TEDxHousesOfParliament
David Puttnam: Does the media have a "duty of care"?
戴維·普特南: 當媒體以利益為先時將會怎麼樣？
Filmed:
Readability: 5.4
935,362 views
在這個發人深省的演講中，戴維．普特南提出了一個關於媒體的大問題：媒體是否有道德上的責任讓公民獲得信息，還是媒體可以像其他商業一樣自由追逐利益？他提出的關於平衡利益和責任的解決方法很大膽......你可能會有不同看法。（攝製與TEDx英國國會大厦）
David Puttnam - Producer
After a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy. Full bio
After a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to start, if I may,
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如果可以的話，
00:14
with the story of the Paisley snail.
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我想從「佩斯利蝸牛」的故事
開始說起。
開始說起。
00:17
On the evening of the 26th of August, 1928,
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1928 年 8 月 26 日晚，
00:20
May Donoghue took a train from Glasgow
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梅唐納修從格拉斯哥
坐火車來到佩斯利鎮，
坐火車來到佩斯利鎮，
00:22
to the town of Paisley, seven miles east of the city,
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鎮位於城市東邊，
離市中心七英里遠，
離市中心七英里遠，
00:25
and there at the Wellmeadow Café,
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她在威爾梅朵咖啡館裡，
00:27
she had a Scots ice cream float,
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喝了一杯蘇格蘭冰淇淋蘇打，
00:30
a mix of ice cream and ginger beer
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那是由冰淇淋和薑汁啤酒混合製成
00:32
bought for her by a friend.
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是她的一位朋友給她買的。
00:34
The ginger beer came in a brown, opaque bottle
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薑汁啤酒裝在一個棕色不透明的杯子裡
00:36
labeled "D. Stevenson, Glen Lane, Paisley."
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杯子上標著
「佩斯利鎮格蘭巷，D．史帝文森」
「佩斯利鎮格蘭巷，D．史帝文森」
00:40
She drank some of the ice cream float,
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她喝了一點冰淇淋蘇打
00:42
but as the remaining ginger beer was poured
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但是當她把剩下的薑汁啤酒
00:44
into her tumbler,
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倒進酒杯時
00:46
a decomposed snail
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一隻腐死蝸牛
00:48
floated to the surface of her glass.
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浮在水面
00:51
Three days later, she was admitted
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三天之後，
00:52
to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary
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她被送進格拉斯哥皇家醫院
00:54
and diagnosed with severe gastroenteritis
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被診斷為嚴重的腸胃炎
00:56
and shock.
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以及休克。
00:58
The case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson that followed
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接著的唐納修訴史帝文森案
01:01
set a very important legal precedent:
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立下了一個非常重要的先例：
01:04
Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer,
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判決指出薑汁啤酒製造商史帝文森
01:05
was held to have a clear duty of care
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對梅唐納修負有
01:08
towards May Donoghue,
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明確的謹慎責任
01:10
even though there was no contract between them,
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儘管他們之間沒有合同
01:12
and, indeed, she hadn't even bought the drink.
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甚至不是她去買啤酒
01:14
One of the judges, Lord Atkin, described it like this:
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其中一個法官阿特金勳爵說：
01:17
You must take care to avoid acts or omissions
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在你可合理地預見損害到他人時，
01:20
which you can reasonably foresee
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就必須遵從謹慎的法律責任，
01:22
would be likely to injure your neighbor.
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避免作出一些行為或疏忽行為。
01:26
Indeed, one wonders that without a duty of care,
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我們甚至想知道
假如沒有謹慎責任的情況下
假如沒有謹慎責任的情況下
01:28
how many people would have had to suffer
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在史帝文森最終倒閉前，
01:30
from gastroenteritis before Stevenson
eventually went out of business.
eventually went out of business.
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還有多少人飽受腸胃炎之苦。
01:33
Now please hang on to that Paisley snail story,
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現在請記住佩斯利蝸牛的故事，
01:36
because it's an important principle.
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因為這是一個十分重要的原則。
01:39
Last year, the Hansard Society,
a nonpartisan charity
a nonpartisan charity
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去年，一個無黨派慈善機構
名為漢薩德學會，
名為漢薩德學會，
01:42
which seeks to strengthen parliamentary democracy
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試圖鞏固議會民主，
鼓勵公眾
鼓勵公眾
01:44
and encourage greater public involvement in politics
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更多介入政治發表看法
進而影響決策
進而影響決策
01:47
published, alongside their annual audit
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出版年度政治參與度審計報告，
01:49
of political engagement, an additional section
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又發表了一個額外章節
01:52
devoted entirely to politics and the media.
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整個都是跟政治和媒體有關。
01:55
Here are a couple of rather depressing observations
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在調查當中
01:58
from that survey.
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有一些讓人頗為失望的觀察報告。
02:00
Tabloid newspapers do not appear
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小報看來好像沒有
02:02
to advance the political citizenship of their readers,
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增進讀者的政治公民權
02:05
relative even to those
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甚至和完全不讀報的人相比
02:06
who read no newspapers whatsoever.
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也沒有。
02:10
Tabloid-only readers are twice as likely to agree
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只讀小報的讀者較易同意
02:12
with a negative view of politics
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政治的負面觀點，
02:14
than readers of no newspapers.
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比不讀報的高兩倍。
02:17
They're not just less politically engaged.
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他們不僅對政治參與態度更消極
02:19
They are consuming media that reinforces
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通過消費媒體
02:21
their negative evaluation of politics,
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反而對政治增加負面評價
02:23
thereby contributing to a fatalistic and cynical
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因此對民主和它們當中的角色
02:26
attitude to democracy and their own role within it.
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持宿命和憤世嫉俗的態度。
02:30
Little wonder that the report concluded that
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無怪乎，報告總結說
02:32
in this respect, the press, particularly the tabloids,
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在這方面，媒體尤其是小報
02:35
appear not to be living up to the importance
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看來好像沒有在民主中
02:37
of their role in our democracy.
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起到應有的重要作用。
02:40
Now I doubt if anyone in this room would seriously
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現在我不確實這房間裡
02:42
challenge that view.
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有沒有人認真挑戰那個觀點。
02:44
But if Hansard are right, and they usually are,
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但是如果漢薩德學會是對的，
而他們通常都是對的，
而他們通常都是對的，
02:46
then we've got a very serious problem on our hands,
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那麼在我們手裡就有一個嚴重的問題
02:48
and it's one that I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes
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我想在接下來的 10 分鐘
02:51
focusing upon.
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集中討論。
02:53
Since the Paisley snail,
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自從佩斯利蝸牛後
02:55
and especially over the past decade or so,
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尤其是過去十多年
02:57
a great deal of thinking has been developed
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很多人都在思考
02:59
around the notion of a duty of care
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謹慎責任這個概念
03:01
as it relates to a number of aspects of civil society.
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因為它和公民社會各方面也多有相關
03:03
Generally a duty of care arises when one individual
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謹慎責任的形成常見於以下情況
03:06
or a group of individuals undertakes an activity
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一個人或群眾進行一項活動時
03:09
which has the potential to cause harm to another,
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有可能會對他人造成傷害
03:11
either physically, mentally or economically.
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無論身體上、精神上的傷害
或經濟上的損失
或經濟上的損失
03:14
This is principally focused on obvious areas,
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主要集中在顯而易見的領域
03:17
such as our empathetic response
to children and young people,
to children and young people,
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例如我們對兒童和年輕人、
03:20
to our service personnel, and
to the elderly and infirm.
to the elderly and infirm.
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對服務員、對老年
或體弱者的同理心反應。
或體弱者的同理心反應。
03:22
It is seldom, if ever, extended
to equally important arguments
to equally important arguments
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同樣重要的論點很難得或從來不會
03:26
around the fragility of our
present system of government,
present system of government,
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擴展到政府現行制度弱點的議題
03:31
to the notion that honesty, accuracy and impartiality
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在建立和嵌入充分知情的、
03:34
are fundamental to the process of building
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民眾參與的民主過程中
03:36
and embedding an informed,
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誠實、精確和公正無私
03:38
participatory democracy.
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是不可或缺的。
03:41
And the more you think about it,
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越深思這件事
03:42
the stranger that is.
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這件事就越奇怪。
03:44
A couple of years ago, I had the pleasure
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幾年前，我有幸
03:46
of opening a brand new school
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參與英國東北部一間新學校的
03:47
in the northeast of England.
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開幕典禮
03:49
It had been renamed by its pupils as Academy 360.
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學生們把它重新命名為「學院 360 」
03:52
As I walked through their impressive,
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當我走過
03:54
glass-covered atrium,
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令人印象深刻的玻璃吊頂中庭時
03:56
in front of me, emblazoned on the wall
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在我面前，牆上
03:57
in letters of fire
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以火焰字體刻著
03:59
was Marcus Aurelius's famous injunction:
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馬可．奧里略的名言
04:02
If it's not true, don't say it;
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不真實的話不必說；
04:05
if it's not right, don't do it.
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不對的事不用做
04:08
The head teacher saw me staring at it,
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校長看到我盯著這句話
04:10
and he said, "Oh, that's our school motto."
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就說：「噢，那是我們學校的校訓。」
04:13
On the train back to London,
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在回倫敦的火車上
04:15
I couldn't get it out of my mind.
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這句話一直在我的腦海裡揮之不去
04:16
I kept thinking, can it really have taken us
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我一直想，難道我們真的
04:19
over 2,000 years to come to terms
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需要二千多年的時間
04:21
with that simple notion
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才意識到這個簡單的概念
04:23
as being our minimum expectation of each other?
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我們真的符合彼此的最低預期嗎？
04:26
Isn't it time that we develop this concept
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難道現在不正是讓我們
04:29
of a duty of care
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發展出謹慎責任這個概念
04:30
and extended it to include a care
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並把它延伸出去，包括
04:33
for our shared but increasingly
endangered democratic values?
endangered democratic values?
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關注於現時共享的
但逐漸受到威脅的民主價值？
但逐漸受到威脅的民主價值？
04:36
After all, the absence of a duty of care
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畢竟，在很多行業裡
04:38
within many professions
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缺乏謹慎責任
04:39
can all too easily amount to
accusations of negligence,
accusations of negligence,
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就很容易被指控為疏忽
04:42
and that being the case, can we be
really comfortable with the thought
really comfortable with the thought
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既然如此，我們事實上
04:45
that we're in effect being negligent
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在社會的健康發展
04:47
in respect of the health of our own societies
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及其必要支持的價值觀方面有所疏忽
04:50
and the values that necessarily underpin them?
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我們真的能夠接受這想法嗎？
04:53
Could anyone honestly suggest, on the evidence,
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面對證據，有誰能誠實的說，
04:56
that the same media which
Hansard so roundly condemned
Hansard so roundly condemned
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漢薩德學會全面譴責的同一類媒體
04:59
have taken sufficient care to avoid behaving
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負起足夠責任去避免作出某些行為，
05:02
in ways which they could reasonably have foreseen
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而他們可合理地預見
05:06
would be likely to undermine or even damage
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這些行為可會削弱甚至毀壞
05:08
our inherently fragile democratic settlement.
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我們內在還很脆弱的民主。
05:11
Now there will be those who will argue
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現在有些人會爭辯
05:13
that this could all too easily drift into a form
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這些太容易偏轉成
05:15
of censorship, albeit self-censorship,
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審查制度，儘管是自我審查
05:17
but I don't buy that argument.
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但我不接受那個論點。
05:19
It has to be possible
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我們一定可以
05:21
to balance freedom of expression
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在言論自由和
05:23
with wider moral and social responsibilities.
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更廣泛的道德和社會責任之間找到平衡
05:26
Let me explain why by taking the example
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我想用我身為一個電影製作人
05:28
from my own career as a filmmaker.
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作一個簡單實例來說明原因。
05:31
Throughout that career, I never accepted
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在我職業生涯中，我從來都不接受
05:32
that a filmmaker should set about putting
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電影製作人該把作品
05:34
their own work outside or above what he or she
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和自己對生活、家庭
05:37
believed to be a decent set of values
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以及我們對社會未來
05:39
for their own life, their own family,
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的想法和價值觀
05:42
and the future of the society in which we all live.
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分隔開。
05:46
I'd go further.
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讓我進一步說明
05:47
A responsible filmmaker should
never devalue their work
never devalue their work
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一個負責的電影製作人
從來不該將自己作品的價值觀
從來不該將自己作品的價值觀
05:51
to a point at which it becomes less than true
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降低到不能符合
05:53
to the world they themselves wish to inhabit.
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自己對這個世界的期望
05:56
As I see it, filmmakers, journalists, even bloggers
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在我看來，電影製作人，
記者，甚至部落格作家
記者，甚至部落格作家
06:00
are all required to face up to the social expectations
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都需面對社會的期望
06:02
that come with combining the
intrinsic power of their medium
intrinsic power of their medium
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將媒體內蘊的力量
06:06
with their well-honed professional skills.
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和他們優秀的職業技能結合起來
06:09
Obviously this is not a mandated duty,
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當然這不是一個強制的責任
06:12
but for the gifted filmmaker
and the responsible journalist
and the responsible journalist
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但對於優秀的電影製作人，
負責任的記者
負責任的記者
06:15
or even blogger, it strikes me
as being utterly inescapable.
as being utterly inescapable.
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甚至部落格作家，
我認為是完全無法逃避的責任。
我認為是完全無法逃避的責任。
06:18
We should always remember that our notion
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我們應該牢記
06:21
of individual freedom and
its partner, creative freedom,
its partner, creative freedom,
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個人自由，以其伴隨的創作自由
06:24
is comparatively new
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在西方思想史上
06:26
in the history of Western ideas,
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是相對很新的概念
06:28
and for that reason, it's often undervalued
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因此，它通常被低估
06:30
and can be very quickly undermined.
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也很容易被削弱
06:32
It's a prize easily lost,
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這是個很容易失去的禮物
06:34
and once lost, once surrendered,
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一旦丟失，一旦屈服
06:36
it can prove very, very hard to reclaim.
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就很難再拿回來了
06:40
And its first line of defense
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而對它首要的保護
06:41
has to be our own standards,
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就是我們自己的標準
06:43
not those enforced on us by a censor or legislation,
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不是由審查或者通過立法
強加給我們的標準
強加給我們的標準
06:47
our own standards and our own integrity.
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而是我們自己的標準
和自己的道德準則
和自己的道德準則
06:49
Our integrity as we deal with those
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道德準則是指我們如何處理
06:51
with whom we work
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選擇和誰一起工作
06:52
and our own standards as we operate within society.
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以及我們在社會裡採用的標準
06:56
And these standards of ours
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而我們這些標準
06:58
need to be all of a piece with
a sustainable social agenda.
a sustainable social agenda.
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需要統一及可持續的社會進程
07:01
They're part of a collective responsibility,
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他們屬於共同責任的一部份
07:03
the responsibility of the artist or the journalist
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這責任要求藝術家或記者
07:05
to deal with the world as it really is,
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面對世界時如同真實的一樣
07:07
and this, in turn, must go hand in hand
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而這轉過來，也必須和
07:10
with the responsibility of those governing society
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統治機構的責任聯繫起來
07:12
to also face up to that world,
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他們也需要面對真實的世界，
07:14
and not to be tempted to misappropriate
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不應當被利用濫用職權
07:17
the causes of its ills.
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引起社會弊端的漏洞
07:19
Yet, as has become strikingly clear
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但是，在過去幾年中
07:22
over the last couple of years,
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越來越驚人地清楚的是
07:24
such responsibility has to a very great extent
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這些責任在非常大的程度上
07:26
been abrogated by large sections of the media.
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被大部份媒體拋棄了。
07:29
And as a consequence, across the Western world,
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作為結果，在西方社會里
07:31
the over-simplistic policies of the parties of protest
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反對黨過分簡化的政策
07:34
and their appeal to a largely disillusioned,
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他們主要吸引對社會不抱期望
07:37
older demographic,
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年紀很大的群眾
07:38
along with the apathy and obsession with the trivial
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冷漠而固執
07:40
that typifies at least some of the young,
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至少對部份年輕人抱有偏見
07:42
taken together, these and other similarly
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所有的這些
07:44
contemporary aberrations
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當代的心理失常現象
07:46
are threatening to squeeze the life
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正威脅
07:48
out of active, informed debate and engagement,
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使積極的、信息通暢的辯論和參與失去活力
07:52
and I stress active.
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我強調是積極的
07:55
The most ardent of libertarians might argue
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最激烈的自由主義者可能會爭辯說
07:57
that Donoghue v. Stevenson should
have been thrown out of court
have been thrown out of court
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唐納修訴史帝文森的案子不應被受理
08:00
and that Stevenson would eventually
have gone out of business
have gone out of business
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只要史帝文森繼續賣有蝸牛的薑汁啤酒，
08:02
if he'd continued to sell ginger beer with snails in it.
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他最終會破產的
08:05
But most of us, I think, accept some small role
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但我覺得，我們中的大部份人還是接受
08:09
for the state to enforce a duty of care,
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國家採取一些行動來加強謹慎責任的
08:12
and the key word here is reasonable.
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這裡的關鍵是合理的
08:15
Judges must ask, did they take reasonable care
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法官們必須問的問題是，
他們有沒有採取合理的關照
他們有沒有採取合理的關照
08:18
and could they have reasonably foreseen
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以及他們是否能夠合理預測到
08:20
the consequences of their actions?
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行為的後果？
08:22
Far from signifying overbearing state power,
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不僅沒有顯示過強的政府力量
08:25
it's that small common sense test of reasonableness
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這是一個對合理性的常識小測試
08:28
that I'd like us to apply to those in the media
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我希望我們能將這個測試應用於媒體上
08:31
who, after all, set the tone and the content
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畢竟，媒體奠定了我們民主的
08:33
for much of our democratic discourse.
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大部份基調和內容。
08:36
Democracy, in order to work, requires that
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爲了讓民主發揮作用，
08:39
reasonable men and women take
the time to understand and debate
the time to understand and debate
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需要理性的民眾花時間理解並爭論
08:42
difficult, sometimes complex issues,
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那些困難而且有時很複雜的事務
08:44
and they do so in an atmosphere which strives
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他們需要在一個這樣的氛圍中進行：
08:47
for the type of understanding that leads to,
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這個環境下大家的理解是朝著
08:49
if not agreement, then at least a productive
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哪怕不是完全同意，但至少能
08:51
and workable compromise.
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達成一種有效又能執行的妥協。
08:54
Politics is about choices,
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政治是選擇
08:56
and within those choices, politics is about priorities.
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在這些選擇裡面，政治講的是優先權
09:00
It's about reconciling conflicting preferences
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政治是無論何時何地，只要有可能
09:02
wherever and whenever possibly based on fact.
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就在事實基礎上斡旋各種有衝突的選擇
09:08
But if the facts themselves are distorted,
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但是如果事實本身就是扭曲的
09:10
the resolutions are likely only
to create further conflict,
to create further conflict,
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解決方案很可能只能產生更多的矛盾
09:14
with all the stresses and strains on society
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而社會上的壓力和衝突
09:16
that inevitably follow.
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就不可避免的會跟著產生
09:18
The media have to decide:
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媒體需要決定：
09:20
Do they see their role as being to inflame
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他們視自己的角色是點燃衝突的人
09:23
or to inform?
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還是提供信息的人
09:25
Because in the end, it comes down to a combination
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因為到了最後，歸根結底是
09:28
of trust and leadership.
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信任和領導力的結合。
09:31
Fifty years ago this week,
President John F. Kennedy
President John F. Kennedy
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五十年前的這一週，約翰．甘迺迪總統
09:33
made two epoch-making speeches,
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作了兩個名留青史的演講
09:35
the first on disarmament
and the second on civil rights.
and the second on civil rights.
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第一個關於裁軍
第二個關於人權
第二個關於人權
09:38
The first led almost immediately
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第一個演講幾乎立刻導致
09:41
to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,
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《禁止核試驗條約》的誕生
09:42
and the second led to the 1964 Civil Rights Act,
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第二個演講帶來了 1964 年的人權法案
09:45
both of which represented giant leaps forward.
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這兩件事情都代表著巨大的進步
09:49
Democracy, well-led and well-informed,
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民主，在良好領導和充分的信息溝通下
09:51
can achieve very great things,
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能夠達成偉大的成就
09:54
but there's a precondition.
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但是這是有前提的
09:55
We have to trust that those making those decisions
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我們必須信任那些做決定的人
09:59
are acting in the best interest not of themselves
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是基於全人類的最大利益而非個人私利
10:01
but of the whole of the people.
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的前提下行動
10:03
We need factually-based options,
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我們需要基於事實的選項
10:06
clearly laid out,
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被清楚地列出來
10:07
not those of a few powerful
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而非少數幾個很有權力
10:09
and potentially manipulative corporations
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而且可能會操縱事實的機構
10:11
pursuing their own frequently narrow agendas,
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去尋求他們自己通常很淺薄的目的
10:13
but accurate, unprejudiced information
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我們需要精確公正的信息
10:16
with which to make our own judgments.
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在此基礎上做我們自己的判斷
10:18
If we want to provide decent, fulfilling lives
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如果我們想要為我們的子孫後代
10:20
for our children and our children's children,
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提供得體、有意義的生活
10:22
we need to exercise to the
very greatest degree possible
very greatest degree possible
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我們需要在最大程度上行使
10:25
that duty of care for a vibrant,
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對於這種活躍、希望也是持久的民主
10:27
and hopefully a lasting, democracy.
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的謹慎責任
10:30
Thank you very much for listening to me.
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謝謝你們聽我演講
10:32
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Puttnam - ProducerAfter a much-awarded career as a film producer, Lord David Puttnam now works at the intersection of education, media and policy.
Why you should listen
David Puttnam spent thirty years as an independent producer of award-winning films, including The Mission, The Killing Fields, Local Hero, Chariots of Fire, Midnight Express, Bugsy Malone and Memphis Belle. His films have won ten Oscars, 25 Baftas and the Palme D'Or at Cannes.
He retired from film production in 1998 to focus on his work in public policy as it relates to education, the environment, and the creative and communications industries. In 1998 he founded the National Teaching Awards, which he chaired until 2008, also serving as the first Chair of the General Teaching Council from 2000 to 2002. From July 2002 to July 2009 he was president of UNICEF UK, playing a key role in promoting UNICEF’s advocacy and awareness objectives.
David Puttnam | Speaker | TED.com