TEDCity2.0
Diébédo Francis Kéré: How to build with clay ... and community
迪耶貝多．方濟．凱雷 (Diébédo Francis Kéré): 如何運用泥土…和社群蓋房子
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迪耶貝多．方濟．凱雷拿到建築學位時，完全清楚自己想做的事。他想回到布吉納法索的家鄉甘多，用所學來回饋鄉里。在這場動人的演說中，凱雷分享了他在之後這些年為自己的小村莊蓋的建築，包括一所獲獎，且完全由泥土蓋成的小學。
Diébédo Francis Kéré - Community-minded architect
Diébédo Francis Kéré and his architectural firm design buildings that are good for the environment -- and those who use them. Full bio
Diébédo Francis Kéré and his architectural firm design buildings that are good for the environment -- and those who use them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I would like to show you how
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我想讓你們看看
00:15
architecture has helped
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建築是如何協助
00:18
to change the life of my community
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我家鄉的人們改變生活，
00:21
and has opened opportunities to hope.
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並且帶來許多充滿希望的機會。
00:26
I am a native of Burkina Faso.
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我是布吉納法索人，
00:29
According to the World Bank, Burkina Faso
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根據世界銀行，布吉納法索
00:32
is one of the poorest countries in the world,
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名列全球最窮國之一，
00:35
but what does it look like
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但是在那種地方長大成人
00:38
to grow up in a place like that?
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是什麼樣子？
00:41
I am an example of that.
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我就是其中一例。
00:44
I was born in a little village called Gando.
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我出生在一個名叫甘多的小村莊。
00:48
In Gando, there was no electricity,
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甘多沒有電力，
00:52
no access to clean drinking water, and no school.
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沒有乾淨的飲用水，沒有學校。
00:57
But my father wanted me
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但是我的父親希望我
00:59
to learn how to read and write.
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學習如何閱讀和寫字。
01:01
For this reason, I had to leave my family
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因為這個因素，我必須離開家人，
01:06
when I was seven and to stay in a city
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我七歲時待在都市，
01:09
far away from my village
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遠離我的村子，
01:11
with no contact with my family.
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無法連絡家人。
01:15
In this place I sat
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我坐的這個地方
01:19
in a class like that
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是一間教室，
01:21
with more than 150 other kids,
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裡面有超過 150 個小孩，
01:24
and for six years.
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長達六年。
01:27
In this time, it just happened to me to come to school
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那個時候，我到學校時
01:31
to realize that my classmate died.
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才知道我的同學死了。
01:37
Today, not so much has changed.
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直到今天，並沒有多大的改變。
01:41
There is still no electricity in my village.
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我的村子裡還是沒有電。
01:46
People still are dying in Burkina Faso,
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布吉納法索的人們還是不斷死去，
01:48
and access to clean drinking water
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如何取得乾淨的飲用水
01:52
is still a big problem.
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仍是個大問題。
01:56
I had luck. I was lucky, because this is a fact of life
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我有好運，我很幸運，因為
如果你在那樣的地方長大，
如果你在那樣的地方長大，
02:04
when you grow up in a place like that.
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生命的真相就是如此。
02:06
But I was lucky.
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但是我當時很幸運，
02:09
I had a scholarship.
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我有獎學金。
02:11
I could go to Germany to study.
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我可以去德國唸書。
02:15
So now, I suppose,
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那麼現在，我想
02:19
I don't need to explain to you how great a privilege
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我不需要向大家解釋對我來說
02:24
it is for me to be standing before you today.
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能夠站在大家面前是多麼大的恩賜。
02:28
From Gando, my home village in Burkina Faso,
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從我在布吉納法索的家鄉甘多
02:32
to Berlin in Germany to become an architect
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到德國柏林成為建築師
02:37
is a big, big step.
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是很大、很大的飛躍。
02:42
But what to do with this privilege?
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但我要怎麼利用這個恩賜呢？
02:47
Since I was a student, I wanted to open up
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從我還是個學生開始，我想幫助
02:51
better opportunities to other kids in Gando.
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其他甘多的孩子得到更好的機會。
02:54
I just wanted to use my skills and build a school.
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我只想運用我的能力，蓋一所學校。
02:57
But how do you do it when you're still a student
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但當你還只是個學生，
03:00
and you don't have money?
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而且你沒有錢，該怎麼做？
03:02
Oh yes, I started to make drawings
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噢，對，我開始畫圖
03:05
and asked for money.
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來賺錢。
03:07
Fundraising was not an easy task.
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募款不是件簡單的任務。
03:11
I even asked my classmates
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我甚至要求同學
03:13
to spend less money on coffee and cigarettes,
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少花點錢在咖啡和煙上，
03:17
but to sponsor my school project.
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來贊助我的建校工程。
03:20
In real wonder, two years later,
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兩年後奇蹟發生了，
03:24
I was able to collect 50,000 U.S. dollars.
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我募到五萬美元。
03:30
When I came home to Gando
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我帶著這個好消息
03:33
to bring the good news,
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回到家鄉甘多，
03:35
my people were over the moon,
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我的村民非常開心，
03:39
but when they realized
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但是當他們發現
03:41
that I was planning to use clay,
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我打算用泥土來蓋，
03:44
they were shocked.
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他們都很震驚。
03:46
"A clay building is not able to stand a rainy season,
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「泥土建築撐不過雨季，
03:50
and Francis wants us to use it and build a school.
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而方濟打算要我們用泥土來蓋所學校。
03:55
Is this the reason why he spent so much time
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這是他花這麼多時間
03:58
in Europe studying
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在歐洲唸書，
04:00
instead of working in the field with us?"
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而不和我們在田裡工作的原因嗎？」
04:04
My people build all the time with clay,
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我的村民總是用泥土建造，
04:08
but they don't see any innovation with mud.
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但是他們沒有在泥土上創新。
04:13
So I had to convince everybody.
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因此我得說服每個人。
04:15
I started to speak with the community,
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我開始找大家談，
04:19
and I could convince everybody,
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說服每個人，
04:21
and we could start to work.
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之後就可以開工。
04:24
And the women, the men,
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不分男女，
04:26
everybody from the village,
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每個村子裡的人
04:28
was part of this building process.
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都參與建築的過程。
04:30
I was allowed to use even traditional techniques.
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我連傳統技法都用上了。
04:34
So clay floor for example,
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比如說泥土地，
04:36
the young men come and stand like that, beating,
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年輕人會在這裡像這樣槌
04:40
hours for hours,
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好幾個小時，
04:42
and then their mothers came,
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然後換他們的母親來，
04:43
and they are beating in this position,
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他們用這個姿勢槌
04:47
for hours, giving water and beating.
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幾個小時，加水、槌打。
04:52
And then the polishers come.
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接著負責磨光的村民又來。
04:53
They start polishing it with a stone for hours.
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他們開始用石頭磨光好幾個小時。
04:58
And then you have this result,
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最後你可以看到成品，
05:03
very fine, like a baby bottom.
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非常精細，就像嬰兒的屁股。
05:07
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:08
It's not photoshopped. (Laughter)
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這可沒修過圖。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
05:14
This is the school, built with the community.
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這是全村居民蓋的房子。
05:17
The walls are totally made out
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牆壁都是由
05:19
of compressed clay blocks from Gando.
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甘多當地的壓縮泥塊做成的。
05:23
The roof structure is made
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屋頂的架構則是用
05:26
with cheap steel bars
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便宜的鋼條
05:29
normally hiding inside concrete.
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如慣例藏在混凝土裡。
05:32
And the classroom, the ceiling is made
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而教室的天花板是用
05:36
out of both of them used together.
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這兩種東西一起做的。
05:38
In this school, there was a simple idea:
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在這所學校只有一個簡單的概念：
05:41
to create comfort in a classroom.
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在教室裡打造舒適環境。
05:45
Don't forget, it can be 45 degrees in Burkina Faso,
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別忘了，布吉納法索可以高達 45 度，
05:50
so with simple ventilation,
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因此要有簡單的通風，
05:52
I wanted to make the classroom
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我想讓教室
05:54
good for teaching and learning.
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適合教學和學習。
05:57
And this is the project today,
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這是工程目前的樣子，
06:00
12 years old, still in best condition.
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12 歲了，依然是最好的狀態。
06:03
And the kids, they love it.
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而且小孩都很愛它。
06:09
And for me and my community,
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對我和我的家鄉來說，
06:12
this project was a huge success.
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這個工程非常成功。
06:16
It has opened up opportunities
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我們因此創造了許多機會
06:19
to do more projects in Gando.
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可以在甘多做更多工程。
06:21
So I could do a lot of projects,
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因此我可以做更多工程，
06:24
and here I am going to share with you
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在此我想和各位分享的
06:27
only three of them.
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只有其中三件。
06:29
The first one is the school extension, of course.
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第一件是擴建學校，當然。
06:33
How do you explain drawings and engineering
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你要怎麼解釋繪圖和工程
06:36
to people who are neither able to read nor write?
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給連讀和寫都不懂的人聽？
06:40
I started to build a prototype like that.
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我開始做像這樣的模型。
06:43
The innovation was to build a clay vault.
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創新的是蓋一個泥造拱頂。
06:46
So then, I jumped on the top like that,
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之後，我在上面像這樣跳，
06:49
with my team, and it works.
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和我的團隊一起跳，拱頂能承受。
06:51
The community is looking. It still works.
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大家都在看，拱頂仍然能承受（我們的重量）。
06:53
So we can build. (Laughter)
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因此我們就可以動工了。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
06:56
And we kept building, and that is the result.
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我們持續建造，這是成果。
07:00
The kids are happy, and they love it.
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孩子們都很開心，他們都很喜歡。
07:04
The community is very proud. We made it.
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大家都感到驕傲，我們做到了。
07:08
And even animals, like these donkeys,
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就連動物，像是這些驢子
07:12
love our buildings.
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也喜歡我們的房子。
07:14
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:18
The next project is the library in Gando.
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第二個工程是甘多的圖書館。
07:22
And see now, we tried to introduce
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你看現在，我們試著介紹
07:26
different ideas in our buildings,
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我們的建築裡各種不同的概念，
07:28
but we often don't have so much material.
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但是我們通常沒有很多材料，
07:32
Something we have in Gando are clay pots.
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我們在甘多有的是泥罐，
07:36
We wanted to use them to create openings.
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我想用來做通風口。
07:39
So we just bring them like you can see
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因此，我們就把你可以看到的這些
07:41
to the building site.
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帶到建築現場。
07:43
we start cutting them,
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我們開始切割，
07:46
and then we place them on top of the roof
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接著我們在灌混凝土前，
07:49
before we pour the concrete,
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把這些罐子放在屋頂上，
07:51
and you have this result.
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你可以看到成果。
07:53
The openings are letting the hot air out
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這些通風口能排出熱空氣，
07:56
and light in.
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並且讓光線透進來。
07:58
Very simple.
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非常簡單。
08:00
My most recent project in Gando
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我在甘多最新的工程
08:03
is a high school project.
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是蓋一所高中。
08:05
I would like to share with you this.
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我想和你們分享這件事。
08:07
The innovation in this project
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這個工程的創新
08:09
is to cast mud like you cast concrete.
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是澆築泥土，就像澆築混凝土一樣。
08:14
How do you cast mud?
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要怎麼澆築泥土呢？
08:16
We start making a lot of mortars, like you can see,
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我們開始製做大量的砂漿，
就像你看到的這個，
就像你看到的這個，
08:19
and when everything is ready,
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當每件事都準備就序，
08:21
when you know what is the best recipe
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當你知道什麼是最好的配料
08:23
and the best form,
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和最好的組成，
08:25
you start working with the community.
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就可以和大家一起開始工作。
08:27
And sometimes I can leave.
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有時候我可以離開，
08:29
They will do it themselves.
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他們可以自己做，
08:31
I came to speak to you like that.
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就像我今天可以來這裡演講。
08:35
Another factor in Gando is rain.
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影響甘多的另一個要素是雨，
08:37
When the rains come,
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當雨來了，
08:39
we hurry up to protect our fragile walls
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我們要趕快保護脆弱的牆面，
08:42
against the rain.
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以免被雨淋到。
08:45
Don't confound with Christo and Jeanne-Claude.
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別和克里斯托和珍妮克勞德搞混。
08:48
It is simply how we protect our walls.
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我們保護牆壁的方法很簡單。
08:51
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:52
The rain in Burkina comes very fast,
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布吉納法索的雨來得很急，
08:55
and after that, you have floods
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在那之後會淹水，
08:58
everywhere in the country.
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在鄉下到處都是。
09:00
But for us, the rain is good.
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但是對我們來說，下雨很好。
09:04
It brings sand and gravel to the river
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雨會把沙子和砂礫帶到河裡，
09:07
we need to use to build.
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我們需要運用它來建房子。
09:10
We just wait for the rain to go.
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我們只要等雨下完，
09:12
We take the sand, we mix it with clay,
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收集沙子，混合泥土，
09:15
and we keep building.
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就能繼續蓋房子。
09:18
That is it.
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就這麼簡單。
09:20
The Gando project was always
connected to training the people,
connected to training the people,
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甘多的工程一向與訓練人們有關，
09:23
because I just wanted, one day
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因為我只希望有一天
09:26
when I fall down and die,
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當我倒下、過世，
09:29
that at least one person from Gando
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至少甘多還有一個人
09:32
keeps doing this work.
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可以繼續這項工作。
09:36
But you will be surprised. I'm still alive.
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但是讓你驚訝的是，我還活著。
09:39
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:40
And my people now can use their skills
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我的同胞現在可以運用他們的能力
09:43
to earn money themselves.
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為自己賺錢。
09:48
Usually, for a young man from Gando to earn money,
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通常，一個從甘多來的年輕人想要賺錢，
09:52
you have to leave the country
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必須離鄉背井
09:54
to the city, sometimes leave the country
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到城市去，有時候離開鄉村的人
09:58
and some never come back,
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永遠不會回來，
10:00
making the community weaker.
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讓整個社群變得更衰弱。
10:03
But now they can stay in the country
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但現在他們可以留在鄉村，
10:07
and work on different building sites
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在不同的建地工作、
10:09
and earn money to feed their family.
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賺錢養家。
10:11
There's a new quality in this work.
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這份工作有新的品質。
10:16
Yes, you know it.
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沒錯，你知道的。
10:18
I have won a lot of awards through this work.
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因為這項工作我得了很多獎。
10:23
For sure, it has opened opportunities.
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無疑的是它增加了許多機會。
10:26
I have become myself known.
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我為自己帶來名聲，
10:29
But the reason why I do what I do
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但是我做這些事的原因
10:34
is my community.
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是為了我的家鄉。
10:37
When I was a kid,
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當我還是個孩子時，
10:39
I was going to school,
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我上學的時候，
10:41
I was coming back every holiday to Gando.
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每個假日都會回甘多。
10:45
By the end of every holidays,
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在每次假期結束時，
10:47
I had to say goodbye to the community,
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我要跟所有家鄉的人說再見，
10:50
going from one compound to another one.
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從一個聚落到另一個聚落。
10:54
All women in Gando will open their clothes like that
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所有在甘多的女人都會掀開
他們的衣服，就像那樣，
他們的衣服，就像那樣，
10:59
and give me the last penny.
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然後給我最後一分錢。
11:03
In my culture, this is a symbol of deep affection.
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在我們的習俗中，這是很深的情感象徵。
11:08
As a seven-year-old guy, I was impressed.
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當時我還是個七歲小孩，我非常感動。
11:11
I just asked my mother one day,
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有天我問媽媽：
11:14
"Why do all these women love me so much?"
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「為什麼這些女士這麼愛我？」
11:17
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:18
She just answered,
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她只說了：
11:21
"They are contributing to pay for your education
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「他們想為你的教育盡一分心力，
11:25
hoping that you will be successful
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希望你能成功，
11:28
and one day come back and help
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有一天回來協助
11:31
improve the quality of life of the community."
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大家改善生活品質。」
11:35
I hope now that I was able
to make my community proud
to make my community proud
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我希望能透過這項工作
11:40
through this work,
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讓大家感到榮耀，
11:42
and I hope I was able to prove you the power
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我希望能向你證明
11:46
of community,
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社群的力量，
11:47
and to show you that architecture
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讓你看到建築
11:51
can be inspiring for communities
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可以激勵大家
11:56
to shape their own future.
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塑造自己的未來。
11:58
Merci beaucoup. (Applause)
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非常感謝。（掌聲）
12:00
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝！謝謝！謝謝！謝謝！
12:05
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝！謝謝！（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Diébédo Francis Kéré - Community-minded architectDiébédo Francis Kéré and his architectural firm design buildings that are good for the environment -- and those who use them.
Why you should listen
Diébédo Francis Kéré grew up in Gando, a small village in Burkina Faso. Having gone away to school, first within his country and then at the Technische Universität in Berlin, Germany, he resolved to give back to the community that raised him. He does that through the power of architecture.
Through his firm, Kéré Architecture, Kéré focuses on using local building materials and techniques in a modern way, to redefine and redesign the enviroment. In Burkina Faso, that means working predominantly with clay, and his innovative approach has seen the creation of remarkably beautiful, modern buildings that are entirely appropriate to the setting.
His first building, a primary school in Gando, was completed in 2001 and received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Since then, he has designed other structures for the village; his other work there has also won multiple awards, including the Global Award, the BSI Swiss Architectural Award, the Marcus Prize and the Global Holcim Award Gold 2012.
Kéré also teaches architecture; he has lectured at colleges including the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, and Harvard. In 2013, he began teaching at the Accademia di Architettura in Mendrisio, Switzerland.
Diébédo Francis Kéré | Speaker | TED.com