ABOUT THE SPEAKER
JR - Street artist
With a camera, a dedicated wheatpasting crew and the help of whole villages and favelas, 2011 TED Prize winner JR shows the world its true face.

Why you should listen

Working anonymously, pasting his giant images on buildings, trains and bridges, the often-guerrilla artist JR forces us to see each other. Traveling to distant, often dangerous places -- the slums of Kenya, the favelas of Brazil -- he infiltrates communities, befriending inhabitants and recruiting them as models and collaborators. He gets in his subjects’ faces with a 28mm wide-angle lens, resulting in portraits that are unguarded, funny, soulful, real, that capture the sprits of individuals who normally go unseen. The blown-up images pasted on urban surfaces -– the sides of buses, on rooftops -- confront and engage audiences where they least expect it. Images of Parisian thugs are pasted up in bourgeois neighborhoods; photos of Israelis and Palestinians are posted together on both sides of the walls that separate them.


JR's gained widespread attention for his project, "Women Are Heroes," which depicted women "dealing with the effects of war, poverty, violence, and oppression” from Rio de Janeiro, Phnom Penh and Delhi to several cities in Africa. His TED Prize wish opened an even wider lens on the world. With the prize, he launched INSIDE OUT -- a global participatory art project. INSIDE OUT invites everyone to share their portrait and transform messages of personal identity into public art.

More profile about the speaker
JR | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

JR: My wish: Use art to turn the world inside out

JR's TED 獎項願望: 用藝術顛覆世界

Filmed:
3,222,478 views

JR, 一個半佚名的法國街頭藝術工作者, 用他的相機, 用大型的畫布貼上不同人的臉孔來表達世界的真貌, 在TED2011, 他許了大膽的願望: 用藝術去顛覆世界。想知道更多關於的他計畫, 以及你可以怎樣參與, 請參考: insideoutproject.net
- Street artist
With a camera, a dedicated wheatpasting crew and the help of whole villages and favelas, 2011 TED Prize winner JR shows the world its true face. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Two weeks ago I was in my studio工作室 in Paris巴黎,
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二星期前, 我在巴黎的工作室,
00:18
and the phone電話 rang and I heard聽說,
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電話響起 我接到消息說:
00:20
"Hey, JRJR,
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『喂, JR,
00:22
you won韓元 the TEDTED Prize 2011.
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你贏得了TED2011大獎。
00:24
You have to make a wish希望 to save保存 the world世界."
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你要為拯救世界而許願。』
00:27
I was lost丟失.
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我頓時不知所措。
00:29
I mean, I can't save保存 the world世界. Nobody沒有人 can.
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我無法拯救世界, 沒有人可以。
00:32
The world世界 is fucked性交 up.
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世界整個亂了套
00:34
Come on, you have dictators獨裁者 ruling裁決 the world世界,
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我們看到獨裁者統治世界
00:36
population人口 is growing生長 by millions百萬,
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人口以百萬增加,
00:38
there's no more fish in the sea,
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海裡已經沒有魚了,
00:40
the North Pole is melting融化
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北極也在融化,
00:42
and as the last TEDTED Prize winner優勝者 said,
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上個TED大獎得主還說
00:44
we're all becoming變得 fat脂肪.
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每個人都愈來愈胖
00:46
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:48
Except maybe French法國 people.
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也許除了法國人罷。
00:50
Whatever隨你.
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諸如此類。
00:52
So I called back
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於是, 我回覆電話
00:54
and I told her,
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我告訴她,
00:56
"Look, Amy艾米,
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「聽著, Amy,
00:58
tell the TEDTED guys I just won't慣於 show顯示 up.
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告訴TED 那群人我不會出席,
01:00
I can't do anything to save保存 the world世界."
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我沒辦法拯救世界。」
01:02
She said, "Hey, JRJR,
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她說: 喂, 『JR,
01:04
your wish希望 is not to save保存 the world世界, but to change更改 the world世界."
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你的願望不是拯救世界, 而是在改變世界。』
01:07
"Oh, all right."
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『噢, 那好的。』
01:09
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:11
"That's cool."
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『這很好。』
01:13
I mean, technology技術, politics政治, business商業
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我的意思是, 科技, 政治, 商業
01:16
do change更改 the world世界 --
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可以改變世界--
01:18
not always in a good way, but they do.
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並非總是有益,但的確在改變世界。
01:20
What about art藝術?
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那麼藝術呢?
01:22
Could art藝術 change更改 the world世界?
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藝術可以改變世界嗎?
01:26
I started開始 when I was 15 years年份 old.
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我十五歲開始創作
01:28
And at that time, I was not thinking思維 about changing改變 the world世界.
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那時我並不是為了想改變世界
01:31
I was doing graffiti塗鴉 --
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我喜歡塗鴉,
01:33
writing寫作 my name名稱 everywhere到處,
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在四處畫下自己的名字
01:35
using運用 the city as a canvas帆布.
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把城市當做畫布。
01:39
I was going in the tunnels隧道 of Paris巴黎,
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我與朋友走過巴黎的地下道
01:41
on the rooftops屋頂 with my friends朋友.
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和屋頂。
01:44
Each trip was an excursion短途旅行,
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每一次都是短途的旅行
01:46
was an adventure冒險.
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是一場探險。
01:48
It was like leaving離開 our mark標記 on society社會,
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就像在社會各處留下我們的印記
01:50
to say, "I was here," on the top最佳 of a building建造.
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在城市頂端宣稱:「我曾在此」
01:54
So when I found發現 a cheap低廉 camera相機 on the subway地鐵,
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我在地鐵上發現了一台便宜的相機後
01:57
I started開始 documenting文檔化 those adventures冒險 with my friends朋友
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就開始記錄那些與朋友同行的冒險經歷
02:01
and gave them back as photocopies複印件 --
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並以照片影印的方式跟朋友們分享
02:04
really small photos相片 just that size尺寸.
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大約是這種大小的照片
02:12
That's how, at 17 years年份 old,
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接著在十七歲,
02:14
I started開始 pasting粘貼 them.
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我開始張貼這些照片
02:16
And I did my first "expo博覽會 de rue後悔,"
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這是我第一個街頭博覽會,
02:18
which哪一個 means手段 sidewalk人行道 gallery畫廊.
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意思是街頭畫廊。
02:20
And I framed陷害 it with color顏色
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我用顏色把照片裱起來
02:23
so you would not confuse迷惑 it with advertising廣告.
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你就不會以為這是廣告了。
02:28
I mean, the city's城市的 the best最好 gallery畫廊 I could imagine想像.
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我是說: 城市是我想像中最棒的畫廊。
02:31
I would never have to make a book and then present當下 it to a gallery畫廊
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我從不需要製作畫冊、呈現給畫廊看
02:34
and let them decide決定
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讓他們評判我的創作是否夠好
02:36
if my work was nice不錯 enough足夠 to show顯示 it to people.
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是否足以秀給大眾來欣賞
02:38
I would control控制 it directly with the public上市
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我會把它們直接向公眾展示
02:41
in the streets街道.
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在街上,
02:44
So that's Paris巴黎.
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這是巴黎。
02:46
I would change更改 --
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我會改變 ---
02:48
depending根據 on the places地方 I would go --
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我的創作隨著旅行的地方、
02:50
the title標題 of the exhibition展覽.
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畫展的主題而改變
02:52
That's on the Champs-Elysees香榭麗舍大街.
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這是香榭麗舍大街。
02:54
I was quite相當 proud驕傲 of that one.
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我對這個展覽相當自豪
02:56
Because I was just 18
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因為當時我只是十八歲
02:58
and I was just up there on the top最佳 of the Champs-Elysees香榭麗舍大街.
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在香榭大道上遊走
03:00
Then when the photo照片 left,
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當我拿下照片之後
03:02
the frame was still there.
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裱的框架仍然架在那裡。
03:04
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:06
November十一月 2005:
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二零零五年十一月:
03:08
the streets街道 are burning燃燒.
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整條街道熊火蔓延。
03:10
A large wave of riots暴動
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一場很大的暴動在發生
03:12
had broken破碎 into the first projects項目 of Paris巴黎.
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後來變成我在巴黎的第一個藝術計畫,
03:16
Everyone大家 was glued膠合 to the TV電視,
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每個人都黏在電視機旁,
03:18
watching觀看 disturbing煩擾的, frightening可怕的 images圖片
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看著那些由旁邊鄰居拍攝
03:22
taken採取 from the edge邊緣 of the neighborhood鄰里.
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出來的打鬥影像。
03:26
I mean, these kids孩子, without control控制,
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我是說: 那些孩子, 失控的,
03:29
throwing投擲 Molotov莫洛托夫 cocktails雞尾酒,
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抛著汽油彈,
03:31
attacking進攻 the cops警察 and the firemen消防員,
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襲擊警察和消防員,
03:33
looting搶劫 everything they could in the shops商店.
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打刼商品搶走所有東西
03:35
These were criminals罪犯, thugs打手, dangerous危險,
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這些是罪犯, 壞蛋, 危險的
03:38
destroying銷毀 their own擁有 environment環境.
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破壞他們的環境。
03:41
And then I saw it -- could it be possible可能? --
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然後我想:有沒有可能?
03:44
my photo照片 on a wall
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我貼在牆上的照片
03:47
revealed透露 by a burning燃燒 car汽車 --
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透過一輛燃燒中的汽車反映出來 ---
03:50
a pasting粘貼 I'd doneDONE a year earlier --
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我一年前貼上去的
03:52
an illegal非法 one -- still there.
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違法的創作仍留在牆上
03:55
I mean, these were the faces面孔 of my friends朋友.
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我意思是, 當中有我的朋友的樣子。
03:57
I know those guys.
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我認識這些人,
03:59
All of them are not angels天使,
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他們不全是天使,
04:01
but they're not monsters怪物 either.
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但他們也不是惡魔。
04:05
So it was kind of weird奇怪的 to see
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這很奇怪的看到
04:07
those images圖片 and those eyes眼睛 stare back at me through通過 a television電視.
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這些影像和那些眼睛竟然透過電視回來的凝望著我。
04:11
So I went back there
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於是我回到那裡
04:13
with a 28 mm毫米 lens鏡片.
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還有那28mm 的鏡頭。
04:16
It was the only one I had at that time.
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那是我當時唯一僅有的鏡頭
04:18
But with that lens鏡片,
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但從這鏡頭,
04:20
you have to be as close as 10 inches英寸 from the person.
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我必須很靠近那些人, 大概是十吋左右。
04:23
So you can do it only with their trust相信.
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只有他們對我的信任, 我才可以把他們拍下來。
04:26
So I took full充分 portraits畫像 of people from Le Bosquet矮林.
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於是, 我在Le Bosquet拍了四個人像照。
04:30
They were making製造 scary害怕 faces面孔
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他們都做著最恐佈的表情
04:32
to play the caricature漫畫 of themselves他們自己.
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將他們變成了卡通人物。
04:47
And then I pasted粘貼 huge巨大 posters海報 everywhere到處
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然後我再張貼巨大海報
04:50
in the bourgeois資產階級 area of Paris巴黎
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在巴黎資產階級區的各個角落
04:52
with the name名稱, age年齡, even building建造 number
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包括每個人的名字、年齡、
04:55
of these guys.
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甚至居住地址的號碼
05:04
A year later後來,
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一年之後,
05:06
the exhibition展覽 was displayed顯示 in front面前 of the city hall大廳 of Paris巴黎.
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這個展覽在巴黎市政府前展出,
05:09
And we go from thug暴徒 images圖片,
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我繼續的去拍攝,
05:12
who've誰一直 been stolen被盜 and distorted扭曲 by the media媒體,
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那些被傳媒扭曲了, 或是損毀形象的人,
05:15
who's誰是 now proudly傲然 taking服用 over his own擁有 image圖片.
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如今卻能以自己的原貌為榮
05:18
That's where I realized實現
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這時我才領悟到
05:20
the power功率 of paper and glue.
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紙張和膠水的力量。
05:30
So could art藝術 change更改 the world世界?
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所以, 藝術是否可以改變世界?
05:33
A year later後來,
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一年之後,
05:35
I was listening to all the noise噪聲
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我聽到許多
05:37
about the Middle中間 East conflict衝突.
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關於中東衝突的聲音。
05:39
I mean, at that time, trust相信 me,
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我的意思是, 那時, 相信我
05:41
they were only referring to the Israeli以色列 and Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 conflict衝突.
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他們其實是指以色列和巴基斯坦的衝突。
05:43
So with my friend朋友 Marco馬爾科,
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我和我的朋友, Marco
05:45
we decided決定 to go there
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我們決定到那裡
05:47
and see who are the real真實 Palestinians巴勒斯坦人 and who are the real真實 Israelis以色列人.
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去看看誰是真正的巴勒斯坦人, 誰是真正的以色列人。
05:50
Are they so different不同?
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他們是否真的很不同?
05:52
When we got there, we just went in the street,
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當我們到了那裡, 我們只是走在街上,
05:55
started開始 talking with people everywhere到處,
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隨處跟人閒聊,
05:58
and we realized實現 that things were a bit different不同
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我們發現事實是有很大不同
06:00
from the rhetoric修辭 we heard聽說 in the media媒體.
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由傳媒聽到的訊息
06:03
So we decided決定 to take portraits畫像
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於是我們決定去拍人像照
06:05
of Palestinians巴勒斯坦人 and Israelis以色列人
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是有關巴勒斯坦和以色列人的
06:07
doing the same相同 jobs工作 --
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職業相同的人
06:09
taxi-driver出租車司機, lawyer律師, cooks廚師.
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計程車司機, 律師, 廚師
06:13
Asked them to make a face面對 as a sign標誌 of commitment承諾.
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要求他們做出「承諾奉獻」的表情
06:16
Not a smile微笑 -- that really doesn't tell
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不是笑容--其實他們也分不出來
06:18
about who you are and what you feel.
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你是誰跟你的感受之間的分別
06:20
They all accepted公認
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他們全都答應了
06:22
to be pasted粘貼 next下一個 to the other.
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就是貼在別國的附近
06:25
I decided決定 to paste
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我決定去貼在
06:27
in eight Israeli以色列 and Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 cities城市
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八個以色列和巴勒斯坦的城市
06:31
and on both sides雙方 of the wall.
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兩邊的牆壁上
06:34
We launched推出 the biggest最大 illegal非法 art藝術 exhibition展覽 ever.
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我們發起史上首次規模最大的違法畫展
06:37
We called the project項目 Face面對 2 Face面對.
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並取名為「面對面」
06:40
The experts專家 said, "No way.
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專家說: 不可能
06:43
The people will not accept接受.
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人們不會接受
06:46
The army軍隊 will shoot射擊 you, and Hamas哈馬斯 will kidnap綁架 you."
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軍隊會槍殺你, 哈馬斯會綁架你
06:48
We said, "Okay, let's try and push as far as we can."
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我們說, 好的, 看看我們可以做到那裡
06:52
I love the way that people will ask me,
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我很開心聽到人們問:
06:54
"How big will my photo照片 be?"
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「我的照片會有多大?」
06:56
"It will be as big as your house."
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我回答:跟你的家一樣大。
06:59
When we did the wall, we did the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 side.
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當我們貼在牆上, 在巴勒斯坦那邊
07:02
So we arrived到達 with just our ladders梯子
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我們只帶著自己的梯子
07:04
and we realized實現 that they were not high enough足夠.
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然後, 我們發現那張梯子並不够高
07:06
And so Palestinians巴勒斯坦人 guys say,
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於是, 巴勒斯坦人說
07:08
"Calm冷靜 down. No wait. I'm going to find you a solution."
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冷靜,等等,我們會幫你想辦法
07:11
So he went to the Church教會 of Nativity聖誕
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於是他到聖誕教堂去
07:14
and brought back an old ladder階梯
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帶來了一張很舊的梯子
07:16
that was so old that it could have seen看到 Jesus耶穌 being存在 born天生.
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那張梯子舊得應該曾見証耶穌出生
07:19
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:21
We did Face面對 2 Face面對 with only six friends朋友,
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「面對面」計畫,動用了六個朋友
07:24
two ladders梯子, two brushes,
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二張梯子, 兩把刷子
07:27
a rented car汽車, a camera相機
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一輛租來的汽車, 一台相機
07:29
and 20,000 square廣場 feet of paper.
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以及二萬平方呎的紙
07:32
We had all sorts排序 of help
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我們獲得各種鼎力相助
07:34
from all walks散步 of life.
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來自不同階層的人
07:39
Okay, for example, that's Palestine巴勒斯坦.
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好吧, 例如, 這是巴勒斯坦Ramallah
07:41
We're in Ramallah拉馬拉 right now.
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我們當時就拉馬拉
07:43
We're pasting粘貼 portraits畫像 --
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我們在貼著人像照
07:45
so both portraits畫像 in the streets街道 in a crowded market市場.
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兩張人像照都是在擠迫市場的街上
07:47
People come around us and start開始 asking,
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人們走過來開始不停地問
07:50
"What are you doing here?"
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你們在做什麼?
07:52
"Oh, we're actually其實 doing an art藝術 project項目
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噢, 我們其實在做一個藝術計畫
07:54
and we are pasting粘貼 an Israeli以色列 and a Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 doing the same相同 job工作.
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把職業相同的巴勒斯坦人和以色列人的照片貼在一起
07:57
And those ones那些 are actually其實 two taxi-drivers的士司機."
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這兩位都是計程車司機
08:00
And then there was always a silence安靜.
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通常他們都先會沉默, 然後問:
08:03
"You mean you're pasting粘貼 an Israeli以色列 face面對 --
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你的意思是,你會貼上以色列人的臉孔
08:06
doing a face面對 -- right here?"
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在這裡?
08:08
"Well, yeah, yeah, that's part部分 of the project項目."
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『對, 這是我們計畫的一部份。』
08:11
And I would always leave離開 that moment時刻,
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我總是享受那個片刻
08:13
and we would ask them,
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然後會問他們,
08:15
"So can you tell me who is who?"
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『你可以告訴我誰是以色列人, 誰是巴勒斯坦人?』
08:18
And most of them couldn't不能 say.
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他們大部份人都不能說出。
08:20
(Applause掌聲)
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(笑聲)
08:26
We even pasted粘貼 on Israeli以色列 military軍事 towers,
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我們甚至貼在以色列的軍事塔上,
08:29
and nothing happened發生.
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也沒發生什麼事。
08:31
When you paste an image圖片, it's just paper and glue.
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當你貼上照片, 這只是紙張和膠水。
08:34
People can tear眼淚 it, tag標籤 on it, or even pee撒尿 on it --
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人們可以撕爛它, 亂畫它, 甚至向它撒尿 --
08:37
some are a bit high for that, I agree同意 --
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有些人甚至為此有點興奮, 我承認---
08:39
but the people in the street,
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但在街上的人們,
08:41
they are the curator館長.
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他們就是監護人,
08:43
The rain and the wind will take them off anyway無論如何.
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風和雨終究會吹走這些照片
08:45
They are not meant意味著 to stay.
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而這些海報本來就不會永久存在
08:47
But exactly究竟 four years年份 after,
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但事實上, 四年之後,
08:50
the photos相片, most of them are still there.
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那些照片, 大部份都仍然留存下來。
08:53
Face面對 2 Face面對 demonstrated證明
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面對面」證明了
08:55
that what we thought impossible不可能 was possible可能 --
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我們以為的不可能, 其實是可能的 --
08:58
and, you know what, even easy簡單.
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你知嗎, 甚至可說是輕而易舉。
09:00
We didn't push the limit限制;
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我們還沒有推到極限,
09:02
we just showed顯示 that they were further進一步 than anyone任何人 thought.
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我們只是想展示我們已經走得比別人所想的要遠。
09:07
In the Middle中間 East, I experienced有經驗的 my work
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在中東, 我經驗到
09:09
in places地方 without [many許多] museums博物館.
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我在那些沒有(很多)美術館的地方工作。
09:11
So the reactions反應 in the street
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所以在街上展覽這方向
09:14
were kind of interesting有趣.
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其實是出於興趣。
09:16
So I decided決定 to go further進一步 in this direction方向
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所以我決定往這方向更進一步
09:18
and go in places地方 where there were zero museums博物館.
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到一個沒有美術館的地方去
09:24
When you go in these developing發展 societies社會,
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當你踏進一個開發中的國家
09:27
women婦女 are the pillars支柱 of their community社區,
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女人是他們社會的支柱,
09:30
but the men男人 are still the ones那些 holding保持 the streets街道.
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但男性卻依然是把持街頭的人
09:33
So we were inspired啟發 to create創建 a project項目
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於是激發了我們創造一個計畫
09:36
where men男人 will pay工資 tribute to women婦女
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男人以可貼上女性的照片
09:39
by posting發帖 their photos相片.
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以向女性致敬。
09:42
I called that project項目 Women婦女 Are Heroes英雄.
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我稱這次的計畫為「女人英雄」
09:46
When I listened聽了 to all the stories故事
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當我聽過當中所有的故事
09:48
everywhere到處 I went on the continents大陸,
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在我到過的每個洲的每一處,
09:50
I couldn't不能 always understand理解
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我總是無法理解
09:52
the complicated複雜 circumstances情況 of their conflict衝突.
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他們那些矛盾的複雜狀態,
09:55
I just observed觀察到的.
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我只是觀察。
09:58
Sometimes有時 there was no words,
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有時我無言以對,
10:01
no sentence句子, just tears眼淚.
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講不出話,只能流淚
10:04
I just took their pictures圖片
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我只是專心拍照
10:07
and pasted粘貼 them.
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然後貼出來。
10:11
Women婦女 Are Heroes英雄 took me around the world世界.
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『女人英雄』這計畫,讓我走到全世界。
10:14
Most of the places地方 I went to,
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在我去過的大部份地方,
10:16
I decided決定 to go there
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我決定去那裡
10:18
because I've heard聽說 about it through通過 the media媒體.
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是因為我在傳媒之中聽說過。
10:20
So for example, in June六月 2008,
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就好像, 二零零八年六月,
10:22
I was watching觀看 TV電視 in Paris巴黎,
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我在巴黎看電視,
10:24
and then I heard聽說 about this terrible可怕 thing
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跟著我就聽到這可怕的事
10:26
that happened發生 in Rio里約熱內盧 de Janeiro里約熱內盧 --
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發生在里約熱內盧。
10:28
the first favela貧民窟 of Brazil巴西 named命名 Providencia普羅維登.
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巴西第一個貧民區叫做Providencia
10:32
Three kids孩子 -- that was three students學生們 --
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三個孩子 --- 也是三個學生
10:35
were [detained被拘留] by the army軍隊
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被軍隊拘留了
10:37
because they were not carrying攜帶 their papers文件.
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因為他們沒有帶著他們的證件。
10:39
And the army軍隊 took them,
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軍隊於是逮捕他們
10:41
and instead代替 of bringing使 them to the police警察 station,
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學生沒有被送到警察局
10:44
they brought them to an enemy敵人 favela貧民窟
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反而是帶他們到敵方的貧民區
10:47
where they get chopped切碎的 into pieces.
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在那裡, 他們被斬成數段。
10:49
I was shocked吃驚.
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我十分震驚。
10:51
All Brazil巴西 was shocked吃驚.
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整個巴西也震驚。
10:53
I heard聽說 it was one of the most violent暴力 favelas棚戶區,
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我聽過這是最殘忍的貧民區,
10:56
because the largest最大 drug藥物 cartel卡特爾 controls控制 it.
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因為最大的販毒集團控制那裡,
10:59
So I decided決定 to go there.
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所以我決定要去到那裡。
11:01
When I arrived到達 --
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當我到達的時候 ---
11:03
I mean, I didn't have any contact聯繫 with any NGO非政府組織.
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我是說, 並不認識任何非政府組織的人,
11:06
There was none沒有 in place地點 -- no association協會, no NGOs非政府組織, nothing --
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那裡也沒有, 沒有旅行社, 沒有非政府機構, 什麼也沒有 ---
11:09
no eyewitnesses目擊者.
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沒有目擊者
11:11
So we just walked around,
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我們只是隨處走動
11:13
and we met會見 a woman女人,
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然後遇到了一名婦女
11:15
and I showed顯示 her my book.
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我給她看我的書
11:17
And she said, "You know what?
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她說, 『你知嗎?
11:19
We're hungry飢餓 for culture文化.
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我們這裡對文化是很飢渴的。
11:21
We need culture文化 out there."
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我們這裡需要文化。』
11:24
So I went out and I started開始 with the kids孩子.
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於是我走出去, 跟孩子開始。
11:27
I just took a few少數 photos相片 of the kids孩子,
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我只是拍了一些孩子們的照片,
11:29
and the next下一個 day I came來了 with the posters海報 and we pasted粘貼 them.
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第二天我們就帶著海報回來貼在牆上
11:32
The day after, I came來了 back and they were already已經 scratched劃傷.
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第三天我再回去,海報已經被抓破了
11:35
But that's okay.
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但是那沒關係,
11:37
I wanted them to feel that this art藝術 belongs屬於 to them.
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我想讓他們感到, 這些藝術是屬於他們的。
11:41
Then the next下一個 day, I held保持 a meeting會議 on the main主要 square廣場
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第四天,我在廣場上舉辦一場會議
11:44
and some women婦女 came來了.
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來了一些婦女。
11:46
They were all linked關聯 to the three kids孩子 that got killed殺害.
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這些婦女都跟那三個被殺的孩子有關。
11:51
There was the mother母親, the grandmother祖母, the best最好 friend朋友 --
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有他們的媽媽, 祖母, 最好的朋友。
11:54
they all wanted to shout the story故事.
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她們都想分享這個故事
11:58
After that day,
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這天之後,
12:00
everyone大家 in the favela貧民窟 gave me the green綠色 light.
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貧民窟的每個人都開始對我釋出善意
12:03
I took more photos相片, and we started開始 the project項目.
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我拍了更多的照片,開始著手計畫
12:06
The drug藥物 lords領主 were kind of worried擔心
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毒梟對我們有些疑慮
12:08
about us filming拍戲 in the place地點,
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因為我們在這裡拍攝,
12:10
so I told them, "You know what?
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我告訴他們, 『你知嗎?
12:12
I'm not interested有興趣 in filming拍戲 the violence暴力 and the weapons武器.
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我並無興趣去拍那個暴力和武器。
12:14
You see that enough足夠 in the media媒體.
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這些你在傳媒已經看够了。
12:16
What I want to show顯示 is the incredible難以置信 life and energy能源.
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我想捕捉的是驚人的生命與活力,
12:18
I've been seeing眼看 it around me the last few少數 days."
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事實上, 這些就是我在這些日子所看到的東西。』
12:22
So that's a really symbolic象徵 pasting粘貼,
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這是極具代表性的圖貼
12:24
because that's the first one we did that you couldn't不能 see from the city.
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因為這是我的創舉, 你在城市是無法看到的。
12:27
And that's where the three kids孩子 got arrested被捕,
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這是三個孩子被捉的地方,
12:30
and that's the grandmother祖母 of one of them.
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這是他們其中一個的祖母。
12:33
And on that stairs樓梯,
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在那些階梯上,
12:35
that's where the traffickers人販子 always stand
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就是那些毒販時常佔據的地方
12:37
and there's a lot of exchange交換 of fire.
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這裡也有軍火交易。
12:39
Everyone大家 there understood了解 the project項目.
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當地人全都明白這個計畫所代表的意義
12:43
And then we pasted粘貼 everywhere到處 -- the whole整個 hill爬坡道.
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然後,我們把照片張貼在山丘上的各個角落
12:46
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
12:56
What was interesting有趣 is that the media媒體 couldn't不能 get in.
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有趣的是,媒體無法走進那個地帶
12:58
I mean, you should see that.
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我是說, 你應該看看。
13:00
They would have to film電影 us from a really long distance距離 by helicopter直升機
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他們應該是在遠距離用直昇機拍我們的
13:03
and then have a really long lens鏡片,
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他們有一支很長的鏡頭,
13:05
and we would see ourselves我們自己, on TV電視, pasting粘貼.
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我們會在電視上看到自己張貼海報的樣子
13:07
And they would put a number: "Please call this number
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還打著字幕:「如果你知道Providencia的現況,
13:09
if you know what's going on in Providencia普羅維登."
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歡迎來電。」
13:11
We just did a project項目 and then left
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我們單純完成這個計畫後,就走人了
13:14
so the media媒體 wouldn't不會 know.
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媒體茫然,
13:16
So how can we know about the project項目?
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無從了解這個計畫?
13:18
So they had to go and find the women婦女
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於是, 他們必需找出那個女人
13:21
and get an explanation說明 from them.
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從她們身上得到解釋
13:23
So you create創建 a bridge between之間 the media媒體
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於是, 你做了傳媒
13:26
and the anonymous匿名 women婦女.
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和那不知名女人之間的橋樑。
13:29
We kept不停 traveling旅行.
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我們繼續旅程。
13:31
We went to Africa非洲, Sudan蘇丹, Sierra內華達 Leone塞拉利昂,
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我們去到非洲, 蘇丹, 獅子山,
13:33
Liberia利比里亞, Kenya肯尼亞.
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利比亞, 肯亞。
13:35
In war-torn兵連禍結 places地方 like Monrovia蒙羅維亞,
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在戰亂的地方好像蒙羅維亞,
13:37
people come straight直行 to you.
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人們直接走到你跟前。
13:39
I mean, they want to know what you're up to.
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他們想知道你在做什麼?
13:41
They kept不停 asking me, "What is the purpose目的 of your project項目?
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不停提問:你的計畫有什麼目的?
13:44
Are you an NGO非政府組織? Are you the media媒體?"
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你是NGO嗎? 你是記者嗎?』
13:47
Art藝術. Just doing art藝術.
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藝術, 只在搞藝術,
13:50
Some people question, "Why is it in black黑色 and white白色?
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有些人甚至問:「為什麼全是黑白照片?
13:52
Don't you have color顏色 in France法國?"
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你們在法國沒有彩色嗎?」
13:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:56
Or they tell you, "Are these people all dead?"
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或是, 他們會問你: 『這些都是死人嗎?』
13:58
Some who understood了解 the project項目 would explain說明 it to others其他.
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了解這個藝術計畫的人會向不懂的人解釋
14:01
And to a man who did not understand理解, I heard聽說 someone有人 say,
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我聽到有個人這樣解釋:
14:04
"You know, you've been here for a few少數 hours小時
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『你在這裡好幾個小時
14:07
trying to understand理解, discussing討論 with your fellows研究員.
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跟同伴一起試圖想了解、分析
14:10
During that time, you haven't沒有 thought about
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你腦中完全不會去想
14:12
what you're going to eat tomorrow明天.
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明天要吃什麼
14:14
This is art藝術."
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這就是藝術。』
14:17
I think it's people's人們 curiosity好奇心
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我想這是人的好奇心
14:20
that motivates能夠激勵 them
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鼓動了他們
14:23
to come into the projects項目.
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跟我們合作這些計畫。
14:25
And then it becomes more.
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讓它變成更多的東西。
14:27
It becomes a desire慾望, a need, an armor盔甲.
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變成了慾望,需求,哀悼
14:31
On this bridge that's in Monrovia蒙羅維亞,
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在Monrovia的這段橋上
14:34
ex-rebel前反叛 soldiers士兵 helped幫助 us pasting粘貼 a portrait肖像
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一個前叛軍幫我們貼上這人像照
14:37
of a woman女人 that might威力 have been raped強姦 during the war戰爭.
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這是一個在戰爭曾受強暴的女人的照片。
14:40
Women婦女 are always the first ones那些 targeted針對
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女人通常是第一個
14:42
during conflict衝突.
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在衝突之中受害的。
14:45
This is Kibera基貝拉, Kenya肯尼亞,
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這是肯亞的基貝拉
14:47
one of the largest最大 slums貧民窟 of Africa非洲.
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非洲最大的貧民窟之一。
14:50
You might威力 have seen看到 images圖片 about the post-election選後 violence暴力
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你可能看過選舉後發生的暴動影片
14:53
that happened發生 there in 2008.
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那是發生在二零零八年。
14:57
This time we covered覆蓋 the roofs屋頂 of the houses房屋,
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這次我們貼在屋頂上,
14:59
but we didn't use paper,
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但我們不用紙張,
15:02
because paper doesn't prevent避免 the rain
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因為紙張不能防止雨水
15:05
from leaking洩漏 inside the house --
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滲漏到屋內---
15:07
vinyl乙烯基 does.
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塑膠布就可以
15:09
Then art藝術 becomes useful有用.
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於是, 藝術又變得有用了。
15:11
So the people kept不停 it.
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也令那些人繼續保存它。
15:13
You know what I love is, for example, when you see the biggest最大 eye there,
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例如,你看到最大張的那雙眼睛
15:16
there are so [many許多] houses房屋 inside.
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底下遮蔽著許多房子
15:18
And I went there a few少數 months個月 ago --
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我最近這幾個月也有去過 ---
15:20
photos相片 are still there -- and it was missing失踪 a piece of the eye.
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那些照片仍在----就只是遺失去眼睛那部份。
15:23
So I asked the people what happened發生.
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於是, 我去問人們, 究竟發生了什麼事。
15:25
"Oh, that guy just moved移動."
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『噢, 那個人剛剛搬走了。』
15:27
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:31
When the roofs屋頂 were covered覆蓋, a woman女人 said as a joke玩笑,
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屋頂蓋上海報之後,一位婦女打趣地說
15:34
"Now God can see me."
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『現在, 上帝可以看見我了。』
15:36
When you look at Kibera基貝拉 now,
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當你現在看到基貝拉
15:38
they look back.
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基貝拉也回看著你
15:44
Okay, India印度.
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這裡是印度
15:46
Before I start開始 that, just so you know,
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你也會知道, 當我開始時,
15:48
each time we go to a place地點, we don't have authorization授權,
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每一次我們去的每個地方, 我們都沒有導遊,
15:50
so we set up like commandos突擊隊 --
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我們好像是突擊隊 ---
15:52
we're a group of friends朋友 who arrive到達 there,
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我們一群朋友走到那裡,
15:54
and we try to paste on the walls牆壁.
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然後把照片貼在牆上。
15:56
But there are places地方 where you just can't paste on a wall.
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但有些地方是, 你不能在那些牆上貼東西。
15:59
In India印度 it was just impossible不可能 to paste.
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在印度, 我們就是無法張貼。
16:02
I heard聽說 culturally文化 and because of the law,
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我聽說是因為文化上, 也因為這是法律,
16:05
they would just arrest逮捕 us at the first pasting粘貼.
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我們第一次貼上, 我們就會被拘捕。
16:08
So we decided決定 to paste white白色,
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於是,我們決定去貼白色的,
16:10
white白色 on the walls牆壁.
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白紙在牆上。
16:12
So imagine想像 white白色 guys pasting粘貼 white白色 papers文件.
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想像一下:白人貼著白紙的模樣
16:14
So people would come to us and ask us,
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於是人們都走過來問我們,
16:16
"Hey, what are you up to?"
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『喂, 你們在做些什麼?』
16:18
"Oh, you know, we're just doing art藝術." "Art藝術?"
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『噢, 我們只是在做藝術。』『藝術?』
16:22
Of course課程, they were confused困惑.
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當然, 這令他們很迷惘。
16:24
But you know how India印度 has a lot of dust灰塵 in the streets街道,
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你知道印度的街道上有許多灰塵
16:27
and the more dust灰塵 you would have
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灰塵越多
16:29
going up in the air空氣,
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飄到空氣中,
16:31
on the white白色 paper you can almost幾乎 see,
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附在白紙那些黏貼的部份,
16:34
but there is this sticky part部分
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於是, 你便可以看到影像了
16:36
like when you reverse相反 a sticker貼紙.
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就像貼紙的背面一樣
16:38
So the more dust灰塵 you have, the more it will reveal揭示 the photo照片.
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於是, 愈多灰塵, 影像愈清晰。
16:41
So we could just walk步行 in the street during the next下一個 days
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隔天我們走到街上
16:44
and the photos相片 would get revealed透露 by themselves他們自己.
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那些照片便自動顯現了。
16:46
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:53
Thank you.
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謝謝
16:56
So we didn't get caught抓住 this time.
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於是, 所以那次我們就沒有被拘捕。
17:01
Each project項目 -- that's a film電影
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每一個計畫, 都是一齣影片
17:03
from Women婦女 Are Heroes英雄.
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這是「女人是英雄」的紀錄影片
17:06
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
17:09
Okay.
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好了
17:11
For each project項目 we do
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我們用攝影機記錄
17:13
a film電影.
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每一個藝術計畫
17:15
And most of what you see -- that's a trailer預告片 from "Women婦女 Are Heroes英雄" --
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大部份你所看見的, 是由『女人是英雄』的簡介短片而來 ---
17:18
its images圖片, photography攝影,
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這是影像, 照片,
17:21
taken採取 one after the other.
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一張接著一張
17:42
And the photos相片 kept不停 traveling旅行 even without us.
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即使沒有我們,那些照片也會繼續旅行下去
18:21
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
18:23
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
18:33
Hopefully希望, you'll你會 see the film電影,
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希望你們看到影片之後
18:35
and you'll你會 understand理解 the scope範圍 of the project項目
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能了解這些藝術計畫的規模
18:37
and what the people felt when they saw those photos相片.
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以及, 感受到人們怎樣去看這些照片。
18:39
Because that's a big part部分 of it. There's layers behind背後 each photo照片.
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因為每張照片背後, 還有不同的層次。
18:42
Behind背後 each image圖片 is a story故事.
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在每個影像背後都是故事。
18:45
Women婦女 Are Heroes英雄 created創建 a new dynamic動態
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「女人是英雄」啟動了社區的新動力
18:47
in each of the communities社區,
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在每一個社區,
18:49
and the women婦女 kept不停 that dynamic動態 after we left.
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以及, 即使我們走了, 當地婦女仍然保持著那動力。
18:52
For example, we did books圖書 -- not for sale拍賣 --
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例如, 我們製做書本---非賣品
18:55
that all the community社區 would get.
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整個社區都會得到。
18:57
But to get it, they would have to [get] it signed by one of the women婦女.
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但要得到, 他們需要讓其中一位婦女簽名。
19:01
We did that in most of the places地方.
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我們在許多地方都是這樣做。
19:03
We go back regularly經常.
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我們定期回去。
19:05
And so in Providencia普羅維登, for example, in the favela貧民窟,
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例如在Providencia 貧民窟
19:08
we have a cultural文化 center中央 running賽跑 there.
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我們設立了一個管理中心
19:10
In Kibera基貝拉, each year we cover more roofs屋頂.
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在基貝拉,我們每年會回去拉塑膠海報遮屋頂
19:12
Because of course課程, when we left, the people who were just at the edge邊緣 of the project項目
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因為當我們離開時,位於計畫周邊的民眾
19:15
said, "Hey, what about my roof屋頂?"
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就會說: 『喂, 那我的屋頂呢?』
19:18
So we decided決定 to come the year after
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於是, 我們決定第二年再去
19:20
and keep doing the project項目.
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繼續這項計畫。
19:23
A really important重要 point for me
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對我來說最重要的
19:25
is that I don't use any brand or corporate企業 sponsors贊助商.
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是我沒有用任何的品牌或是商業的贊助。
19:28
So I have no responsibility責任
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所以我沒有責任
19:30
to anyone任何人 but myself
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對任何人, 我只需對自己
19:32
and the subjects主題.
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和拍攝對象負責
19:34
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
19:38
And that is for me
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這是我的
19:40
one of the more important重要 things in the work.
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其中一個最重要的工作。
19:42
I think, today今天,
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我想, 今天
19:44
as important重要 as the result結果 is the way you do things.
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做事的過程和結果都是同樣重要。
19:47
And that has always been a central中央 part部分 of the work.
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而這一直是處事的重心
19:51
And what's interesting有趣 is that fine line that I have
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好玩的是 我的創作與圖像和廣告之間
19:53
with images圖片 and advertising廣告.
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有著細微差別
19:55
We just did some pasting粘貼 in Los洛杉磯 Angeles洛杉磯
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我們剛剛在洛杉機進行一些工作
19:57
on another另一個 project項目 in the last weeks.
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在過去的數個星期, 是有關另外一個計畫的。
20:00
And I was even invited邀請 to cover the MOCAMOCA museum博物館.
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我甚至是被邀請去覆蓋整個MOCA美術館。
20:04
But yesterday昨天 the city called them and said,
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可是昨天市政府打電話給美術館
20:06
"Look, you're going to have to tear眼淚 it down.
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看看, 我們準備把它們撕下來
20:08
Because this can be taken採取 for advertising廣告,
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『因為這可以用來做廣告,
20:10
and because of the law,
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也因為法令,
20:12
it has to be taken採取 down."
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它需要被撕下來。』
20:14
But tell me, advertising廣告 for what?
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你告訴我,這到底可以廣告什麼?
20:17
The people I photograph照片
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我所拍攝的對象
20:19
were proud驕傲 to participate參加 in the project項目
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都非常驕傲能參與這計畫
20:21
and to have their photo照片 in the community社區.
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以及在社區裡有他們的照片。
20:23
But they asked me for a promise諾言 basically基本上.
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但他們基本上要一個承諾:
20:25
They asked me, "Please, make our story故事 travel旅行 with you."
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他們要求我: 『請把我的故事隨你去旅行。』
20:29
So I did. That's Paris巴黎.
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於是,我做了, 這是巴黎
20:32
That's Rio里約熱內盧.
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這裡是里約熱內盧
20:34
In each place地點, we built內置 exhibitions展覽 with a story故事, and the story故事 traveled旅行.
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我們在各方透過照片展覽故事、讓故事旅行
20:38
You understand理解 the full充分 scope範圍 of the project項目.
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讓人了解這個藝術計畫的規模
20:40
That's London倫敦.
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這是倫敦
20:43
New York紐約.
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紐約
20:45
And today今天, they are with you in Long Beach海灘.
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以及今天, 他們和你們一起在長灘。
20:49
All right, recently最近 I started開始 a public上市 art藝術 project項目
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最近,我開始進行一項公共藝術計畫
20:52
where I don't use my artwork藝術品 anymore.
444
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我不再只選用我自己的作品
20:55
I use Man Ray射線, Helen海倫 Levitt萊維特,
445
1240000
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我用了Man Ray, Helen Levitt,
20:58
Giacomelli賈科梅, other people's人們 artwork藝術品.
446
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Giacomelli, 以及其他人的藝術。
21:00
It doesn't matter today今天 if it's your photo照片 or not.
447
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今天的重點不再是 這是你拍的還是別人拍的照片
21:03
The importance重要性 is what you do
448
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重要的是你用這些圖像做什麼
21:05
with the images圖片,
449
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那些影像,
21:07
the statement聲明 it makes品牌 where it's pasted粘貼.
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1252000
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當它被貼出來的時候, 那便是一項聲明。
21:10
So for example, I pasted粘貼 the photo照片 of the minaret尖塔
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3000
例如,我貼了一張尖塔(喚拜塔)的照片
21:13
in Switzerland瑞士
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在瑞士
21:15
a few少數 weeks after they voted the law forbidding森嚴 minarets尖塔 in the country國家.
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就在這國家投票反對清真寺喚拜塔後的數個星期後。
21:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
21:25
This image圖片 of three men男人 wearing穿著 gas加油站 masks面具
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圖片中戴著防毒面具的行人
21:28
was taken採取 in Chernobyl切爾諾貝利 originally本來,
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原本是在切諾貝爾拍的,
21:30
and I pasted粘貼 it in Southern南部的 Italy意大利,
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3000
我把它貼在義大利南部,
21:33
where the mafia黑手黨 sometimes有時 bury埋葬 the garbage垃圾 under the ground地面.
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當地的黑手黨有時會惡霸橫行
21:39
In some ways方法, art藝術 can change更改 the world世界.
459
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就某方面而言,藝術可以改變世界
21:41
Art藝術 is not supposed應該 to change更改 the world世界,
460
1286000
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儘管藝術不能期待改變世界
21:43
to change更改 practical實際的 things,
461
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2000
就現實面而言,
21:45
but to change更改 perceptions看法.
462
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但藝術可以改變觀念。
21:47
Art藝術 can change更改
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藝術可以改變
21:49
the way we see the world世界.
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我們看待世界的方式。
21:51
Art藝術 can create創建 an analogy比喻.
465
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藝術可以創造出一個類比
21:54
Actually其實 the fact事實 that art藝術 cannot不能 change更改 things
466
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3000
藝術不能改變世界的事實
21:57
makes品牌 it a neutral中性 place地點
467
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2000
反而可以成為中立的空間
21:59
for exchanges交流 and discussions討論,
468
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3000
允許對話和討論發生
22:02
and then enables使 you to change更改 the world世界.
469
1307000
3000
繼而改善世界
22:05
When I do my work,
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當我創作的時候
22:07
I have two kinds of reactions反應.
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我通常得到兩種反應
22:09
People say, "Oh, why don't you go in Iraq伊拉克 or Afghanistan阿富汗.
472
1314000
3000
人會說: 『為什麼你不到伊朗或是阿富汗。
22:12
They would be really useful有用."
473
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2000
這對他們一定很有用。』
22:14
Or, "How can we help?"
474
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3000
或是, 『我們可以幫什麼忙!』
22:17
I presume假設 that you belong屬於 to the second第二 category類別,
475
1322000
3000
我假設你大概會是屬於第二類,
22:20
and that's good,
476
1325000
2000
那就好了,
22:22
because for that project項目,
477
1327000
2000
因為這個計畫,
22:24
I'm going to ask you to take the photos相片
478
1329000
2000
我想請各位拍下照片
22:26
and paste them.
479
1331000
3000
然後貼出來。
22:29
So now my wish希望 is:
480
1334000
2000
我的願望就是:
22:31
(mock嘲笑 drum roll)
481
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(模擬擊鼓)
22:33
(Laughter笑聲)
482
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2000
(笑聲)
22:36
I wish希望 for you to stand up
483
1341000
3000
我希望各位為自己關心的議題
22:39
for what you care關心 about
484
1344000
3000
挺身而出
22:42
by participating參與 in a global全球 art藝術 project項目,
485
1347000
3000
透過參與這項全球性的藝術計畫,
22:45
and together一起 we'll turn the world世界 inside out.
486
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5000
一起共同把世界顛覆
22:51
And this starts啟動 right now.
487
1356000
2000
這項計畫在此刻正式啟動
22:53
Yes, everyone大家 in the room房間.
488
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2000
我邀請在座的各位
22:55
Everyone大家 watching觀看.
489
1360000
3000
每位觀眾 共襄盛舉
22:58
I wanted that wish希望
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2000
我希望這願望
23:00
to actually其實 start開始 now.
491
1365000
2000
可以由現在開始!
23:02
So a subject學科 you're passionate多情 about, a person who you want to tell their story故事
492
1367000
3000
分享你所關心的議題、某個人的故事
23:05
or even your own擁有 photos相片 --
493
1370000
2000
甚至你自己的照片 ---
23:07
tell me what you stand for.
494
1372000
2000
告訴我 你所支持的事物
23:09
Take the photos相片, the portraits畫像,
495
1374000
2000
拍那些照片, 人像照
23:11
upload上載 it -- I'll give you all the details細節 --
496
1376000
3000
我會提供管道讓你上傳
23:14
and I'll send發送 you back your poster海報. Join加入 by groups
497
1379000
3000
我也會回寄你你的海報, 集合一群人
23:17
and reveal揭示 things to the world世界.
498
1382000
3000
對世界展示你的想法
23:20
The full充分 data數據 is on the website網站 --
499
1385000
3000
所有的資料都在這網站:
23:23
insideoutprojectinsideoutproject.net --
500
1388000
2000
insideoutproject.net
23:25
that is launching發射 today今天.
501
1390000
3000
由今天開始正式推出!
23:28
What we see changes變化 who we are.
502
1393000
2000
我們的視野改變我們本身
23:30
When we act法案 together一起,
503
1395000
2000
當我們擕手一起行動,
23:32
the whole整個 thing is much more than the sum of the parts部分.
504
1397000
3000
整件事會大於所有部份的總和!
23:36
So I hope希望 that, together一起, we'll create創建 something
505
1401000
2000
所以我希望, 一起, 我們可以創造一些東西
23:38
that the world世界 will remember記得.
506
1403000
2000
讓全世界可以記得。
23:40
And this starts啟動 right now and depends依靠 on you.
507
1405000
3000
這個心願在此刻啟動,並且掌握在你手中
23:43
Thank you.
508
1408000
2000
謝謝
23:45
(Applause掌聲)
509
1410000
7000
(掌聲)
23:52
Thank you.
510
1417000
2000
謝謝
23:54
(Applause掌聲)
511
1419000
8000
掌聲
Translated by Suet Mei Hau
Reviewed by Dxm Online大小媒體

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
JR - Street artist
With a camera, a dedicated wheatpasting crew and the help of whole villages and favelas, 2011 TED Prize winner JR shows the world its true face.

Why you should listen

Working anonymously, pasting his giant images on buildings, trains and bridges, the often-guerrilla artist JR forces us to see each other. Traveling to distant, often dangerous places -- the slums of Kenya, the favelas of Brazil -- he infiltrates communities, befriending inhabitants and recruiting them as models and collaborators. He gets in his subjects’ faces with a 28mm wide-angle lens, resulting in portraits that are unguarded, funny, soulful, real, that capture the sprits of individuals who normally go unseen. The blown-up images pasted on urban surfaces -– the sides of buses, on rooftops -- confront and engage audiences where they least expect it. Images of Parisian thugs are pasted up in bourgeois neighborhoods; photos of Israelis and Palestinians are posted together on both sides of the walls that separate them.


JR's gained widespread attention for his project, "Women Are Heroes," which depicted women "dealing with the effects of war, poverty, violence, and oppression” from Rio de Janeiro, Phnom Penh and Delhi to several cities in Africa. His TED Prize wish opened an even wider lens on the world. With the prize, he launched INSIDE OUT -- a global participatory art project. INSIDE OUT invites everyone to share their portrait and transform messages of personal identity into public art.

More profile about the speaker
JR | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

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