TED2017
Grace Kim: How cohousing can make us happier (and live longer)
葛雷絲金: 共宅如何讓我們更快樂（且長壽）
Filmed:
Readability: 4
2,237,287 views
寂寞並不見得是獨自一個人所造成。對建築師葛雷絲金而言，寂寞是我們感受到自己和身邊的人的社交連結度──而且它通常是由我們所居住的家所形成的結果。她分享了一項由來已久的孤離解藥：共宅，一種生活方式，人們選擇與其鄰居分享空間，並認識他們、照顧他們。透過這個讓人開眼界的演說，重新思考一下你的家、以及你如何生活在其中。
Grace Kim - Architect
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Loneliness.
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寂寞
00:15
All of us in this room
will experience loneliness
will experience loneliness
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在場的每一個人都會
在人生中的某個時點
在人生中的某個時點
00:17
at some point in our lives.
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經歷到寂寞
00:20
Loneliness is not
a function of being alone,
a function of being alone,
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寂寞並不是獨處的結果
00:22
but rather, a function
of how socially connected you are
of how socially connected you are
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相反，寂寞體現了你和身邊的人
00:25
to those around you.
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在社交層面上的連結有多強
00:27
There could be somebody
in this room right now
in this room right now
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現在這裡就可能有人
00:30
surrounded by a thousand people
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雖然被數以千計的人圍繞
00:31
experiencing loneliness.
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但卻經歷著寂寞
00:35
And while loneliness
can be attributed to many things,
can be attributed to many things,
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雖然造成寂寞的原因很多
00:38
as an architect,
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身為建築師
00:40
I'm going to tell you today
how loneliness can be the result
how loneliness can be the result
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今天我要告訴各位的是
我們建立的環境
我們建立的環境
00:43
of our built environments --
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我們選擇居住的家
00:45
the very homes we choose to live in.
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如何會造成寂寞
00:49
Let's take a look at this house.
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我們來看看這間房子
00:51
It's a nice house.
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這是間很棒的房子
00:52
There's a big yard, picket fence,
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有大庭院、尖木梉圍籬
00:55
two-car garage.
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可停兩台車的車庫
00:58
And the home might be
in a neighborhood like this.
in a neighborhood like this.
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它所處的街坊可能是這個樣子的
01:01
And for many people around the globe,
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對全球各地的許多人而言
01:04
this home, this neighborhood --
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這個家、這個街坊
01:07
it's a dream.
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是他們的夢想
01:09
And yet the danger of achieving this dream
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但，實現這個夢想的危險是
01:11
is a false sense of connection
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一種虛假的連結感
01:14
and an increase in social isolation.
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以及社會隔離增加
01:17
I know, I can hear you now,
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我知道，我能聽見
01:18
there's somebody in the room
screaming at me inside their head,
screaming at me inside their head,
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這裡有人在腦海中對我大叫：
01:22
"That's my house,
and that's my neighborhood,
and that's my neighborhood,
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「那是我的房子，那是我的街坊，
01:24
and I know everyone on my block!"
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且我認識我那個街區中的每個人！」
01:27
To which I would answer, "Terrific!"
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我對此的回答會是：「非常好！」
01:29
And I wish there were
more people like you,
more people like you,
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我希望能有更多人像你一樣
01:32
because I'd wager to guess
there's more people in the room
there's more people in the room
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因為我敢大膽猜測
在這裡有更多人
在這裡有更多人
01:35
living in a similar situation
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住在類似的地點
01:37
that might not know their neighbors.
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卻可能不認識他們的鄰居
01:39
They might recognize them and say hello,
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他們可能會認得鄰居並打招呼
01:42
but under their breath,
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但他們會偷偷地
01:45
they're asking their spouse,
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問另一半：
01:47
"What was their name again?"
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「能否再告訴我一次
他們叫什麼名字？」
他們叫什麼名字？」
01:49
so they can ask a question by name
to signify they know them.
to signify they know them.
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這樣他們才能
在問鄰居問題時加上名字
在問鄰居問題時加上名字
以顯示自己認得他們
01:55
Social media also contributes
to this false sense of connection.
to this false sense of connection.
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社交媒體也是這種虛假連結感的成因
01:59
This image is probably all too familiar.
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這張圖片可能非常眼熟
02:01
You're standing in the elevator,
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你站在電梯裡
02:03
sitting in a cafe,
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坐在咖啡廳中
02:04
and you look around,
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你看向四周
02:06
and everyone's on their phone.
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每個人都在用手機
02:09
You're not texting or checking Facebook,
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你沒有在傳訊息或是看臉書
02:11
but everyone else is,
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但其他所有人都在這麼做
02:12
and maybe, like me,
you've been in a situation
you've been in a situation
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也許，你們也有遇過
跟我一樣的情況
跟我一樣的情況
02:14
where you've made eye contact,
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當你和別人做眼神接觸時
02:16
smiled and said hello,
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你微笑並打招呼
02:19
and have that person
yank out their earbuds
yank out their earbuds
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而對方馬上扯下他的耳機
02:22
and say, "I'm sorry, what did you say?"
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說：「對不起，你剛剛說什麼？」
02:25
I find this incredibly isolating.
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我覺得這種狀況非常有孤離感
02:28
The concept I'd like
to share with you today
to share with you today
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今天我想呈現給大家的概念
02:30
is an antidote to isolation.
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是孤離的解藥
02:32
It's not a new concept.
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它不是個新概念
02:33
In fact, it's an age-old way of living,
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事實上，它是由來已久的生活方式
02:36
and it still exists in many
non-European cultures
non-European cultures
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它仍然存在於全世界許多
02:38
around the world.
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非歐洲文化中
02:40
And about 50 years ago,
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大約 50 年前
02:42
the Danes decided to make up a new name,
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丹麥人決定要為這個概念
造出一個新名字
造出一個新名字
02:45
and since then,
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此後
02:46
tens of thousands of Danish people
have been living in this connected way.
have been living in this connected way.
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數以萬計的丹麥人就一直沿襲
這種連結的方式生活著
這種連結的方式生活著
02:52
And it's being pursued
more widely around the globe
more widely around the globe
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而在全球有更多在尋求社區的人群
02:55
as people are seeking community.
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在追求這個概念
02:59
This concept
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這個概念
03:01
is cohousing.
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就是共宅（cohousing）
03:05
Cohousing is an intentional neighborhood
where people know each other
where people know each other
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共宅是一種有意圖的鄰坊
在這裡人們彼此認識
在這裡人們彼此認識
03:08
and look after one another.
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並彼此照顧
03:10
In cohousing, you have your own home,
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在共宅中，你有你自己的家
03:13
but you also share significant spaces,
both indoors and out.
both indoors and out.
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但大家也共享大量的
室內和室外空間
室內和室外空間
03:17
Before I show you
some pictures of cohousing,
some pictures of cohousing,
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在我給大家看一些共宅的照片之前
03:19
I'd like to first introduce you
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
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我想先介紹我的朋友席菈和史賓賽
03:22
When I first met Sheila and Spencer,
they were just entering their 60s,
they were just entering their 60s,
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我初次見到席菈和史賓賽時
他們才六十多歲
他們才六十多歲
03:26
and Spencer was looking ahead
at the end of a long career
at the end of a long career
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史賓賽在初等教育的職涯
03:29
in elementary education.
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即將告一段落
03:30
And he really disliked the idea
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他真的很不希望
03:32
that he might not have
children in his life
children in his life
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在退休時他的人生中
03:35
upon retirement.
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沒有任何孩子
03:39
They're now my neighbors.
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他們現在是我的鄰居
03:40
We live in a cohousing community
that I not only designed,
that I not only designed,
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我們住在一個
03:43
but developed
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融入了我建築實踐的
03:44
and have my architecture practice in.
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由我設計和開發的社區
03:47
This community is very intentional
about our social interactions.
about our social interactions.
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這個社區很注重社交互動
03:50
So let me take you on a tour.
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讓我帶大家逛一圈
03:53
From the outside, we look like
any other small apartment building.
any other small apartment building.
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從外觀來看，我們和
任何其他公寓建築沒兩樣
任何其他公寓建築沒兩樣
03:56
In fact, we look identical
to the one next door,
to the one next door,
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事實上，我們和隔壁棟一模一樣
03:59
except that we're bright yellow.
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只差在我們的顏色是亮黃色
04:02
Inside, the homes are fairly conventional.
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這些家的內部都很傳統
04:04
We all have living rooms and kitchens,
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我們都有客廳、廚房
04:07
bedrooms and baths,
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臥房、浴室
04:09
and there are nine of these homes
around a central courtyard.
around a central courtyard.
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在中央天井周圍
有九間這樣子的家
有九間這樣子的家
04:12
This one's mine,
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這間是我的
04:14
and this one is Spencer and Sheila's.
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這間是席菈和史賓賽的
04:16
The thing that makes this building
uniquely cohousing
uniquely cohousing
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這棟大樓之所以是獨特的共宅
04:19
are not the homes,
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關鍵不是在這些家
04:21
but rather, what happens here --
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而是在這裡
04:24
the social interactions that happen
in and around that central courtyard.
in and around that central courtyard.
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在中央天井中以及其周圍
所發生的社交互動
所發生的社交互動
04:28
When I look across the courtyard,
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當我看向天井的另一邊
04:30
I look forward to see Spencer and Sheila.
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我會期待看到席菈和史賓賽
04:32
In fact, every morning,
this is what I see,
this is what I see,
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事實上，每天早上
我看到的都是這個畫面
我看到的都是這個畫面
04:34
Spencer waving at me furiously
as we're making our breakfasts.
as we're making our breakfasts.
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我們在做早餐時
史賓賽會向我猛揮手
史賓賽會向我猛揮手
04:39
From our homes, we look down
into the courtyard,
into the courtyard,
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從我們的家
向下可看到天井內部
向下可看到天井內部
04:42
and depending on the time of year,
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每年不同時候看到的會有所不同
04:43
we see this:
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我們會看到這些：
04:45
kids and grownups in various combinations
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小孩跟大人打成一片
04:48
playing and hanging out with each other.
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他們在一起玩樂，一起打發時間
04:51
There's a lot of giggling and chatter.
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充滿著歡聲笑語
04:53
There's a lot of hula-hooping.
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有很多人玩呼啦圈
04:56
And every now and then,
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
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偶爾，會有「嘿！別再打我了！」
05:00
or a cry from one of the kids.
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或是其中一個孩子的一聲大叫
05:02
These are the sounds of our daily lives,
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這些，是我們日常生活的聲音
05:05
and the sounds of social connectedness.
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也是社交連結的聲音
05:08
At the bottom of the courtyard,
there are a set of double doors,
there are a set of double doors,
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在天井底部，有一組雙開的門
05:11
and those lead into the common house.
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那些門通往公用房
05:14
I consider the common house
the secret sauce of cohousing.
the secret sauce of cohousing.
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我把公用房視為是共宅的秘製醬料
05:18
It's the secret sauce
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之所以說它是秘製醬料
05:19
because it's the place
where the social interactions
where the social interactions
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是因為社交互動和社區生活
05:22
and community life begin,
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是以它為源頭
05:25
and from there, it radiates out
through the rest of the community.
through the rest of the community.
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輻射至社區的其餘地方
05:31
Inside our common house,
we have a large dining room
we have a large dining room
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在我們的公用房中
有一個大型的餐廳
有一個大型的餐廳
05:34
to seat all 28 of us and our guests,
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能容得下我們全部 28 人和客人
05:36
and we dine together three times a week.
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我們一週有三次一起吃飯
05:40
In support of those meals,
we have a large kitchen
we have a large kitchen
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我們有個大型的廚房以供應餐點
05:42
so that we can take turns
cooking for each other
cooking for each other
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那我們就能以三人為一組
05:45
in teams of three.
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輪流為彼此下廚
05:46
So that means, with 17 adults,
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我們有 17 個成人，就意味著
05:50
I lead cook once every six weeks.
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每六週我就要主導一次下廚
05:52
Two other times, I show up
and help my team
and help my team
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另外兩次，我會出席並協助
05:54
with the preparation and cleanup.
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負責事前準備和事後清理
05:56
And all those other nights,
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剩下其他的晚上
05:58
I just show up.
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我只要出席就好
06:00
I have dinner, talk with my neighbors,
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我吃晚餐，和鄰居聊天
06:02
and I go home, having been fed
a delicious meal
a delicious meal
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在飽餐了由一頓關心我的人所煮的
06:05
by someone who cares
about my vegetarian preferences.
about my vegetarian preferences.
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美味食物之後，回家
06:11
Our nine families
have intentionally chosen
have intentionally chosen
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我們的九個家庭，是刻意選擇
06:13
an alternative way of living.
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這一種生活方式的
06:15
Instead of pursuing the American dream,
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我們並不追求
06:17
where we might have been isolated
in our single-family homes,
in our single-family homes,
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可能會被隔離在
自己單一家庭的美國夢
自己單一家庭的美國夢
06:20
we instead chose cohousing,
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相反，我們選擇共宅
06:23
so that we can increase
our social connections.
our social connections.
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這樣我們才能增加我們的社交連結
06:26
And that's how cohousing starts:
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共宅就是這麼開始的
06:28
with a shared intention
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有一個共同的意圖
06:29
to live collaboratively.
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想要以協作方式過生活
06:31
And intention is the single most
important characteristic
important characteristic
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區分共宅與其他住房模型
06:34
that differentiates cohousing
from any other housing model.
from any other housing model.
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最重要的特徵，就是意圖
06:38
And while intention is difficult to see
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雖然意圖很難被看見
06:40
or even show,
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甚至很難呈現
06:42
I'm an architect, and I can't help
but show you more pictures.
but show you more pictures.
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但我是個建築師
我忍不住想讓你們看更多照片
我忍不住想讓你們看更多照片
06:45
So here are a few examples to illustrate
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這裡有幾個例子，可以說明
06:47
how intention has been expressed
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在我所造訪的一些社區中
06:50
in some of the communities I've visited.
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意圖是如何被表達出來的
06:54
Through the careful
selection of furniture,
selection of furniture,
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通過細心挑選、以便共同用餐的
06:56
lighting and acoustic materials
to support eating together;
to support eating together;
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傢具、照明、以及隔音材料
07:02
in the careful visual location
and visual access
and visual access
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精心設計的視覺位置和視覺門徑
07:05
to kids' play areas around
and inside the common house;
and inside the common house;
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通往公共房屋內外的兒童遊樂區
07:11
in the consideration of scale
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考量社區內部及周圍的
07:13
and distribution of social gathering nodes
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社交聚集點其規模以及分佈
07:16
in and around the community
to support our daily lives,
to support our daily lives,
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以滿足我們日常生活需要
07:19
all of these spaces help
contribute to and elevate
contribute to and elevate
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所有這些空間都協助促成
07:23
the sense of communitas
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及提升每個社區中的
07:24
in each community.
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交融感 (communitas)
07:27
What was that word? "Communitas."
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「交融」這個詞是什麼意思？
07:30
Communitas is a fancy social science way
of saying "spirit of community."
of saying "spirit of community."
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交融就是「社區精神」的酷炫說法
07:35
And in visiting
over 80 different communities,
over 80 different communities,
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我造訪了超過八十個不同的社區
07:38
my measure of communitas became:
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我對於交融度的衡量方式變成是：
07:40
How frequently did residents eat together?
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居民有多常在一起吃飯？
07:44
While it's completely up to each group
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不過他們多常一起吃飯
07:46
how frequently they have common meals,
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會因不同群體而異
07:50
I know some that have eaten together
every single night
every single night
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我認識一些持續四十年
07:53
for the past 40 years.
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每晚都跟別人一起吃飯的人
07:56
I know others
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我也認識一些人
07:58
that have an occasional potluck
once or twice a month.
once or twice a month.
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一個月會有一、兩次的聚餐
08:01
And from my observations, I can tell you,
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根據我的觀察，我可以告訴各位
08:03
those that eat together more frequently,
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比較常與人一起吃飯的人
08:05
exhibit higher levels of communitas.
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會展現出比較高的交融度
08:10
It turns out, when you eat together,
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結果發現，當大家一起吃飯時
08:12
you start planning
more activities together.
more activities together.
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就會規劃更多一起做的活動
08:16
When you eat together,
you share more things.
you share more things.
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一起吃飯時會分享更多事
08:18
You start to watch each other's kids.
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你們會開始幫彼此顧孩子
08:20
You lend our your power tools.
You borrow each other's cars.
You borrow each other's cars.
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你把你的電動工具借出去
你們借用彼此的汽車
你們借用彼此的汽車
08:23
And despite all this,
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儘管如此
08:25
as my daughter loves to say,
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如同我女兒很愛說的
08:27
everything is not rainbows
and unicorns in cohousing,
and unicorns in cohousing,
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在共宅中的一切
並不是彩虹和獨角獸
並不是彩虹和獨角獸
08:31
and I'm not best friends
with every single person in my community.
with every single person in my community.
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我不能與我社區中每個人都成為好友
08:35
We even have differences and conflicts.
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我們甚至會有歧見和衝突
08:39
But living in cohousing,
we're intentional about our relationships.
we're intentional about our relationships.
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但住在共宅中
我們對於彼此的關係是有意圖的
08:43
We're motivated
to resolve our differences.
to resolve our differences.
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我們會有動機要化解我們的歧見
08:47
We follow up, we check in,
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我們採取進一步行動，我們溝通
08:49
we speak our personal truths
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我們說出我們個人的實話
08:51
and, when appropriate,
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並在適當時機
08:53
we apologize.
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我們會道歉
08:55
Skeptics will say that cohousing
is only interesting or attractive
is only interesting or attractive
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懷疑論者會說
只有一小群人會覺得共宅
只有一小群人會覺得共宅
09:00
to a very small group of people.
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是有趣且有吸引力的
09:02
And I'll agree with that.
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我同意那個說法
09:04
If you look at Western cultures
around the globe,
around the globe,
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如果你看看全球的西方文化
09:07
those living in cohousing
are just a fractional percent.
are just a fractional percent.
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住在共宅的人佔的百分比很低
09:10
But that needs to change,
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但那必須要改變
09:13
because our very lives depend upon it.
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因為那關係到我們的生命
09:16
In 2015, Brigham Young University
completed a study
completed a study
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在 2015 年
楊百翰大學完成了一項研究
楊百翰大學完成了一項研究
09:20
that showed a significant
increase risk of premature death
increase risk of premature death
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指出獨自居住者的提早死亡風險
09:25
in those who were living in isolation.
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有明顯增加
09:28
The US Surgeon General
has declared isolation
has declared isolation
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美國衛生局局長聲名
將孤離納入為一種公共衛生流行病
09:31
to be a public health epidemic.
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09:33
And this epidemic
is not restricted to the US alone.
is not restricted to the US alone.
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而這項流行病並不只會在美國發生
09:39
So when I said earlier
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所以我先前才會說
09:41
that cohousing
is an antidote to isolation,
is an antidote to isolation,
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共宅是孤離的解藥
09:45
what I should have said
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我其實應該要說
09:47
is that cohousing can save your life.
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共宅能救你一命
09:52
If I was a doctor, I would tell you
to take two aspirin,
to take two aspirin,
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如果我是醫生
我會告訴你吃兩顆阿斯匹靈
我會告訴你吃兩顆阿斯匹靈
09:55
and call me in the morning.
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早上再打電話給我
09:58
But as an architect,
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但身為建築師
09:59
I'm going to suggest
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
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我的建議是，和你的鄰居去散步
10:02
share a meal together,
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一起吃頓飯
10:05
and call me in 20 years.
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20 年後再打電話給我
10:08
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
10:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Grace Kim - ArchitectGrace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities.
Why you should listen
Grace H. Kim is an architect and co-founding principal of Schemata Workshop, an award-winning, 16-person architectural practice with a keen focus on building community and social equity. She brings innovative ideas to her projects that merge client goals and sustainability measures -- such as urban agriculture, modular construction, and a focus on building community.
Kim is also the founder of Capitol Hill Urban Cohousing, a collaborative residential community that includes her street-level office and a rooftop urban farm. She walks the talk of sustainability -- leaving a small ecological footprint while incorporating holistic ideals of social and economic resilience into her daily life.
Grace Kim | Speaker | TED.com