TEDxOilSpill
Susan Shaw: The oil spill's toxic trade-off
Susan Shaw 談論：石油洩漏的毒害代價
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負責清理油污的總監說：分解浮油，讓它遠離海岸。於是將有毒的分散劑倒入墨西哥灣，但Susan Shaw展示證據說明這只能拯救部份海岸，而且必須付出傷害深海生物健康的毀滅性代價。
Susan Shaw - Marine toxicologist
Susan Shaw is an internationally recognized marine toxicologist, author and explorer. Full bio
Susan Shaw is an internationally recognized marine toxicologist, author and explorer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I am a marine toxicologist,
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我是一個海洋毒物學家，
00:17
and I've been very, very concerned about the Gulf,
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我非常非常擔心墨西哥灣，
00:20
particularly about the massive applications
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尤其是大量使用那些
00:23
of the toxic dispersants,
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有毒的分散劑，
00:25
the Corexits.
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叫做 Corexit。
00:27
I've been working on ocean pollution
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我致力於解決海洋污染問題
00:29
for quite a long time --
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已經有很長一段時間了 --
00:31
the impacts on marine life and particularly the impacts
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研究污染對於海洋生命的衝擊，特別是對於那些
00:34
on marine mammals.
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海洋哺乳類動物的衝擊問題。
00:36
As it turns out, marine mammals
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結果，這些海洋哺乳類動物
00:38
are at the top of this food chain
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是在整個食物鏈的最上層，
00:40
that we're pouring millions of tons
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而我們每年都會
00:43
of toxic substances into
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將上百萬噸的毒害物質
00:45
every year.
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倒進海洋裡面，
00:47
And they are showing the signs of this.
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而現在，種種跡象正慢慢浮現。
00:50
I'm sorry to have a sad slide like this,
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我很抱歉放這個令人難過的投影片，
00:52
but not everything is all that happy,
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可是不是每件事都是令人開心的，
00:55
especially in my work.
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尤其是在我的工作項目裡。
00:59
They are loaded
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在它們的體內，
01:01
with toxic chemicals in their body,
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含有許多的有毒化學物質，
01:03
hundreds of compounds,
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幾百種化學成份，
01:05
all kinds of compounds -- it's staggering.
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有各種的成份 -- 這是很驚人的 。
01:07
And they're dying off rather regularly,
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它們因此大量的死亡，
01:09
tens of thousands around the world.
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全世界有成千上萬的死亡量。
01:12
It's predicted they may go extinct --
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專家估計，在未來30年內 --
01:14
about a third of them --
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大約有 1/3 的數量 --
01:16
within about 30 years.
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會從這個世界上消失。
01:18
So my project is along the Northwest Atlantic.
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我的專案是沿著西北大西洋進行。
01:21
It's called Seals as Sentinels.
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專案名稱為 "以海豹作為哨兵"。
01:23
We're tracking pollution
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我們追蹤食物鏈最上層的污染狀況，
01:25
at the top of the food web, in marine mammals and fish.
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主要針對海洋哺乳類動物以及魚類。
01:28
It's a region-wide,
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這是一項跨區域的
01:30
eco-toxicological investigation.
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生態毒性調查研究。
01:33
We're looking at a lot of compounds,
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我們研究很多種化學成份，
01:35
but recently been quite interested in
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不過最近對於防火材料特別感興趣，
01:37
the flame retardants, the brominated flame retardants
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那種由溴化物製成的防火材料，
01:40
that are in many, many things
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存在於許多東西中，
01:42
that we use in our everyday life,
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都是我們日常生活每天會使用的東西，
01:44
from the cushions in the chairs
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從我們用平常
01:46
we're all sitting on
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坐的椅墊，
01:48
to the plastic casings of our computers,
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到電腦或電視機
01:51
our television sets and so on.
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的塑膠外殼都有。
01:53
So we are tracking
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我們在追蹤
01:55
how do these things get from
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這些東西到底是怎麼從
01:57
the products into the ocean,
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這些產品跑到海洋裡，
01:59
which is the final sink for them.
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海洋變成了最後的污水槽。
02:01
And there's quite a complicated pathway for that
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關於這個，有一條非常複雜的途徑。
02:04
because, as these products age,
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因為，當我們使用這些產品一陣子以後，
02:06
they get concentrated in dust,
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他們就會變得老舊，
02:08
and then they also get thrown out, so they go to the landfills.
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接著就被我們丟棄，送到垃圾掩埋場去。
02:11
They wind up in waste water treatment plants.
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它們最後會跑到廢水處理廠去。
02:14
As you all know, we throw out billions
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你知道的，我們每年會丟棄
02:16
of computers and TVs every year.
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數十億台電腦和電視。
02:18
And those go to e-waste dumps.
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它們會被送到電子廢棄物垃圾場，
02:20
And all that gets into surface waters,
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然後全都跑進地表污水，
02:22
eventually reaching the ocean, the final sink.
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最後會進入海洋中，那個最後的污水槽裡。
02:24
So, in our study,
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所以，在我們的研究中，
02:26
we did find quite high levels, as we expected,
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如我們預期的，我們確實在麻斑海豹的體內
02:29
of these flame retardants in the harbor seals' bodies.
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發現很高含量的防火材料。
02:32
And we reported this.
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於是我們將這件事公佈出來，
02:34
It led to a ban of this neuro-toxic flame retardant
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結果讓 Deca 這種具有神經毒性的防火材料
02:37
called Deca in Maine, where I am based,
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在我所在的緬因州被禁止使用，
02:40
and also then a phase-out,
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而在去年底，
02:42
U.S.-wide, at the end of last year.
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那東西在全美國都不准使用。
02:45
But we said, well, on the bright side,
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我們說，好吧，從好的一面來看，
02:47
our harbor seals at least will not be
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至少我們的麻班海豹
02:49
bursting into flame anytime soon.
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不會被火燒掉。
02:53
So then I got really curious,
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身為一個毒物學家，
02:55
myself, as a toxicologist,
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我對體內的毒物含量感到好奇，
02:57
and I donated some blood to my lab
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我捐了一點血給我的實驗室，
02:59
and said, "Okay, let's do it."
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然後說，"好吧，我們來分析看看。"
03:01
Well, we detected 113 different compounds
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結果，我們在我的血液裡面
03:04
in my blood.
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偵測到 113 種化學成份。
03:06
And I must say, if any of you would have this done,
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我必須告訴大家，如果你們有人想做這個分析，
03:09
you'd probably find a similar profile,
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你大概會得到類似的結果，
03:11
or cocktail, as they call it.
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像雞尾酒一樣(很多東西混在一起)。
03:13
But I was the recipient
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一定有某種原因
03:16
of a lot of flame retardant material for some reason.
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讓我成為防火材料的接收者，
03:19
And just to point out the levels --
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看看這些含量 --
03:22
Americans have 10 to 40 times higher
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美國人體內所具有的防火材料成份含量，
03:25
levels of these compounds in our bodies
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比起歐洲人來說
03:27
than the Europeans.
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高出 10~40 倍。
03:29
Why? Because we are flame-retarding everything,
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為什麼? 因為我們什麼都要用防火材料，
03:32
and we have weak regulations
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我們對於毒化物質
03:34
for toxic chemicals.
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沒有很強力的管制。
03:36
But lo and behold, I'm one of the high-end individuals.
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但是看吧，我是最高含量的一員，
03:39
Lucky me.
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我真幸運。
03:41
But then I thought,
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不過，後來我想，
03:43
well, in case of a fire, I might be the last one to ignite.
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好吧，當火災發生時，我說不定是最後一個著火的人。
03:46
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:49
So anyway, here's the problem --
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無論如何，現在有個問題 --
03:51
and it is a problem that we're looking at in the Gulf today --
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就是我們目前在墨西哥灣所面對的問題 --
03:54
we're not regulating chemicals in this country properly.
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我們國家對於化學物質管制並不夠確實，
03:57
We're hardly regulating them at all.
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我們根本很難去管制它們，
04:00
And we're letting industry run the show.
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我們只能眼看這些業者作戲。
04:02
And Jackie Savitz spoke this morning
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Jackie Savitz 今天早上的演說，
04:04
about Big Oil
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談到了這個大量漏油問題
04:06
and the propaganda
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以及石油公司的宣傳，
04:08
and how we're all brainwashed
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讓我們知道我們是怎麼被
04:11
with their, you know, lies and so forth.
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他們的那些謊話所洗腦。
04:14
Well, Big Chemical
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嗯，我們在這裡所談的
04:16
is what we're dealing with here.
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是大量的化學物質，
04:18
And they're allowed to keep trade secrets,
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而他們的商業機密是被保障的，
04:20
so they don't even give the ingredients out.
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所以他們連成份都不肯說，
04:23
Plus they don't give health and safety data,
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甚至他們連健康與安全資料也不給，
04:25
so, consequently, they cannot be regulated
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結果，他們在進入市場前
04:28
before they go to market.
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是完全無法被管制的。
04:31
So it's a case of innocent until proven guilty.
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任何人在被證明有罪之前都是清白的，
04:34
The burden of proof is not on the producer.
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但製造商並不需要負舉證責任。
04:37
So I then was invited to go
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所以我在五月份被邀請
04:39
to the Gulf in May.
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去了墨西哥灣，
04:41
I went down there on
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我跑到海底
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a preliminary investigation
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去進行初步調查研究，
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to look into dispersants
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來找出分散劑，
04:47
and how they're going into the water column and so forth.
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以及它們是如何進入水域內等。
04:49
And I was told that I was
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而我被告知
04:51
the only toxicologist to date
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我是有史以來頭一個
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who was dumb enough to get into the water,
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笨到想進入水中的毒物學家，
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but I did.
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但是我確實這麼做了。
04:58
And we dove in the slick
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我們沒穿戴任何毒化物防護裝備，
05:00
without even HazMat gear.
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直接潛入浮油層下面，
05:03
And I did get sick.
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結果我生病了。
05:06
I got a ferocious sore throat two days later.
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兩天後我的喉嚨痛得厲害，
05:09
I felt like my throat was on fire.
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我覺得喉嚨就像有火在燒一樣，
05:12
But it did pass.
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不過後來好了。
05:14
And what I did see in the water as we went down,
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當我們潛到海底，我看見了
05:17
what really shocked me -- and it's haunted me ever since --
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令我非常驚訝的景象--之後還常常出現在我的腦海裡--
05:20
because I could see the droplets of oil dispersing.
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因為我可以看見許多小油滴正在分散，
05:23
And as you go down, they're catching all kinds of plankton,
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愈潛到海底，就愈能看到他們正影響著
05:26
bumping into,
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各種浮游生物，
05:28
you know, little wisps of life
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要知道，這些纖細的小生命
05:30
that are the food for the planktivores,
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是那些濾食性魚類的食物，
05:33
the herring kind of fish.
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例如鯡魚(鯖魚)之類的魚。
05:36
And you could just see the web of death
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當你潛入水底，進到這塊水域時，
05:38
as you go down in the water column.
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你可以看見死亡的食物鏈。
05:40
Well, you know, we got into this
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要知道，我們進到海底那時，
05:42
in the beginning
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正是他們開始
05:44
as a trade-off, they say,
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討論要救陸上的沼澤，
05:46
between the wetlands versus the ocean depth.
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還是要救深海的時候。
05:49
And I didn't agree with that
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我當時不同意他們做的決定，
05:51
decision at the time; I still don't.
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我現在仍然不同意。
05:53
The decision was to protect the marshes.
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他們選擇保護陸上的沼澤。
05:56
When the oil gets into the marshes, you can't get it out.
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當油污進入沼澤時，你不可能把它除去。
05:59
And as you know, there's been a very weak response,
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你知道，他們一直都沒作什麼回應，
06:01
up until recently,
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直到最近才有動作，
06:03
to actually collect the oil.
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開始真正的在收集漏油。
06:05
It's gotten much more aggressive.
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狀況越來越糟糕了。
06:07
This is an Exxon slide showing what happens,
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Exxon(埃克森美孚公司)提出的投影片，
06:10
the scenario and the trade-off.
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說明了現在的狀況，以及可能的選擇。
06:12
So this shows oil on the surface.
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這表示漏油正在海面上，
06:14
You can see it getting up into the mangrove,
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你可以看見它逐漸進入紅樹林中，
06:17
but it is not harming the corals
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但是這樣並不會傷害珊瑚，
06:20
or the sea grass, right.
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或是海草。對吧?
06:22
So here we have the other scenario.
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這裡是另一種狀況，
06:25
If you disperse, the sea grass and the corals
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如果使用分散劑，會對海草與珊瑚
06:27
are getting hit pretty hard,
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造成嚴重的衝擊，
06:29
but you're saving the mangrove.
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但是你可以拯救紅樹林。
06:31
So this, to me, is like going to the eye doctor, okay?
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對我來說，這就像是眼科醫生常問你的，
06:34
Is it better with one or two?
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你覺得一隻眼睛比較清楚還是兩隻眼睛比較清楚?
06:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:39
The problem is that we have
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問題是我們目前遇到的是
06:41
released so darn much of this stuff,
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有那麼大量的漏油，
06:43
we're climbing up to two million gallons
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目前仍在持續快速增加，
06:46
very quickly.
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就快要到 200 萬加侖了。
06:49
And then there's the problem of the plumes.
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接下來還有熱柱(與火山活動有關)問題。
06:52
What plumes?
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熱柱?
06:54
It turns out there are plumes.
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獨立研究機構發現
06:57
Independent researchers found that.
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熱柱出現了。
06:59
And then there's the looming,
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接下來還出現了蜃景，
07:02
messy problem of human health,
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還有對人類健康很不利的問題也出現了，
07:04
reported human health effects.
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已有研究報告指出這類健康問題。
07:06
And actually, one of our federal officials
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事實上，有一位聯邦官員曾說過，
07:08
said that it was probably heat stress. So ...
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這只是熱應力所造成的現象。所以 ...
07:13
Having been in that water
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對於曾經進入那水裡的我，
07:15
just for the short time I was there,
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雖然只是短時間，
07:17
I can tell you, it is not heat stress.
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我可以告訴你，那不是熱應力。
07:19
There are volumes of volatile
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那兒有大量的
07:21
petroleum fumes coming off that water,
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石油揮發氣體從水中散出，
07:24
plus the Corexit,
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另外還要加上
07:26
which has solvent in it.
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已經溶在裡面的 Corexit (分散劑)。
07:28
So it is not at all rational.
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所以這一點都不合理。
07:31
So what do we have? The BP show is going on.
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那麼，那到底是什麼? BP 公司仍然在演戲。
07:34
Our officials complained about Corexit,
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雖然我們的官員針對 Corexit 提出抱怨，
07:37
which is the most toxic
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因為那是在分散劑中
07:40
line of dispersants.
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毒性最強的物質。
07:42
But heck, they're still using it,
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但是，很可惡，他們仍然在使用它啊，
07:44
and they used the most toxic one, the 9527,
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以前毒性最強的那個 9527，
07:47
until they ran out of supplies.
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也是直到他們用完了才停止使用。
07:50
Now they're on 9500.
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現在他們改用 9500。
07:52
9527 had 2-butoxyethanol in it
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9527 含有乙二醇單丁醚，
07:55
that causes internal bleeding.
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這會造成體內出血，
07:58
We know that from the Exxon Valdez spill, by the way.
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我們是從上次埃克森美孚公司漏油事件中知道這件事。
08:01
So what we're doing, we're putting compounds
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所以我們正在做的，是將含有石油溶劑的物質
08:04
with petroleum solvents onto a petroleum spill.
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倒進洩漏出來的石油裡。
08:07
Does this make sense?
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這有意義嗎?
08:09
So this is the way it works.
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這就是現況。
08:11
And I want to show you this cute little thing that happens here.
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我想讓大家看看這種小巧的東西。
08:14
It's a micelle.
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這是膠粒，
08:16
Micelles form around the oil.
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膠粒會在油的周圍集結。
08:19
And what happens first
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首先，
08:21
is the solvents break into the oil,
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溶劑會跑進油裡，
08:23
the lipid membrane,
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而脂質薄膜，
08:25
they let the surfactants in there.
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則會讓介面活性劑跑進去。
08:27
The surfactants -- which are like things
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介面活性劑 -- 就像是
08:29
we use on fast food wrappers --
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我們用來包速食的紙 --
08:31
they grab around the droplets of oil,
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它們會把一小滴的油團團圍住，
08:33
and they make little, tiny droplets
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形成小小的液滴，
08:35
with nice, little
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外面包覆著
08:37
surfactant edges to them.
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介面活性劑。
08:39
The thing to remember about the micelles --
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關於這些膠粒，要記住的是 --
08:42
these little floating
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這些有毒、懸浮著的
08:44
globules of toxin --
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小水珠 --
08:46
is they are there to deliver.
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就是靠這些膠粒在傳遞。
08:48
They're like the FedEx guys.
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它們就像是快遞一樣。
08:50
And if you're a fish,
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如果你是一隻魚，
08:52
and you haven't gotten your glob in the morning,
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就算早上沒有吃到這個水珠，
08:54
you're going to get it in the afternoon,
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下午也會吃到，
08:56
because they've got your number.
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因為它們已經幫你準備好了。
08:58
So from a toxicology perspective,
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所以從毒物學的角度來看，
09:01
this is really awful
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這是很可怕的一件事，
09:03
because Corexit and the dispersed oil
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一旦Corexit和這些擴散開的油結合起來，
09:06
are much more toxic together
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其毒性將比二者分別獨立存在時
09:08
than either alone.
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還要更強。
09:10
And usually the exposure
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而且通常被發現時，
09:12
is a combined exposure.
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都是一起被發現的。
09:14
The dispersants -- as I was saying --
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這些分散劑 -- 如先前所說 --
09:17
their job is to break down
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它們的任務是將
09:19
the lipid membrane.
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脂質薄膜給分解掉，
09:21
The solvents in them do that very efficiently.
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分散劑內含的溶劑相當有效率。
09:24
So they break down
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而當它們在我們的體內
09:26
lipid membranes in our body,
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將脂質薄膜分解時，
09:28
starting with cells of the skin,
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會從我們的表皮的細胞
09:30
the cells of organs.
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以及器官的細胞開始分解，
09:32
So it actually hastens
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然後很輕易並迅速地
09:34
oil getting into the body
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促使油滴跑進
09:36
easily and readily.
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身體內部。
09:38
Oil contains hundreds of hydrocarbon compounds
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油滴含有數百種碳氫化合物
09:41
and other compounds
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以及其他成份，
09:43
that are toxic to every organ in the body.
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這些對於身體器官都是有毒的物質。
09:46
And so with the dispersants combined,
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加上分散劑聯手以後，
09:48
you have this very synergistic
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你就會得到加成效應的
09:50
combined toxicity.
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毒害影響。
09:53
Corexit also contains petroleum solvents
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Corexit 也含有石油溶劑
09:55
and many other toxic compounds.
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以及許多其他有害的成份。
09:57
And I'm part of a chat group,
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我是某個談話組織的成員，
09:59
which is a national group
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那是一個包含著毒物學家
10:02
of toxicologists and chemists
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與化學家的國際團體，
10:05
that are, you know, basically
247
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基本上是在研究
10:07
turning cartwheels trying to figure out what's in this stuff,
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這些毒物裡究竟含有哪些成份，
10:10
and what is it doing and what are the interactions
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以及它的影響性，還有這些化學物質
10:13
of these chemicals, most of which we don't know,
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會產生什麼交互作用，不過大部分我們都還不知道，
10:16
and what are their byproducts,
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還有它們的副產物會是什麼，
10:18
which are usually more toxic than the parent compound.
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通常這些副產物會比本來的東西還要更毒。
10:21
So we did find that Corexit 9500
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所以呢，我們發現了 Corexit 9500
10:23
contains heavy metals, arsenic and chromium --
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包含了重金屬，砷和鉻 --
10:26
arsenic at high enough levels
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砷在高含量的時候
10:29
to have cancer-causing effects.
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會有致癌的影響性。
10:33
So this is what we have to look at,
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所以這是我們正在觀察的，
10:36
these, you know, ridiculous safety data sheets,
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你知道嗎?這些可笑的安全資料表
10:39
which have nothing on them much.
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裡面幾乎沒提到什麼。
10:42
And now they were forced to release the ultimate list
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現在他們被強迫釋出
10:45
of everything that's in Corexit.
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Corexit 所有成份清單。
10:48
And guess what,
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猜猜結果如何?
10:50
tons of stuff is missing.
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少了一大堆東西。
10:52
Derivatives, derivatives, these are whole big groups
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衍生物，衍生物，這些都是
10:55
of many, many compounds, these sorbitans.
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化學合成物質，以及這些山梨糖醇酐。
10:58
And then you get down to the petroleum distillates,
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而當你往下看到石油蒸餾物時，
11:00
which are the solvents,
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也就是那些溶劑，
11:02
hundreds of them.
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它們有上百種，
11:04
They are not identified. And why?
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但沒有明確寫出來，為什麼呢?
11:07
Trade secrets again.
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又是商業機密。
11:09
BP's running the show,
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BP 還在演戲，
11:11
and the Nalco company, this is all they have to do.
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還有 Nalco公司(生產Corexit)，這是他們必須做的事。
11:14
So far these ingredients have not been released,
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目前為止，這些成份還沒被公佈出來，
11:17
and toxicologists are actually going nuts
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毒物學家們都快瘋了，
11:20
because we cannot predict with certainty
275
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因為我們沒辦法準確去預測
11:23
what the interactions
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有哪些交互作用
11:25
and toxic results are going to be.
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以及毒害影響將會發生。
11:27
But we do have quite a lot at risk
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不過我們可以確知，
11:29
down there, as we all know,
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海底下有著很大的危機存在。
11:31
the 33 wildlife refuges,
280
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第33號野生動物保護區，
11:34
so much wildlife
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有那麼多的野生動物，
11:36
and fish and diversity.
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魚類，以及許多其他的物種。
11:38
So we know from previous spills.
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我們從上一次的漏油事件可以知道一些事，
11:40
And then part of this is just
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但這部份對我來說，
11:42
part of my bad dreams.
285
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則是我的惡夢之一，
11:44
And I appreciate being able
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我很感激有這個機會，
11:46
to vent some of my
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能夠將我的痛苦
11:48
anguish upon you.
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宣洩給各位知道。
11:50
What we do know is that the corals are going to get hit hard.
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我們知道的是，珊瑚礁會受到嚴重的衝擊。
11:54
And this is a study that was done
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這是一個在澳洲海岸
11:56
on the Australian coast,
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所進行的研究調查，
11:58
the coast of Tasmania.
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那是在塔斯馬尼亞海岸。
12:01
Corals are, you know, the home to
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你知道的，珊瑚礁是
12:03
about a quarter of all marine species.
294
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1/4 海洋生物的家。
12:05
And with the Corexit
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當有 Corexit
12:08
and the oil,
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以及油存在時，
12:10
there's zero percent fertilization.
297
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受精的機率是0。
12:13
With oil alone, there's 98 percent fertilization.
298
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只有油存在時，受精的機率是98%。
12:16
So they're a very sensitive species
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所以，珊瑚對於Corexit和油結合所產生的影響，
12:18
to this combo.
300
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是很敏感的。
12:20
Here's another group.
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這是另外一群生物。
12:22
I could see myself easily in the water column.
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在水域之中，我可以很容易辨識出它們。
12:25
The plankton and the plankton eaters,
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那些浮游生物以及浮游生物的掠食者，
12:27
you know, these are the little herring fish
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你知道的，就是那些魚(鯖魚)，
12:29
that go through the water column with their mouths open,
305
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當它們張開嘴經過這片水域，
12:32
feeding indiscriminately
306
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任意的覓食，
12:34
and just lapping up
307
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於是就吃下這些
12:36
this brown pudding of toxic stuff.
308
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毒性物作成的棕色布丁。
12:40
And we do know from other studies
309
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我們從另一份研究中得知，
12:42
that this is a highly toxic mixture.
310
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這是高毒性的混合物。
12:44
See the oil and Corexit is causing death
311
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看著油和 Corexit 造成的死亡，
12:47
at a much, much lower dose
312
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它的致死劑量
12:50
than oil alone.
313
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遠低於只有油的時候。
12:52
That's probably as far as what we do know
314
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這是大概是目前為止，
12:54
about toxic effects.
315
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我們對於毒性的了解。
12:56
But my bad dreams go like this.
316
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但是我的惡夢還不只於此，
12:59
The piscivorous fish,
317
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那些吃魚的魚類，
13:01
the cobia, grouper, amberjacks, those big fish,
318
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軍曹魚，石斑魚，琥珀魚，那些大魚，
13:04
also the tuna and sharks,
319
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還有鮪魚以及鯊魚，
13:06
are going to hit by this.
320
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都會因此而受到影響。
13:08
And the gills are quite sensitive.
321
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魚的鰓是很敏感的，
13:10
The respiratory system is very sensitive.
322
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呼吸系統都很敏感。
13:12
Think about it with
323
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想想看，
13:14
the Corexit hitting the membranes,
324
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Corexit 會攻擊薄膜，
13:17
and it will clog up the gills,
325
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它將會導致鰓的阻塞，
13:20
and then these animals are going to be
326
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於是這些動物就會
13:22
getting something like what you call
327
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得到大家所說的
13:24
chemical pneumonia,
328
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化學肺炎，
13:26
trying to aspirate the compounds.
329
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並試著將這些物質咳出體內。
13:29
It also will cause internal bleeding
330
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而如果吃進這些毒物的話，
13:31
upon ingestion.
331
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也會導致內部出血。
13:33
I'm very worried about the air-breathing mammals because I study them,
332
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當我研究呼吸空氣的哺乳類動物時，我很替它們擔心，
13:36
but also, the way their going to be exposed
333
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它們將面對的危險是，
13:38
is every time they come to the surface to take a breath,
334
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每當它們浮出水面呼吸的時候，
13:41
they're going to inhale these volatile fumes.
335
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就會吸入這些揮發性的毒氣。
13:44
And what does happen with that eventually
336
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結果就會造成
13:46
is pneumonia sets in
337
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肺炎，
13:49
and liver, kidney, brain damage.
338
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還有肝臟，腎臟以及腦部受損。
13:52
The Corexit
339
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Corexit
13:54
is transporting the oil
340
819000
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正在將這些油
13:56
into every membrane
341
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傳送進每個生物的每一個薄膜
13:58
and every system of the body.
342
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以及每一個系統中，
14:00
And you're having
343
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對人體也會產生
14:02
a lot of different unpleasant effects,
344
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許多不舒服的影響，
14:04
but burns to the eyes and mouth,
345
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像是眼睛和嘴巴的灼熱感，
14:07
skin ulcers, lesions.
346
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皮膚潰瘍與損壞。
14:09
And I think, personally,
347
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我個人的想法是，
14:11
that we have not begun to see
348
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我們還沒真正開始看見
14:13
the impacts of this spill
349
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墨西哥灣漏油事件對於
14:15
on the wildlife of the Gulf.
350
840000
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野生動物的真正影響。
14:17
We started hypothesizing:
351
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我們開始假設：
14:19
what do we know?
352
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我們知道哪些事?
14:21
what do with think would be a trophic cascade?
353
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食物鏈會有什麼影響?
14:23
which means that somebody gets wiped out,
354
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這表示底層的生物將嚴重受傷，
14:25
and then everything above
355
850000
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而吃掉這些東西的傢伙
14:27
that's eating those guys will crash.
356
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則會死掉。
14:29
So our thought was --
357
854000
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所以我們的想法是 --
14:32
this is a simple thinking process, but ...
358
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這是很簡單的推理程序，但 ...
14:34
obviously the plankton, the planktivores,
359
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很明顯的浮游生物和濾食性魚類，
14:37
and that's about as far as we got.
360
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是我們目前知道會被影響的生物，
14:39
And then it turns out we're not very good at figuring this stuff out.
361
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但接下來會有什麼生物受到影響，我們就不太知道了。
14:42
This is what the Exxon Valdez scientists thought would happen,
362
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以下是埃克森美孚公司的科學家判斷會發生的事，
14:45
this trophic cascade
363
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他們認為在這個食物鏈中，
14:47
where you lose the kelp and the herring
364
872000
2000
海草和鯡魚(鯖魚)
14:49
and other fishes and going up.
365
874000
2000
以及其他魚類會先死亡，
14:51
They thought that eventually the killer whale
366
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最後則是輪到食物鏈
14:53
would be at the top of this cascade.
367
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最上層的殺人鯨。
14:55
And then here's what really happened,
368
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到那時，將會發生
14:57
much more complicated, much more specific.
369
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3000
更多、更複雜、更明確的問題。
15:00
Actually the kelp
370
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事實上，海草
15:02
and the barnacles that attach to the rock
371
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以及附著在岩石上的藤壺，
15:05
were decimated by the combination
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已經因為 Corexit 和油的交互作用
15:07
of Corexit and the oil.
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而大量死亡了，
15:11
They were replaced by invasive species,
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它們已經被一些附著岩石能力較弱
15:14
which had less holding power to the rock.
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的侵略性物種所取代。
15:17
Storms came along.
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緊接著暴風雨來襲，
15:19
They ripped out of the rock.
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它們全都被暴雨從岩石上沖下來，
15:21
And this was the entire food web for the sea ducks.
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這就是海鴨的食物來源。
15:24
And as you know, we lost about 300,000 sea ducks
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你知道嗎，在埃克森美孚公司漏油事件中，
15:27
from the Exxon Valdez spill,
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有大約 30 萬隻海鴨死掉了，
15:29
and they haven't come back.
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它們的數量到現在都還沒有恢復過來。
15:32
So we are launching
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所以我們正在進行
15:34
an independent study.
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一個獨立的研究，
15:36
And by independent, I do not mean alone;
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獨立這個字，並不代表孤單，
15:39
I mean independent in the sense
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獨立的意思是指
15:41
of not tied to
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它不會牽涉到
15:44
the kind of crime-scene secrecy
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任何犯罪現場的秘密，
15:46
that's going on in the Gulf now.
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如同墨西哥灣正在上演的事情。
15:48
But we are actually going to be assessing toxic impacts,
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我們確實在進行毒害影響評估，
15:51
but we need lots and lots of partners
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但是我們需要更多的夥伴，
15:53
to do this intelligently.
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讓我們能有智慧地進行這件事。
15:55
We have some of the partners lined up.
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我們已經有一些夥伴加入，
15:57
And Dave Gallo signed on.
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Dave Gallo 已經加入了，
15:59
Sylvia's in here.
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Sylvia 也在名單中。
16:02
And we hope that some of you will help us.
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而我們希望你們之中也有人能幫助我們。
16:05
My question to you is: why shouldn't we know?
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我希望大家思考的問題是：我們為什麼不能知道?
16:07
Don't we have the right to know?
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我們沒有權利知道嗎?
16:09
Surely we have the right to learn
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我們當然有權利去了解
16:12
what loss we are going through in the Gulf.
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墨西哥灣漏油事件所造成的損失。
16:15
And my wish would be --
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我衷心希望
16:18
for the gulf prize -- would be
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墨西哥灣事件
16:20
that we have the truth.
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能讓我們獲得真相。
16:23
Whatever it is, please let us have the truth.
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不論結果是什麼，請告訴我們真相。
16:26
And to get there,
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為了達到這個目的，
16:28
we need to do the assessment.
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我們必須進行評估作業。
16:31
So I appreciate being here. Thank you.
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我很高興能來到這裡。謝謝大家。
16:33
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Shaw - Marine toxicologistSusan Shaw is an internationally recognized marine toxicologist, author and explorer.
Why you should listen
For two decades, Susan Shaw has investigated the effects of environmental chemicals in marine animals. She is credited as the first scientist to show that flame-retardant chemicals in consumer products have contaminated marine mammals and commercially important fish stocks in the northwest Atlantic Ocean.
An outspoken and influential voice on ocean pollution, Shaw dove in the Gulf oil slick in May and observed first-hand how oil and dispersants are impacting life in the water column. The experience prompted her to call for a collaborative, Gulf-wide effort to track effects as the toxins ripple through the food web. She was instrumental in creating the Consensus Statement opposing further use of dispersants in the Gulf.
Shaw serves on the International Panel on Chemical Pollution, a select group of scientists urging policymakers to improve management of toxic chemicals. She travels throughout the US, Europe and Asia as a speaker on the ocean crisis and chemical pollution.
Susan Shaw | Speaker | TED.com