TEDGlobal 2013
Carin Bondar: The birds and the bees are just the beginning
Carin Bondar: Det startede med blomsterne og bierne.
Filmed:
Readability: 5.2
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Tror du, at du har styr på sex? Så kan du godt tro om. I dette fascinerende foredrag, overrasker biologen Carin Bondar tilhørerne med uhørte erotiske fakta fra dyreriget. (Dette foredrag beskriver eksplicit, aggresivt sexuelt indhold.)
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
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Er der nogen blandt publikum, der har tænkt på sex i dag?
00:15
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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Det er der vist.
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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Tak, for håndsoprækningen derovre
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
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Jeg er her for at give jer
00:21
some biological validation
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et biologisk vidnesbyrd
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
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på jeres beskidte tanker.
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
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Jeg er kommet for at fortælle jer et par ting,
00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
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som i måske ikke vidste om vild sex.
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
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Når mennesker tænker på sex
00:31
male and female forms
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er det mandlige og kvindelige former,
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
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der primært kommer frem på nethinden,
00:35
but for many millions of years,
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men i mange millioner år
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
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eksisterede den slags specifikke kategorier ikke.
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
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Sex var ikke mere end en sammensmeltning af kroppe
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
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eller en dråbe DNA,
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
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der blev delt mellem to eller flere skabninger
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
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Det var først for 500 millioner år siden,
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
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at man begyndte at se penislignende former
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
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eller et objekt, der spreder dna,
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
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og en vagina, noget der modtager det.
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
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Nu tænker i sikkert på
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
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kendetegnene ved vores egen art,
01:03
these very familiar structures,
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disse yderst velkendte former,
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
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men forskelligheden, som vi ser i seksuelle former
01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
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i dyreriget, der har udviklet sig
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
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i forhold til et væld af faktorer
01:12
surrounding reproduction
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vedrørende formering,
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
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er temmelig ufattelig.
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
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Specielt forskelligheden indenfor peniskategorien er enorm.
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
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Dette er en Argonaut.
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
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Den er i familie med blæksprutter,
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
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og det mandlige køn har en hectocotylus.
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
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Hvad er en hectocotylus?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
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En aftagelig, svømmende penis.
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
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Den forlader hannens krop,
01:36
finds the female through
pheromonal cues in the water,
pheromonal cues in the water,
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finder hunnen gennem feromonsignaler i vandet,
01:39
attaches itself to her body
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sætter sig fast til hendes krop
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
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og afgiver sæden.
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
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I mange årtier troede biologer faktisk,
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a
separate organism altogether.
separate organism altogether.
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at denne hectocotylus var en helt separat organisme.
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
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Tapiren er et pattedyr fra Sydamerika.
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
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Og tapiren har en penis, der kan gribe fat.
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
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Man kan sige, at penissen har en slags fingerfærdighed,
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
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der ligner lidt den, som vi mennesker har i hænderne.
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
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Og den bruger denne fingerfærdighed
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
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til helt at komme forbi vaginaen
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
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og aflevere sæden direkte i kvindens livmoder,
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
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og så er der heller ikke noget galt med størrelsen.
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
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Den største penis i dyreriget
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
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tilhører dog ikke tapiren.
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
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Den største penis i forhold til kropsstørrelsen
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
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i dyreriget findes faktisk
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
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hos de ellers uimponerende rankefødder,
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
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og denne video viser
02:24
what the human penis would look like
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hvordan en menneskepenis ville se ud,
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
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hvis den havde samme størrelse som rankeføddernes.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
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Mm-hm. (Latter)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
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Så med alle disse formers forskellighed
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
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kunne man komme til at tro, at penisser
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
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passer som fod i hose i alle tilfælde
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
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således at formeringen går glat og med succes.
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
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Bare sæt den ene ind i den anden,
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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og så kører det bare derudaf.
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
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Dette er selvfølgelig ikke tilfældet,
02:51
and that's because we can't
just take form into account.
just take form into account.
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og det er derfor, at vi ikke bare kan nøjes med at kigge på formen
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
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Vi skal også kigge på funktionen,
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
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og når det kommer til sex,
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
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handler funktionen om det, der bliver bidraget med,
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
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altså sæden og æggene.
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
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Og disse bidrag er langt fra lige store.
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
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Æg er dyre i produktion,
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
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Så det giver mening for kvinden at være kræsen
03:12
about who she shares them with.
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når hun vælger, hvem hun skal dele dem med.
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
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Sæd derimod er billigt og kommer i rigelige mængder,
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
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så det giver mere mening for mændene
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
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at have masser af sex,
03:23
when it comes to siring members
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når det handler om at videreføre
03:24
of future generations.
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fremtidige generationer.
03:26
So how do animals cope
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Så hvordan klarer dyrene så
03:28
with these very incongruent
needs between the sexes?
needs between the sexes?
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disse forskellige forhold mellem kønnene?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
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Jeg mener, hvis kvinden ikke vælger en bestemt mand,
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
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eller hvis hun selv har evnen til at lagre sæd,
03:36
and she simply has enough,
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og hun har nok af det,
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
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så giver det bedre mening for hende at bruge tiden på
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
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andre biologisk relevante ting:
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
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undgå rovdyr, beskytte afkommet,
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
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samle og indtage føde.
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
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Dette er selvfølgelig skidt nyt for alle de mænd,
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
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som ikke har doneret til hendes sædbank,
03:53
and this sets the scene for
some pretty drastic strategies
some pretty drastic strategies
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og således bliver der taget temmelig drastiske strategier i brug
03:56
for successful fertilization.
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for at fuldføre befrugtningen.
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
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Dette her er sex mellem væggelus,
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
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og det bliver meget passende kaldt traumatisk inseminering
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
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Mændene har en spids penis med pigge,
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
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der stikker ind i kvinden,
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
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alle andre steder end vaginaen.
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
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Der stikkes alle steder i kroppen,
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
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og sæden migrerer så
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
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gennem hendes blod til æggestokkene.
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
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Hvis en kvinde får for mange stiksår,
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
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eller hvis et stiksår bliver inficeret,
04:25
she can actually die from it.
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kan hun faktisk dø af det.
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
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Hvis I nogensinde har været ude at gå
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
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en fredelig tur ved en sø
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
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og har set nogle ænder have sex,
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
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vil I uden tvivl have lagt mærke til det,
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
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for det minder meget om gruppevoldtægt.
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
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Og det er lige, hvad det er.
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
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En gruppe af mænd tager fat i kvinden,
04:43
hold her down,
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holder hende nede,
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
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og på balstyrisk vis får udløsning med deres spiralformede penis
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
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i hendes vagina, der er formet som en proptrækker
04:52
over and over and over again.
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igen og igen og igen.
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
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Fra slap til udløsning på under et sekund.
04:58
Now the female actually
gets the last laugh, though,
gets the last laugh, though,
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Men det er dog kvinden, der ler sidst,
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
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fordi hun faktisk kan styre kroppen
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
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til at bestemme hvilke voldtægtænders sæd
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
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hun vil have ind i sig.
05:10
Now, I like to share stories
like this with my audiences
like this with my audiences
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Jeg kan godt lide at dele historier som denne med publikum
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
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fordi vi mennesker
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
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har en tendens til at opleve sex som sjovt og godt,
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
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fra romancen til orgasmen.
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
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Men orgasmen blev ikke udviklet
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
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før for 65 millioner år siden
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
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med pattedyrernes indtog.
05:24
But some animals had it going
on quite a bit before that.
on quite a bit before that.
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Men nogen dyrearter havde gang i den et stykke tid forinden.
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
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Der er mere primitive måder
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
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at tilfredsstille sin partner på.
05:31
Earwig males have either
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Ørentvisthanner har enten
05:33
really large penile appendages
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meget store kønslige vedhæng
05:35
or really small ones.
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eller nogle meget små nogen.
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
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Det er et spørgsmål om arvemasse,
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
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men ellers er der ikke forskel på hannerne.
05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
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Dem der har lange vedhæng
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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er ikke større eller stærkere
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
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eller anderledes på nogen måde.
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
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Så med et biologisk syn på tingene
05:49
we might think that females should choose
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skulle vi måske tro, at hunnen burde vælge
05:51
to have sex with the guys that
have the shorter appendages,
have the shorter appendages,
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sex med fyrene, der har kortere vedhæng,
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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så hun kan bruge hendes tid på andre ting:
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
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Undgå rovdyr, tage sig af de små,
05:58
finding and ingesting food.
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finde og indtage mad.
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
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Men biologer har gentagne gange observeret,
06:03
that females choose to have sex
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at hunnerne vælger at have sex
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
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med hannerne med de lange vedhæng.
06:09
Why do they do this?
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Og hvorfor så det?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
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Biologien siger at,
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
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"Under korpulering kan visse hanners genitalier
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
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udløse mere fordelagtig respons
06:19
through superior mechanical
or stimulatory interaction
or stimulatory interaction
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gennem overlegen mekanisk eller stimulativt samspil
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
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med den hunlige kanal til reproduktion."
06:26
Mm-hm.
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Mm-hm.
06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
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Dette er mexicanske guppier,
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
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og det, som sidder på overkæben,
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
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er en vækst af tråde af skæl,
06:35
and these filaments basically form
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og disse tråde danner så at sige
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
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et fiskeoverskæg, om I vil.
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
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Man har nu observeret, at hannerne gnubber mod
06:41
the female's genital opening
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hunnens kønsåbning
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
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før han kopulerer med hende.
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed
the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
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Og i hvad jeg elsker at kalde Magnum P.I.-hypotesen,
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
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er hunner i langt højere grad tilbøjelige
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
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til at vælge hanner, der har disse fiskeoverskæg.
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
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Det er, hvad man kan kalde guppy-porno.
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
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Vi har nu set meget forskellige strategier,
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
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som hanner bruger, når det kommer til,
07:05
winning a female partner.
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at have held hos det modsatte køn.
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which
sexual structures are used in a forceful way
sexual structures are used in a forceful way
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Vi har set, hvordan en tvangsstrategi,
hvor seksuelle strukturer bliver brugt med magt
hvor seksuelle strukturer bliver brugt med magt
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
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for simpelthen at tvinge hunnen til at have sex.
07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
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Vi har set en pirrelig strategi,
07:15
where males are actually
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hvor hannerne faktisk
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
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tækkes deres hunlige partnere til at vælge dem
07:19
as a sex partner.
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som sexpartner
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
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I dyreriget er det dog desværre
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
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tvangsstrategien, som vi ser
07:26
time and time again.
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igen og igen.
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
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Det er normal praksis i mange slægter,
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
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fra hvirvelløse dyr til fugle,
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
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pattedyr og selvfølgelig hos primater.
07:35
Now interestingly, there
are a few mammalian species
are a few mammalian species
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Interessant nok er der et par arter blandt pattedyrene,
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
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hvor hunnerne har udviklet specialiserede genitalier,
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
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der ikke tillader seksuel tvang at ske.
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
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hunelefanter og hunhyæner
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
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har penile klitorisser
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
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eller forstørret klitorisvæv, der hænger udvortes
07:55
much like a penis,
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ligesom en penis,
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
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og det er faktisk temmeligt svært at bedømme kønnet
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
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på disse dyr ved blot at se på deres eksterne vedhæng.
08:02
So before a male can insert
his penis into a female's vagina,
his penis into a female's vagina,
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Så før hannen kan indsætte penissen i hunnens vagina
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
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Skal hun proppe sin penile klitoris
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
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ind i hendes egen krop.
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
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Forestil jer at putte en penis ind i en anden penis.
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
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Det kommer simpelthen ikke til at ske
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
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med mindre hunnen er med på den.
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
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Hvad, der er endnu mere interessant, er det faktum
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
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at elefant- og hyænesamfund
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
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er fuldstændig matriarkalske:
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
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Det er hunnerne, der bestemmer, grupper af
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
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søstre, tanter og deres afkom,
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
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og når de unge hanner er seksuelt modne,
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
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bliver de udstødt fra gruppen.
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
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I hyænesamfund er voksne hanner
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
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faktisk nederst på den sociale rangliste.
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
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De får først del af ådslet,
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
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når alle andre, inklusive afkommet, har fået.
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
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Det lader altså til, at hvis man tager peniskraften
08:48
away from a male,
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væk fra hannen,
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
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så fjerner man også den sociale magt.
08:54
So what are my take-home
messages from my talk today?
messages from my talk today?
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Hvad kan I som tilskuere tage med fra dette foredrag?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
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Tja, sex er altså meget mere
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
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end at sætte del A ind i del B
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
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og håbe på, at afkommet fiser rundt over det hele.
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
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Den seksuelle strategi og avlsstrukturerne,
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
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som vi ser i dyreriget,
09:10
dictate how males and females
will react to each other,
will react to each other,
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dikterer, hvordan hanner og hunner fornemmer hinanden,
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
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hvilket dernæst dikterer, hvordan bestande og samfund
09:17
form and evolve.
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former og udvikler sig.
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
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Så det vil nok ikke overraske nogen af jer,
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
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at dyr, såvel som os selv,
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
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bruger rigtig meget tid på at tænke på sex.
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
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Men hvad, der alligevel er overraskende, er,
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
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hvor omfattende indflydelse det har på
09:34
are influenced by it.
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deres og vores liv.
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
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Mange tak, og hyg jer med jeres dagdrømme.
09:38
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologistCarin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.
Why you should listen
Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."
For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com