TEDxWomen 2011
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon: Women entrepreneurs, example not exception
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon: 女性企業家, 獨一無二之榜樣
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女性並不渺小 -- 但點解佢哋可借微型貸款? 記者 Gayle Tzemach Lemmon 喺TEDxWomen 講座上講解女性雖然經營各類由家居以至大型工廠嘅業務, 但佢哋對經濟發展嘅貢獻仍然被忽略
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon - Reporter
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon writes about women around the world living their lives at war and in conflict zones. Full bio
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon writes about women around the world living their lives at war and in conflict zones. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
We do not invest in victims,
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我哋唔會投資喺受害者身上
00:18
we invest in survivors.
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我哋投資喺生還者身上
00:20
And in ways both big and small,
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無論投資係多定少
00:23
the narrative of the victim
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受害者嘅故事
00:25
shapes the way we see women.
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影響我哋對女性嘅睇法
00:27
You can't count what you don't see.
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我哋未見過係唔會相信
00:30
And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.
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所以我哋亦唔會投資係見唔到嘅嘢
00:33
But this is the face
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但呢个就係
00:35
of resilience.
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對抗逆境嘅面孔
00:38
Six years ago,
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六年前
00:40
I started writing about women entrepreneurs
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我開始撰寫關於女性企業家
00:42
during and after conflict.
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面對逆境嘅報導
00:44
I set out to write a compelling economic story,
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我打算寫一個好突出嘅創業故事
00:46
one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,
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一個有豐富人物但未為人知
00:49
and one that I thought mattered.
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應該受關注嘅故事
00:51
And that turned out to be women.
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而呢的故事係關於女性
00:54
I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30
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我30歲時離開喜愛嘅工作同ABC新聞廣播
00:57
for business school,
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去咗商學院
00:59
a path I knew almost nothing about.
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一個我毫不認識嘅方向
01:01
None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland
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喺馬利蘭州同我一齊成長嘅女性
01:04
had graduated from college,
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無一個係大學畢業
01:06
let alone considered business school.
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更遑論係商學院
01:08
But they had hustled to feed their kids
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佢哋為口奔馳
01:10
and pay their rent.
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為子女, 屋租張羅
01:12
And I saw from a young age
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從小我就睇到
01:14
that having a decent job and earning a good living
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佢哋有一份正當嘅工作去維持生計
01:16
made the biggest difference
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為掙扎緊嘅家庭
01:18
for families who were struggling.
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帶嚟莫大轉變
01:20
So if you're going to talk about jobs,
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講起工作
01:22
then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.
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就先要講企業家
01:25
And if you're talking about entrepreneurs
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講起企業家
01:27
in conflict and post-conflict settings,
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點樣面對逆境
01:29
then you must talk about women,
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就不得不提女性
01:31
because they are the population you have left.
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因為佢地一向都被忽略
01:34
Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide
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在盧旺達，種族屠殺了
01:38
was 77 percent female.
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百分之77嘅人口係女性
01:41
I want to introduce you
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我想介紹
01:43
to some of those entrepreneurs I've met
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我遇見嘅女性企業家
01:45
and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.
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以及佢哋一路以嚟教我嘅嘢
01:48
I went to Afghanistan in 2005
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2005年喺阿富汗
01:51
to work on a Financial Times piece,
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我為<金融時報>做採訪
01:53
and there I met Kamila,
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我係當地認識咗Kamila
01:55
a young women who told me she had just turned down
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一位剛剛拒絕
01:57
a job with the international community
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國際機構聘請
01:59
that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --
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份工月薪高達2000美元
02:02
an astronomical sum in that context.
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嘅年輕女子
02:05
And she had turned it down, she said,
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佢拒絕
02:07
because she was going to start her next business,
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因為要開展佢嘅事業
02:10
an entrepreneurship consultancy
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提供企業顧問服務
02:12
that would teach business skills
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向阿富汗人
02:14
to men and women all around Afghanistan.
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傳授營商技巧
02:16
Business, she said,
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佢認為商業發展
02:18
was critical to her country's future.
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對佢國家嘅前途好重要
02:20
Because long after this round of internationals left,
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因為各國撤出阿富汗後
02:23
business would help keep her country
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營商可以
02:25
peaceful and secure.
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為國家帶嚟和平同安全
02:28
And she said business was even more important for women
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而且對女性尤為重要
02:31
because earning an income earned respect
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因為有收入就令佢哋獲得尊重
02:34
and money was power for women.
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對女性嚟講金錢就如權力
02:37
So I was amazed.
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我非常驚喜
02:39
I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time
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呢位女子從未享受和平嘅生活
02:42
who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."
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聽落仲好似 <飛黃騰達> 嘅參加者
02:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:47
So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?
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我問佢 "你點解對做生意知咁多?"
02:50
Why are you so passionate?"
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"咁有熱情?"
02:52
She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.
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佢答我 "Gayle, 呢個已經係我第3盤生意"
02:56
My first business was a dressmaking business
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"我第一盤生意係製衣"
02:58
I started under the Taliban.
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"係塔利斑管治果陣就開始"
03:00
And that was actually an excellent business,
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"呢個生意好利害, 因為我哋"
03:02
because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.
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"為鄰近嘅婦女提供咗工作"
03:05
And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."
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"我就係咁成為企業家"
03:10
Think about this:
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試諗吓
03:12
Here were girls who braved danger
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係果度嘅女仔
03:14
to become breadwinners
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冒住生命危險創業
03:16
during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.
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當時佢哋連街都出唔到
03:19
And at a time of economic collapse
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經濟一片蕭條
03:22
when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces
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當其他人只可以
03:24
and windows and doors
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賣洋娃娃, 鞋帶,窗同門
03:27
just to survive,
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去糊口
03:30
these girls made the difference
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呢d女仔已經係
03:32
between survival and starvation
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生存同飢餓之間
03:34
for so many.
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為好多人帶嚟改變
03:36
I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,
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我唔可以撇低呢d故事同主題
03:39
because everywhere I went I met more of these women
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因我所到之處遇到更多呢類女性
03:42
who no one seemed to know about,
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而無人知道
03:44
or even wish to.
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或者無興趣知道
03:46
I went on to Bosnia,
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我之後去波斯尼亞
03:48
and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official
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訪問一位國際貨幣基金組織官員
03:51
who said, "You know, Gayle,
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佢同我講 "Gayle"
03:53
I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,
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"我唔相信波斯尼亞有女性從事商業"
03:55
but there is a lady selling cheese nearby
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"但路口附近就"
03:57
on the side of the road.
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"有位女士賣芝士"
03:59
So maybe you could interview her."
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"或者你可以訪問吓佢"
04:02
So I went out reporting
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於是我繼續做採訪
04:04
and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic
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當日我遇到Narcisa Kavazovic
04:07
who at that point was opening a new factory
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佢正喺昔日薩拉熱窩戰綫上面
04:09
on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.
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經營緊一間新工廠
04:12
She had started her business
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佢係棄置嘅車房
04:14
squatting in an abandoned garage,
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開創事業
04:16
sewing sheets and pillow cases
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專做床單同枕頭袋嘅車工
04:18
she would take to markets all around the city
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之後帶去全市嘅市場售賣
04:20
so that she could support
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嚟支撐
04:22
the 12 or 13 family members
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一個靠佢收入嘅
04:24
who were counting on her for survival.
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12至13人嘅屋企
04:27
By the time we met, she had 20 employees,
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當時佢有20個員工
04:29
most of them women,
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大部分係女性
04:31
who were sending their boys and their girls to school.
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佢哋嘅子女已經求學途中
04:34
And she was just the start.
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Narcisa只係一個開始
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I met women running essential oils businesses,
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我遇見不同嘅女性, 有售賣精油
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wineries
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有售賣酒類
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and even the country's largest advertising agency.
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甚至有經營全國最大廣告商
04:44
So these stories together
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所有呢的故事
04:46
became the Herald Tribune business cover.
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成為<先驅論壇報>嘅報導
04:48
And when this story posted,
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當佢哋一登出
04:50
I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.
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我即刻send比果位官員
04:52
And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs
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我話 "如果你要為下次嘅
04:55
to feature at your next investment conference,
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投資會搵企業家
04:58
here are a couple of women."
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呢度就有一群女性企業家"
05:00
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:05
But think about this.
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但再諗吓
05:07
The IMF official is hardly the only person
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果位官員未必係唯一
05:10
to automatically file women under micro.
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睇少女性嘅人
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The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,
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呢種偏見, 不論係咪故意,
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are pervasive,
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都係無處不在
05:17
and so are the misleading mental images.
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仲有我地固有嘅印像
05:20
If you see the word "microfinance,"
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當你睇到"微型金融"
05:22
what comes to mind?
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你哋有咩聯想?
05:25
Most people say women.
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好多人諗到女性
05:27
And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"
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但如果睇到 "企業家"
05:30
most people think men.
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大部份人會諗到男性
05:32
Why is that?
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點解呢?
05:34
Because we aim low and we think small
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因為一提到女性
05:37
when it comes to women.
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我地諗起卑微, 弱小
05:39
Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool
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微型金融係一個強而有力嘅工具
05:41
that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,
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可以帶嚟自給自足同自我尊重
05:44
but we must move beyond micro-hopes
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但我哋必須拋低對女性
05:46
and micro-ambitions for women,
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低估咗嘅希望同抱負
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because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.
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因為佢哋對自己有更大嘅希望
05:51
They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.
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佢哋想從微小伸展至更遠
05:54
And in many places,
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係多範疇入面
05:56
they're there.
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佢哋都係度
05:58
In the U.S., women-owned businesses
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喺美國, 由女性創業嘅公司
06:00
will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.
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會係2018年前創造550萬職位
06:03
In South Korea and Indonesia,
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係南韓同印尼
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women own nearly half a million firms.
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女性就擁有近50萬間公司
06:09
China, women run 20 percent
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喺中國, 女性經營嘅
06:11
of all small businesses.
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小企業就佔百分之20
06:13
And in the developing world overall,
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喺發展中國家
06:15
That figure is 40 to 50 percent.
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呢個數目更達至百分至40至50
06:18
Nearly everywhere I go,
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差不多我所到之處
06:20
I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs
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我都可以遇到了不起嘅企業家
06:22
who are seeking access to finance, access to markets
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佢哋尋求融資, 開拓市場
06:25
and established business networks.
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同建立網絡
06:27
They are often ignored
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但佢哋被忽視
06:29
because they're harder to help.
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因為好難向佢哋提供協助
06:31
It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan
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5萬蚊借貸比500蚊借貸
06:34
than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.
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更加冒險
06:37
And as the World Bank recently noted,
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世界銀行最近指出
06:39
women are stuck in a productivity trap.
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女性墮入生產力嘅陷阱
06:42
Those in small businesses
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經營小企業嘅
06:44
can't get the capital they need to expand
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得唔到資金擴展業務
06:46
and those in microbusiness
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果d係更小型嘅生意
06:48
can't grow out of them.
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得唔到發展
06:50
Recently I was at the State Department in Washington
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最近我喺美國國務院
06:53
and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.
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遇到一位嚟自加納嘅女企業家
06:56
She sells chocolates.
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佢係售賣朱古力嘅
06:58
And she had come to Washington,
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佢嚟到
07:00
not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.
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唔係為咗學嘢或者貸款
07:03
She had come seeking serious investment dollars
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而係嚟搵資金
07:06
so that she could build the factory
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去起工廠
07:08
and buy the equipment she needs
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同買機器
07:10
to export her chocolates
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生產朱古力
07:12
to Africa, Europe, the Middle East
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出口去非洲, 歐洲同中東
07:14
and far beyond --
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佢要求嘅資金
07:16
capital that would help her to employ
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係可以令佢繼續
07:18
more than the 20 people
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聘請一群
07:20
that she already has working for her,
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超過20人嘅在職員工
07:23
and capital that would fuel her own country's
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同時可以幫佢係國家經濟
07:25
economic climb.
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蓬勃嘅時候繼續發展
07:27
The great news is
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令人興奮嘅
07:29
we already know what works.
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係我哋知咩嘢係有用
07:31
Theory and empirical evidence
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因為理論同數據
07:33
Have already taught us.
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向我哋証明咗
07:35
We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --
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唔需要解決辦法, 因為
07:38
cash flow loans
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我哋已經有
07:40
based in income rather than assets,
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根據收入而唔係資產
07:42
loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,
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可以幫佢哋簽到合約而唔係要嚟善後嘅錢
07:45
because women often don't own land.
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因為佢哋無土地做抵押
07:48
And Kiva.org, the microlender,
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Kiva.org 呢個微型貸款機構
07:50
is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing
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就係試驗緊呢種
07:53
small and medium sized loans.
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小型至中型嘅借貸
07:55
And that's just to start.
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呢個只係開始
07:58
Recently it has become very much in fashion
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最近好流行講
08:01
to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."
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女性係 "新興市場中嘅新興市場"
08:05
I think that is terrific.
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我認為無得頂
08:07
You know why?
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點解呢?
08:09
Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --
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因為據我呢行嘅朋友講
08:13
500 billion dollars at least
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係過去10年有5000億美金
08:16
has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.
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就注入咗呢類新興市場
08:19
Because investors saw the potential for return
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因為投資者係經濟放緩嘅時勢
08:22
at a time of slowing economic growth,
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睇到有回報嘅潛力
08:24
and so they created financial products
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所以佢哋設計咗為新興市場
08:26
and financial innovation
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而設嘅金融產品
08:28
tailored to the emerging markets.
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同創新模式
08:31
How wonderful would it be
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所以我哋如果可以
08:34
if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words
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放低成見
08:36
with our wallets
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而將5000億
08:38
and invest 500 billion dollars
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投放係女性嘅經濟動力
08:40
unleashing women's economic potential?
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係幾咁好呢?
08:43
Just think of the benefits
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想像吓呢的資金
08:45
when it comes to jobs, productivity,
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對職位, 生產力,
08:47
employment, child nutrition,
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就業, 下一代嘅飲食,
08:49
maternal mortality, literacy
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產婦死亡率, 讀寫能力
08:51
and much, much more.
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同更多嘅得益有幾大
08:55
Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,
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因為世界經濟論壇指出
08:58
smaller gender gaps are directly correlated
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越少性別差距, 越可以
09:01
with increased economic competitiveness.
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提高經濟競爭力
09:03
And not one country in all the world
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無一個國家
09:06
has eliminated its economic participation gap --
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完全可以填補兩性參予經濟活動上嘅差距
09:09
not one.
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絕對無
09:11
So the great news
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於是呢個
09:13
is this is an incredible opportunity.
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就係一個大好機會喇
09:15
We have so much room to grow.
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我哋仲有好多發展空間
09:18
So you see,
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所以
09:20
this is not about doing good,
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呢個唔係為咗做好事
09:22
this is about global growth
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而係為咗全球嘅發展
09:24
and global employment.
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同就業市場
09:26
It is about how we invest
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係關於我地點投資
09:28
and it's about how we see women.
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同點看待女性
09:30
And women can no longer be
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女性已經唔只係
09:32
both half the population
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一半人口
09:34
and a special interest group.
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同小眾利益
09:36
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:43
Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters
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我經常都同同行討論
09:46
who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,
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佢哋話 "Gayle, 呢d報導係好正"
09:48
but you're really writing about the exceptions."
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"但你只係寫緊的特殊例子"
09:51
Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.
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我真係因為而停落嚟
09:54
First of all, for exceptions,
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首先, 所謂特殊例子
09:56
there are a lot of them
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真係有好多
09:58
and they're important.
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亦好緊要
10:01
Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,
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第二, 當我哋講成功嘅男士
10:04
we rightly consider them
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我哋會以佢哋為
10:06
icons or pioneers or innovators
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代表人物, 先駒 或者 有創意嘅人
10:08
to be emulated.
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學習對像
10:10
And when we talk about women,
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但一講女性
10:12
they are either exceptions to be dismissed
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我哋就當佢地只係例外
10:15
or aberrations to be ignored.
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或者奇人咁去忽視
10:18
And finally,
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最終
10:20
there is no society anywhere in all the world
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無一個國家
10:23
that is not changed
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唔係因為呢類好特別
10:25
except by its most exceptional.
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嘅例子而改變
10:27
So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate
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點解我哋唔為呢的特殊例子
10:31
these change makers and job creators
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創造就業嘅人去鼓掌
10:33
rather than overlook them?
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反而對佢地視而不見?
10:36
This topic of resilience is very personal to me
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呢個充滿韌力嘅主題係對我好有意義
10:39
and in many ways has shaped my life.
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係多方面改變我嘅生活
10:42
My mom was a single mom
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我媽媽係一位單親媽媽
10:44
who worked at the phone company during the day
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佢日頭係電話公司工作
10:47
and sold Tupperware at night
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夜晚售賣食物儲存盒
10:49
so that I could have every opportunity possible.
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令我可以接觸所有機會
10:52
We shopped double coupons
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我哋盡量用優惠卷買嘢
10:54
and layaway and consignment stores,
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亦用分期供款或買二手貨
10:56
and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer
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當我媽媽患乳癌到咗末期
10:59
and could no longer work,
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唔可以再做嘢
11:01
we even applied for food stamps.
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我哋甚至要申請資助
11:04
And when I would feel sorry for myself
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當時我大概9, 10歲
11:06
as nine or 10 year-old girls do,
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我覺得自己好可憐
11:08
she would say to me, "My dear, on a scale of major world tragedies,
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媽媽會同我講 "乖女, 同世界上嘅
11:11
yours is not a three."
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慘劇相比, 你算老幾呀"
11:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:15
And when I was applying to business school
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當我準備考商學院
11:17
and felt certain I couldn't do it
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我覺得自己無咩機會
11:19
and nobody I knew had done it,
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亦無人知我去咗考
11:21
I went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband
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我去咗搵我阿姨, 佢好不幸長被丈夫打
11:24
and escaped a marriage of abuse
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最終離開咗呢段婚姻
11:26
with only her dignity intact.
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身心幸存
11:28
And she told me,
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佢同我講
11:30
"Never import other people's limitations."
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"千祁唔好比其他人限制咗你"
11:34
And when I complained to my grandmother,
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我又去搵婆婆呻
11:36
a World War II veteran
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佢經歷過二戰
11:38
who worked in film for 50 years
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係電影工業做咗半個世紀
11:40
and who supported me from the age of 13,
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係我13歲開始就照顧我
11:42
that I was terrified
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我呻話我驚
11:44
that if I turned down a plum assignment at ABC
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驚如果我為咗去外國深造
11:46
for a fellowship overseas,
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而放棄ABC 呢份荀工
11:48
I would never ever, ever find another job,
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我以後都唔會再搵嘢做
11:51
she said, "Kiddo, I'm going to tell you two things.
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佢講, "阿妹, 我講你知兩樣嘢"
11:53
First of all, no one turns down a Fulbright,
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"第一,唔會有人放棄交流嘅機會"
11:56
and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring."
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"第二, 麥記成日都請人㗎"
11:59
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:01
"You will find a job. Take the leap."
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"你會搵到工嘅, 放膽去啦"
12:05
The women in my family
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我屋企嘅女性
12:07
are not exceptions.
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並唔係特殊例子
12:09
The women in this room and watching in L.A.
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係呢個講座同係L.A.睇轉播嘅女性
12:11
and all around the world
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仲有全球各哋嘅
12:13
are not exceptions.
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都唔係咩特殊例子
12:15
We are not a special interest group.
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我哋唔係小數
12:18
We are the majority.
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而係大多數
12:20
And for far too long,
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我哋經常
12:22
we have underestimated ourselves
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低估自己
12:24
and been undervalued by others.
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亦被人輕視
12:27
It is time for us to aim higher
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作為女性,
12:29
when it comes to women,
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係時候要望高的遠的
12:31
to invest more and to deploy our dollars
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投資多的去
12:34
to benefit women all around the world.
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令全世界嘅女性受益
12:37
We can make a difference,
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我哋有能力轉變
12:39
and make a difference, not just for women,
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唔單止為女性
12:41
but for a global economy
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而係為咗全球經濟
12:43
that desperately needs their contributions.
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極度需要佢哋嘅貢獻
12:47
Together we can make certain
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我哋一齊有能力
12:49
that the so-called exceptions
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去令呢類所謂例外
12:51
begin to rule.
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變成主導
12:53
When we change the way we see ourselves,
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當我哋對自己睇法改變
12:56
others will follow.
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其他人亦會咁做
12:58
And it is time for all of us
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我哋係時候
13:00
to think bigger.
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去想得更遠大
13:02
Thank you very much.
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多謝各位
13:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon - ReporterGayle Tzemach Lemmon writes about women around the world living their lives at war and in conflict zones.
Why you should listen
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon never set out to write about women entrepreneurs. After leaving ABC News for MBA study at Harvard, she was simply looking for a great -- and underreported -- economics story. What she found was women entrepreneurs in some of the toughest business environments creating jobs against daunting obstacles. Since then her writing on entrepreneurship has been published by the International Herald Tribune and Financial Times along with the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation.
Now a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Lemmon continues to travel the world reporting on economic and development issues with a focus on women. She is the author of Ashley's War: The Untold Story of a Team of Women Soldiers on the Special Ops Battlefield (2014), as well as the best seller The Dressmaker of Khair Khana (2011) about a young entrepreneur who supported her community under the Taliban.
Gayle Tzemach Lemmon | Speaker | TED.com