
people -- can wear a hoodie,
people -- can wear a hoodie,
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是的，有些人－－
其他人－－可以穿著帽Ｔ
其他人－－可以穿著帽Ｔ
12:12
and nothing happens to them.
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而不會遇到什麼事。
12:13
But you and Trayvon might,
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但你和特雷文卻有可能出事，
12:16
and that's why Daddy wants you to be safe.
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那就是為什麼爹地希望你們能安全。
12:20
(Voice-over) HS: And that's why --
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（畫外音）霍華：那就是為什麼－－
12:22
JS: So you mean like,
when you said "other people,"
when you said "other people,"
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朱利安：所以你的意思是，
當你說「其他人」，
當你說「其他人」，
12:24
you mean, like if Trayvon was a white,
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你的意思是，如果特雷文是白人，
12:28
um, that he wouldn't be
disrespected like that?
disrespected like that?
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他就不會被那樣子輕視了？
12:32
HS: Yes, Julian, Daddy meant white people
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霍華：是的，朱利安，
當爹地說「其他人」
指的是白人沒錯。
指的是白人沒錯。
12:34
when I said, "other people," all right?
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12:36
So there was a way in which
I was so awkward in the beginning,
I was so awkward in the beginning,
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我一開始的時候顯得十分尷尬，
12:39
but once I started getting
my rhythm and my groove,
my rhythm and my groove,
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但一旦我找到了
我的節奏和我的律動，
我的節奏和我的律動，
12:41
I started talking about stereotypes
and issues of discrimination,
and issues of discrimination,
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我就開始談及刻板印象
以及歧視的議題，
以及歧視的議題，
12:46
and just when I was getting my groove on,
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正當我快切中核心時，
12:49
Julian interrupted me.
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朱利安打斷了我。
12:51
(Voice-over) HS: ... dangerous,
or you're a criminal because you're black,
or you're a criminal because you're black,
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（畫外音）霍華：認為你危險
或是罪犯，只因為你是黑人，
或是罪犯，只因為你是黑人，
而你是個孩子或男孩－－
12:55
and you're a child or a boy --
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那是錯的，不論是誰做的。
12:56
That is wrong,
it doesn't matter who does it.
it doesn't matter who does it.
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朱利安：爸，請你暫停一下。
12:58
JS: Dad, I need to stop you there.
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霍華：怎麼了？
13:00
HS: What?
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朱利安：記得當我們…
13:01
JS: Remember when we were ...
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13:03
HS: So he interrupts me to tell me a story
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霍華：他打斷我，告訴我一個故事，
13:05
about when he was racially threatened
at a swimming pool with a friend
at a swimming pool with a friend
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他和一個朋友在游泳池時
受到種族相關的威脅，
受到種族相關的威脅，
威脅他的是兩個成年白人，
13:09
by two grown white men,
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13:11
which his mother confirmed.
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他母親確認了這件事。
13:12
And I felt happy
that he was able to talk about it;
that he was able to talk about it;
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我很高興他能夠談這件事；
感覺好像他開始懂了。
13:15
it felt like he was getting it.
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13:17
We moved from the sadness
of Trayvon's parents
of Trayvon's parents
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我們結束了關於
特雷文父母的傷心話題，
特雷文父母的傷心話題，
13:19
and started talking about
George Zimmerman's parents,
George Zimmerman's parents,
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開始談到喬治齊默曼的父母，
13:22
which, I read in a magazine,
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我在一本雜誌中讀到，
13:24
condoned the stalking of Trayvon.
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他們縱容盯梢特雷文的行為。
13:26
And Julian's reaction to me was priceless.
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朱利安給我的反應是無價的。
13:29
It made me feel like he was getting it.
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讓我覺得他開始懂了。
（畫外音）朱利安：
關於他，他們怎麼說？
關於他，他們怎麼說？
13:32
(Voice-over) JS: What did
they say about him?
they say about him?
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13:34
HS: Well, I think they basically
felt that he was justified
felt that he was justified
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霍華：我想，基本上
他們覺得他有正當理由
他們覺得他有正當理由
13:37
to follow and stalk --
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去跟蹤－－
朱利安：搞什麼…？
13:39
JS: What the -- ?
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13:41
HS: Yeah, I think that's wrong.
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霍華：是啊，我也覺得那是錯的。
13:43
JS: That's -- one minute.
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朱利安：那是－－等一下。
13:44
So they're saying he has the right
to follow a black kid,
to follow a black kid,
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所以他們說，他有權
可以跟蹤一個黑人小孩，
可以跟蹤一個黑人小孩，
13:48
get in a fight with him and shoot him?
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和他打架，然後射殺他？
13:51
HS: As Julian was getting it,
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霍華：當朱利安開始懂了，
13:53
I started to lose it.
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我卻開始迷失了。
13:55
Because in my mind's eye, I was thinking:
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因為我心中正在想：
13:57
What if my Julian or Bryan was Trayvon?
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如果我的朱利安
或布萊恩是特雷文呢？
或布萊恩是特雷文呢？
14:01
I calculated my anger at a 10.
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我估算我的憤怒會是十分。
14:03
I found, located, my right
leg was shaking uncontrollably
leg was shaking uncontrollably
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我發現，定位到我的右腿，
無法控制地抖動，
無法控制地抖動，
14:07
like I was running.
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好像我在跑步一樣。
14:09
And in my mind's eye,
I could see somebody chasing Julian,
I could see somebody chasing Julian,
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我在心中看得見有人在追逐朱利安，
14:12
and I was chasing them.
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而我在追逐他們。
14:14
And the only thing
that could come out of my mouth
that could come out of my mouth
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而我嘴巴能說出來的
唯一一句話就是，
唯一一句話就是，
14:16
was if anybody tries
to bother my child ...
to bother my child ...
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如果任何人試圖騷擾我的孩子…
14:21
(Voice-over) HS: If anybody tries
to bother my child ...
to bother my child ...
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（畫外音）霍華：如果
任何人試圖騷擾我的孩子…
任何人試圖騷擾我的孩子…
14:24
mmm, mmm, mmm.
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嗯，嗯，嗯。
14:26
JS: What will happen?
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朱利安：會發生什麼事？
14:27
HS: Well, they better run.
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霍華：嗯，他們最好快逃。
14:30
JS: Because what?
HS: I'm gonna get 'em.
HS: I'm gonna get 'em.
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朱利安：為什麼？
霍華：我會宰了他們。
霍華：我會宰了他們。
14:32
JS: See? (Laughs)
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朱利安：真的？（笑聲）
霍華：我會宰了他們。
霍華：我會宰了他們。
14:33
HS: I'm gonna get 'em.
JS: Really?
JS: Really?
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朱利安：真假？
霍華：喔，真的。
霍華：喔，真的。
14:35
HS: Oh, yeah.
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朱利安：那接著他們可能會
宰了你，因為他們可能有武器。
宰了你，因為他們可能有武器。
14:36
JS: Then they're gonna get you
because they might have weapons.
because they might have weapons.
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霍華：你知道嗎，我也會
叫警察，這是應該做的。
叫警察，這是應該做的。
14:39
HS: Well, you know what, I'm gonna
call police, too, like I should.
call police, too, like I should.
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但我覺得我想宰了他們。
14:43
But I feel like I wanna get 'em.
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但不能這樣，你是對的，
不能就這樣去追逐別人。
不能就這樣去追逐別人。
14:44
But you can't; you're right,
you can't just go chasing people.
you can't just go chasing people.
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朱利安：他們可能有武器。
14:47
JS: They can be armed.
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霍華：是，你是對的，你是對的。
14:48
HS: Yeah, you right. Yeah, you right.
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14:50
I feel like I wanna chase 'em.
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我覺得我想要追逐他們。
14:52
JS: Plus they could be
an army or something.
an army or something.
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朱利安：此外，他們
可能是支軍隊之類的。
可能是支軍隊之類的。
霍華：我知道－－我覺得我想
宰了他們，和你開玩笑的，兒子。
宰了他們，和你開玩笑的，兒子。
14:54
HS: I know -- I feel like I wanna
go get 'em, messing with my son.
go get 'em, messing with my son.
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14:57
I don't like that.
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我不喜歡那樣。
14:59
JS: Um ...
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1151
朱利安：嗯…
15:00
HS: But you right. You gotta be careful.
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霍華：但你是對的，要很小心。
15:03
And um, you gotta be careful.
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嗯，要很小心。
15:06
You never know what some crazy people
will think about you.
will think about you.
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你永遠不會知道一些
瘋子會怎麼看待你。
瘋子會怎麼看待你。
15:10
Just as long as you believe
you're beautiful
you're beautiful
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只要你相信你自己是很美好的，
15:12
like Daddy believes
you're beautiful and handsome,
you're beautiful and handsome,
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2842
就像爹地相信你是很美好且帥氣的，
15:15
and Mommy believes you're beautiful
and handsome and smart.
and handsome and smart.
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3493
媽咪也相信你是很美好、
很帥氣，且很聰明的。
很帥氣，且很聰明的。
15:20
And you deserve to be on this planet,
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你有權利活在這個星球上，
15:23
just as happy and beautiful
and smart as you want to be.
and smart as you want to be.
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3101
只要你想要，你可以
快樂、美好、聰明。
快樂、美好、聰明。
15:27
You can do anything you want, baby.
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寶貝，你可以做任何你想做的事。
15:31
HS: Racial socialization is not just
what parents teach their children.
what parents teach their children.
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霍華：種族教化
不僅是父母教了孩子什麼。
不僅是父母教了孩子什麼。
15:35
It's also how children respond
to what their parents teach.
to what their parents teach.
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也包括孩子對於父母
所教的有什麼反應。
所教的有什麼反應。
15:40
Is my child prepared?
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1456
我的孩子準備好了嗎？
15:43
Can they recognize when a racial elephant
shows up in a room?
shows up in a room?
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3660
他們能認出房裡的種族大象嗎？
（註：棘手的問題）
（註：棘手的問題）
15:47
Can they reduce
their tsunami interpretation
their tsunami interpretation
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3268
他們能否把他們的海嘯詮釋
15:50
down to a mountain-climbing adventure
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減輕到爬山的冒險？
15:52
that they can engage and not run away?
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這麼一來他們才能處理而非逃走？
15:55
Can they make a healthy
and just decision in 60 seconds?
and just decision in 60 seconds?
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他們能否在六十秒內
做出健康且公正的決策？
做出健康且公正的決策？
16:00
Can I?
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我能嗎？
16:02
Can you?
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你們能嗎？
16:03
Yes, we can.
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是的，我們能。
16:05
We can build healthier
relationships around race
relationships around race
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我們能建造更健康的種族關係，
16:09
if we learn to calculate, locate
communicate, breathe and exhale
communicate, breathe and exhale
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如果我們學會估算、定位、
溝通、呼吸，和吐氣，
溝通、呼吸，和吐氣，
16:13
in the middle of our most
threatening moments,
threatening moments,
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來面對當下最具威脅的時刻，
16:17
when we come face-to-face
with our lesser selves.
with our lesser selves.
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面對我們自己的小我。
16:22
If you take the centuries of racial rage
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如果能夠去思考數世紀的種族憤怒，
16:25
that boils up in all of our bodies,
minds and souls --
minds and souls --
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在我們的身、心、靈
當中沸騰的憤怒－－
當中沸騰的憤怒－－
16:29
and anything that affects our bodies,
minds and souls affects our health --
minds and souls affects our health --
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任何會影響我們身、心、靈的東西
都會影響我們的健康－－
都會影響我們的健康－－
16:34
we could probably use
gun control for our hearts.
gun control for our hearts.
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我們可能可以使用心的槍枝管制。
16:38
I just want what all parents
want for their children
want for their children
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天下父母心，我也希望
當我不在孩子身邊時，
當我不在孩子身邊時，
16:41
when we're not around:
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他們仍有這兩樣東西：愛和保護。
16:43
affection and protection.
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16:46
When police and teachers see my children,
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當警察和老師看見我的孩子，
16:48
I want them to imagine their own,
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我希望他們能想像自己的孩子，
16:51
because I believe if you see
our children as your children,
our children as your children,
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因為我相信，如果你們
能把我們的孩子視為己出，
能把我們的孩子視為己出，
16:55
you won't shoot them.
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你們就不會射殺他們。
16:58
With racial literacy, and yes, practice,
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有了種族知識，是的，也還要練習，
17:00
we can decode the racial trauma
from our stories,
from our stories,
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我們就能了解我們自己
故事中的種族創傷，
故事中的種族創傷，
17:05
and our healing will come in the telling.
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而在說故事時就能產生治癒的效果。
17:07
But we must never forget
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但，我們萬萬不可忘記，
17:11
that our cultural differences
are full of affection and protection,
are full of affection and protection,
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我們的文化差異充滿了愛和保護，
17:16
and remember always
that the lion's story will never be known
that the lion's story will never be known
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永遠要記得，只要
說故事的人是獵人，
說故事的人是獵人，
17:19
as long as the hunter
is the one to tell it.
is the one to tell it.
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獅子的故事就永遠不會被知道。
17:22
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
17:24
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Howard C. Stevenson - Racial literacy leaderDr. Howard C. Stevenson's work involves developing culturally relevant, in-the-moment, strength-based measures and therapeutic interventions that teach emotional and racial literacy to families and youth.
Why you should listen
With more than 29 years experience working as a clinical and consulting psychologist in low-income rural and urban neighborhoods across the country, Howard C. Stevenson is now Director of the Racial Empowerment Collaborative (REC). The REC is a research, program development and training center that brings together community leaders, researchers, authority figures, families and youth to study and promote racial literacy and health in schools and neighborhoods.
Stevenson is currently the Constance Clayton Professor of Urban Education and Professor of Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania’s Graduate School of Education. He has written numerous peer-reviewed publications, and he is the author of the teaching book Promoting Racial Literacy in Schools. His research publications and clinical work have been funded by the W.T. Grant Foundation, Annenberg Foundation and the National Institutes of Mental Health and Child Health and Human Development.
Howard C. Stevenson | Speaker | TED.com