TEDGlobal 2013
Carin Bondar: The birds and the bees are just the beginning
Kerin Bondar (Carin Bondar): Ptičice i pčelice su tek početak
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Readability: 5.2
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Mislite da znate par stvari o seksu? Razmislite bolje. U ovom fascinantnom govoru, biolog Kerin Bondar iznosi iznenađujuću nauku o tome kako životinje to rade. (Ovaj govor prikazuje eksplicitan i agresivan seksualni sadržaj).
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
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Da li je neko u prostoriji
mislio na seks danas?
mislio na seks danas?
00:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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Jeste, mislili ste.
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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Hvala na podizanju ruke.
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
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Ovde sam da vam pružim
00:21
some biological validation
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biološku potvrdu
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
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za vašu prljavu maštu.
Ovde sam da bih vam ispričala par stvari
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
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00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
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koje možda niste znali o divljem seksu.
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
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Kada ljudi misle o seksu,
00:31
male and female forms
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muški i ženski oblici
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
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su obično ono što pada na pamet,
00:35
but for many millions of years,
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ali mnogo miliona godina,
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
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tako specifične kategorije
nisu ni postojale.
nisu ni postojale.
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
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Seks je bio samo spajanje tela
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
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ili kapi DNK
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
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koje razmenjuju dva ili više bića.
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
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Tek pre oko 500 miliona godina
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
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smo počeli viđati strukture slične penisu
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
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ili stvari koja izbacuje DNK napolje,
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
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i vagine, nečega što je prima.
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
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Podrazumeva se da verovatno mislite
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
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o onome što pripada našoj vrsti,
01:03
these very familiar structures,
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te vrlo poznate strukture,
ali raznolikost koju vidimo
kod seksualnih struktura
kod seksualnih struktura
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
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01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
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u životinjskom svetu koji je evoluirao
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
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kao odgovor na mnoštvo faktora
01:12
surrounding reproduction
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vezanih za reprodukciju
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
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prilično je fascinantna.
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
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Raznolikost penisa je naročito obilna.
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
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Ovo je papirni nautilus.
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
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On je bliski rođak lignje i hobotnice,
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
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a mužjaci imaju hektokotilusa.
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
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Šta je hektokotilus?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
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Plivajući penis koji se može odvojiti.
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
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Napušta telo mužjaka,
01:36
finds the female through
pheromonal cues in the water,
pheromonal cues in the water,
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pronalazi ženku pomoću
feromonskih signala u vodi,
feromonskih signala u vodi,
01:39
attaches itself to her body
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prikači se za njeno telo
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
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i položi spermu.
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
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Mnogo decenija, biolozi su zaista mislili
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a
separate organism altogether.
separate organism altogether.
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da je hektokotilus
potpuno zaseban organizam.
potpuno zaseban organizam.
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
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Tapir je sisar iz Južne Amerike.
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
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I tapir ima prihvatajući penis.
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
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Zapravo ima spretnost penisa
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
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dosta sličnu onoj koju mi imamo u rukama.
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
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I on koristi ovu spretnost
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
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da potpuno zaobiđe vaginu
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
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i stavi spermu direktno u matericu ženke,
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
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da ne pričam o tome da je prilično veliki.
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
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Najveći penis u životinjskom carstvu,
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
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ipak, nije tapirov.
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
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Najveći penis u odnosu na veličinu tela
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
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u životinjskom carstvu zapravo pripada
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
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majušnom krpelju sa plaže,
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
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i ovaj snimak vam pokazuje
02:24
what the human penis would look like
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kako bi ljudski penis izgledao
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
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kada bi bio iste veličine
kao onaj koji ima krpelj.
kao onaj koji ima krpelj.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
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Mhm. (Smeh)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
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Sa svom tom raznolikošću strukture,
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
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neko bi onda pomislio da penisi
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
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valjano staju u vagine svuda
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
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u svrhe uspešnog razmnožavanja.
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
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Prosto ubacite deo A u prorez B,
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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i gotovi smo.
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
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Ali naravno, to se baš i ne dešava,
02:51
and that's because we can't
just take form into account.
just take form into account.
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i to zato što ne možemo
uzimati samo oblik u obzir.
uzimati samo oblik u obzir.
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
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Moramo da mislimo i na funkciju,
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
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a kada se radi o seksu,
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
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funkcija se odnosi na doprinos koji daju
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
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gameti, ili sperma i jaja.
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
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Ovi doprinosi su daleko od podjednakog.
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
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Veliki je trošak napraviti jaja,
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
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tako da ima smisla
što su ženke veoma probirljive
što su ženke veoma probirljive
03:12
about who she shares them with.
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po pitanju toga sa kime ih dele.
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
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Sperme, sa druge strane,
ima dosta i jeftina je,
ima dosta i jeftina je,
tako da ima smisla da mužjaci
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
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imaju strategiju
"što više seksa, to bolje"
"što više seksa, to bolje"
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
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kada se radi o postajanju ocem
03:23
when it comes to siring members
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03:24
of future generations.
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članova budućih generacija.
03:26
So how do animals cope
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Pa kako se životinje suočavaju
03:28
with these very incongruent
needs between the sexes?
needs between the sexes?
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sa ovim veoma
neusaglašenim potrebama polova?
neusaglašenim potrebama polova?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
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Mislim, ako ženka ne odabere
određenog mužjaka,
određenog mužjaka,
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
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ili ako ima sposobnost da skladišti spermu
03:36
and she simply has enough,
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i prosto ima dovoljno,
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
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onda ima više smisla za nju
da provodi vreme
da provodi vreme
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
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radeći druge biološki značajne stvari:
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
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izbegava grabljivice,
brine o potomcima,
brine o potomcima,
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
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prikuplja hranu i unosi je u organizam.
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
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Ovo je, naravno,
loša vest za svakog mužjaka
loša vest za svakog mužjaka
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
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koji tek treba da ostavi depozit
u njenoj banci sperme,
u njenoj banci sperme,
03:53
and this sets the scene for
some pretty drastic strategies
some pretty drastic strategies
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i ovo priprema teren
za neke prilično drastične strategije
za neke prilično drastične strategije
03:56
for successful fertilization.
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za uspešnu oplodnju.
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
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Ovo je seks stenica,
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
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i zasluženo je dobio naziv
traumatska oplodnja.
traumatska oplodnja.
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
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Mužjaci imaju zašiljeni, bodljikavi penis
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
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koji bukvalno zabadaju u ženku,
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
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i ne zabadaju ga nigde u blizini vagine.
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
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Zabadaju ga bilo gde po njenom telu,
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
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i sperma se prosto prenosi
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
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kroz njenu hemolimfu do jajnika.
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
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Ako ženka zadobije previše ubodnih rana,
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
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ili ako se desi da se rana inficira,
04:25
she can actually die from it.
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može i umreti od toga.
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
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Ako ste ikada izašli u finu,
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
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mirnu šetnju pokraj jezera
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
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i desilo se da vidite kako neke patke
upražnjavaju seks,
upražnjavaju seks,
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
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bez sumnje ste bili uznemireni,
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
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jer to izgleda kao silovanje bande.
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
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I iskreno, i jeste to.
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
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Grupa mužjaka će zgrabiti ženku,
04:43
hold her down,
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držati je,
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
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i balistički ejakulirati iz svog penisa
u obliku spirale
u obliku spirale
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
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u njenu vaginu oblika vadičepa
04:52
over and over and over again.
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iznova i iznova i iznova.
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
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Od mlitavosti do ejakulacije
za manje od sekunde.
za manje od sekunde.
04:58
Now the female actually
gets the last laugh, though,
gets the last laugh, though,
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Ženka se poslednja smeje, doduše,
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
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jer može da upravlja svojim držanjem
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
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tako da omogući
da sperma određenih udvarača
da sperma određenih udvarača
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
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ima bolji pristup jajnicima.
05:10
Now, I like to share stories
like this with my audiences
like this with my audiences
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Volim da delim ovakve priče sa publikom
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
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jer smo mi ljudi
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
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skloni da mislimo
da je seks zabavan i dobar,
da je seks zabavan i dobar,
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
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tu je romansa, tu je orgazam.
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
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Ali orgazam se zapravo nije razvio
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
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do pre oko 65 miliona godina
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
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sa pojavom sisara.
05:24
But some animals had it going
on quite a bit before that.
on quite a bit before that.
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Ali kod nekih životinja
se to odigravalo malo pre toga.
se to odigravalo malo pre toga.
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
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Postoje primitivniji načini
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
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zadovoljavanja partnera.
05:31
Earwig males have either
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Mužjaci uholaže imaju
05:33
really large penile appendages
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ili jako velike nastavke penisa
05:35
or really small ones.
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ili veoma male.
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
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To je vrlo jednostavna
genetski nasleđivana osobina
genetski nasleđivana osobina
i mužjaci se osim toga
ni u čemu drugom ne razlikuju.
ni u čemu drugom ne razlikuju.
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
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05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
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Oni koji imaju dugačke nastavke penisa
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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nisu veći niti jači
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
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niti bilo kako drugačiji.
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
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Vraćajući se na naše biološke umove,
05:49
we might think that females should choose
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možemo pomisliti da ženke treba da odaberu
05:51
to have sex with the guys that
have the shorter appendages,
have the shorter appendages,
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da imaju seksualne odnose sa momcima
koji imaju kraće nastavke,
koji imaju kraće nastavke,
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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jer može da koristi svoje vreme
za druge stvari:
za druge stvari:
izbegavanje grabljivica, brigu o mladima,
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
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05:58
finding and ingesting food.
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nalaženje hrane
i njeno unošenje u organizam.
i njeno unošenje u organizam.
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
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Ali biolozi su u više navrata uočili
06:03
that females choose to have sex
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da ženke biraju da imaju odnose
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
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sa mužjacima koji imaju dugačke nastavke.
06:09
Why do they do this?
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Zašto to rade?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
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Pa, prema biološkoj literaturi:
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
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"Za vreme snošaja,
genitalije određenih mužjaka
genitalije određenih mužjaka
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
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mogu izazvati povoljnije reakcije ženki
06:19
through superior mechanical
or stimulatory interaction
or stimulatory interaction
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kroz mehaničku
ili stimulatornu interakciju
ili stimulatornu interakciju
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
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sa reproduktivnim traktom ženke."
06:26
Mm-hm.
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Mhm.
06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
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Ovo su meksički gupiji,
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
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i ono što vidite
na njihovoj gornjoj vilici
na njihovoj gornjoj vilici
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
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su izdanci epidermalnih vlakana,
06:35
and these filaments basically form
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i ova vlakna praktično formiraju
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
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riblje brkove, može se reći.
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
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Primećeno je da mužjaci probijaju
06:41
the female's genital opening
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genitalni otvor ženki
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
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pre snošaja sa njom,
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed
the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
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i u onome što sam s ljubavlju nazvala
hipotezom detektiva Magnuma,
hipotezom detektiva Magnuma,
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
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ženke je sa velikom većinom
verovatnije naći
verovatnije naći
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
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sa mužjacima koji imaju te riblje brkove.
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
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Evo malog gupi pornografije za vas.
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
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Dakle, videli smo
veoma različite strategije
veoma različite strategije
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
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koje mužjaci koriste kada se radi
07:05
winning a female partner.
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o osvajanju ženke partnera.
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which
sexual structures are used in a forceful way
sexual structures are used in a forceful way
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Videli smo strategiju prinude
u kojoj se seksualne strukture
koriste na nasilan način
koriste na nasilan način
da bi primorali ženku na seks.
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
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07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
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Takođe smo videli strategiju uzbuđenja
07:15
where males are actually
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gde mužjaci zaista
udovoljavaju ženskim partnerima
kako bi ih odabrale
kako bi ih odabrale
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
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07:19
as a sex partner.
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kao seksualnog partnera.
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
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Nažalost, u životinjskom carstvu,
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
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strategija prisile je ona koju vidimo
07:26
time and time again.
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iznova i iznova.
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
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Vrlo je učestala u mnogim filumima,
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
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od beskičmenjaka do ptičjih vrsta,
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
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sisara, i naravno, čak i kod primata.
07:35
Now interestingly, there
are a few mammalian species
are a few mammalian species
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Zanimljivo je da ima nekoliko vrsta sisara
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
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kod kojih su ženke razvile
specijalizovane genitalije
specijalizovane genitalije
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
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koje ne dozvoljavaju
da se dogodi prinudan seks.
da se dogodi prinudan seks.
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
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Ženke slona i hijene
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
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imaju penisni klitoris,
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
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ili uvećano klitorisno tkivo
koje visi spolja,
koje visi spolja,
07:55
much like a penis,
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dosta slično penisu,
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
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i zapravo je veoma teško
odrediti pol ovih životinja
odrediti pol ovih životinja
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
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samo gledajući
njihovu spoljašnju morfologiju.
njihovu spoljašnju morfologiju.
08:02
So before a male can insert
his penis into a female's vagina,
his penis into a female's vagina,
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Pre nego što mužjak može
da stavi svoj penis u vaginu ženke,
da stavi svoj penis u vaginu ženke,
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
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ona mora da uzme taj penisni klitoris
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
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i praktično da ga okrene u svoje telo.
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
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Mislim, zamislite stavljanje penisa
u drugi penis.
u drugi penis.
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
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To se prosto neće dogoditi
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
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osim ako je ženka saglasna sa akcijom.
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
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Još zanimljivija je činjenica
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
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da su društva slonova i hijena
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
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potpuno matrijarhalna:
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
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vode ih ženke, grupe ženki,
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
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sestre, tetke i potomci,
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
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a kada mladi mužjaci
dostignu seksualnu zrelost,
dostignu seksualnu zrelost,
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
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bivaju izbačeni iz grupe.
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
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U društvima hijena, odrasli mužjaci
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
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su zapravo na najnižem položaju
društvene lestvice.
društvene lestvice.
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
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Mogu da uzmu deo plena tek nakon
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
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svih drugih, uključujući najmlađe.
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
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Tako da izgleda da kada oduzmete
moć penisa mužjaku,
moć penisa mužjaku,
08:48
away from a male,
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oduzimate i svu socijalnu moć koju ima.
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
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08:54
So what are my take-home
messages from my talk today?
messages from my talk today?
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Dakle, koje su poruke mog govora
koje treba poneti kući danas?
koje treba poneti kući danas?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
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Pa, seks je mnogo više
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
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od ubacivanja dela A u prorez B
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
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i nade da će potomci trčati svuda okolo.
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
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Seksualne strategije
i reproduktivne strukture
i reproduktivne strukture
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
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koje vidimo u životinjskom carstu
u suštini diktiraju
u suštini diktiraju
09:10
dictate how males and females
will react to each other,
will react to each other,
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kako će mužjaci i ženke
reagovati jedni na druge,
reagovati jedni na druge,
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
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što zatim uslovljava
kako se populacije i društva
kako se populacije i društva
09:17
form and evolve.
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formiraju i razvijaju.
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
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Zato možda nikome od vas
neće biti iznenađenje
neće biti iznenađenje
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
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da životinje, uključujući nas,
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
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provode dosta vremena misleći na seks,
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
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ali ono što vas može iznenaditi
je opseg u kome
je opseg u kome
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
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su mnogi drugi aspekti
njihovih i naših života
njihovih i naših života
09:34
are influenced by it.
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pod uticajem toga.
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
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Hvala vam, i srećno maštanje.
09:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologistCarin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.
Why you should listen
Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."
For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com