TEDGlobal 2012
Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?
Nina Tandon: Podería a enxeñería de tecidos dar lugar á medicina personalizada?
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Cada un dos nosos corpos é único, o que é un pensamento fermoso ata que falamos de tratar enfermidades --cando cada corpo reacciona de maneira diferente, a miúdo de xeito impredecible, a un tratamento estándar. A enxeñeira de tecidos Nina Tandon fálanos dunha posible solución: empregarmos células nai pluripotentes para facer modelos personalizados de órganos, onde probar novos fármacos e tratamentos, e almacenármolos en chips. (Chámase medicina extremadamente personalizada.)
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'd like to show you a video of some of the models
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Gustaríame amosarlles un vídeo
dalgúns modelos
dalgúns modelos
00:18
I work with.
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cos que traballo.
00:20
They're all the perfect size, and they don't have an ounce of fat.
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Teñen un tamaño perfecto
e nin un ápice de graxa.
e nin un ápice de graxa.
00:23
Did I mention they're gorgeous?
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Mencionei que son fermosos?
00:26
And they're scientific models? (Laughs)
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E que son modelos científicos? (Risas)
00:29
As you might have guessed, I'm a tissue engineer,
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Como imaxinan, son enxeñeira de tecidos
00:31
and this is a video of some of the beating heart
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e este é un vídeo dos corazóns con latexo
00:34
that I've engineered in the lab.
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que deseñei no laboratorio.
00:36
And one day we hope that these tissues
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Esperamos que no futuro estes tecidos
00:38
can serve as replacement parts for the human body.
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poidan substituír partes do corpo humano.
00:41
But what I'm going to tell you about today
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Pero hoxe vou falar
00:43
is how these tissues make awesome models.
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do bos que son estes tecidos como modelo.
00:48
Well, let's think about the drug screening process for a moment.
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Pensemos no proceso
de aprobación dun fármaco.
de aprobación dun fármaco.
00:50
You go from drug formulation, lab testing, animal testing,
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Formulación, probas de laboratorio,
probas en animais,
probas en animais,
00:53
and then clinical trials, which you might call human testing,
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ensaios clínicos, que chamaríamos
probas en humanos,
probas en humanos,
00:56
before the drugs get to market.
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antes de que o fármaco chegue ó mercado.
Isto custa moitos cartos e tempo,
00:58
It costs a lot of money, a lot of time,
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01:01
and sometimes, even when a drug hits the market,
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e cando se pon á venda
01:04
it acts in an unpredictable way and actually hurts people.
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pode provocar efectos secundarios
e danar á xente.
e danar á xente.
01:08
And the later it fails, the worse the consequences.
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E canto máis tarde falle,
peores serán as consecuencias.
peores serán as consecuencias.
01:12
It all boils down to two issues. One, humans are not rats,
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Resúmese todo en dous temas:
Un: os humanos non somos ratas,
Un: os humanos non somos ratas,
01:16
and two, despite our incredible similarities to one another,
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e dous: malia as nosas
incribles semellanzas,
incribles semellanzas,
01:20
actually those tiny differences between you and I
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as pequenas diferenzas entre nós
teñen un forte impacto no xeito
en que metabolizamos fármacos
en que metabolizamos fármacos
01:23
have huge impacts with how we metabolize drugs
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01:25
and how those drugs affect us.
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e en como nos afectan os fármacos.
01:27
So what if we had better models in the lab
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Pero, e se tivésemos mellores modelos
01:30
that could not only mimic us better than rats
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que nos imitasen mellor cás ratas
01:33
but also reflect our diversity?
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e ademais reflectisen a nosa diversidade?
01:37
Let's see how we can do it with tissue engineering.
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Vexamos como facelo
coa enxeñería de tecidos.
coa enxeñería de tecidos.
01:41
One of the key technologies that's really important
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Unha das tecnoloxías clave son
01:44
is what's called induced pluripotent stem cells.
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as células nai pluripotentes inducidas.
Desenvolvéronse no Xapón hai pouco.
01:47
They were developed in Japan pretty recently.
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01:49
Okay, induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Estas células parécense moito
01:52
They're a lot like embryonic stem cells
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ás células nai embrionarias
01:54
except without the controversy.
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pero non xeran polémica.
Por exemplo, inducimos células da pel
01:56
We induce cells, okay, say, skin cells,
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01:59
by adding a few genes to them, culturing them,
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engadíndolles algúns xenes, cultivámolas
02:02
and then harvesting them.
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e recollémolas.
02:03
So they're skin cells that can be tricked,
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Estas células pódense levar
02:06
kind of like cellular amnesia, into an embryonic state.
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a un estado de amnesia celular,
un estado embrionario.
un estado embrionario.
02:09
So without the controversy, that's cool thing number one.
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É xenial que non xeren polémica
02:11
Cool thing number two, you can grow any type of tissue
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e que se poida obter
todo tipo de tecidos con elas:
todo tipo de tecidos con elas:
02:14
out of them: brain, heart, liver, you get the picture,
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cerebro, corazón, fígado...
xa se fan unha idea
xa se fan unha idea
02:16
but out of your cells.
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pero a partir de células propias.
02:19
So we can make a model of your heart, your brain
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Así que podemos facer un modelo
do corazón ou do cerebro propios
do corazón ou do cerebro propios
02:23
on a chip.
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nun chip.
02:25
Generating tissues of predictable density and behavior
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Xerar tecidos de densidade e comportamento
predicible é o segundo elemento
predicible é o segundo elemento
02:28
is the second piece, and will be really key towards
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e será clave
para que o descubrimento de fármacos
adopte estes modelos.
adopte estes modelos.
02:31
getting these models to be adopted for drug discovery.
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02:34
And this is a schematic of a bioreactor we're developing in our lab
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Este é un esquema dun biorreactor que
estamos a desenvolver
estamos a desenvolver
02:37
to help engineer tissues in a more modular, scalable way.
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para deseñar tecidos dunha maneira
modular e escalable.
modular e escalable.
02:40
Going forward, imagine a massively parallel version of this
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Imaxinemos unha versión a grande escala
02:44
with thousands of pieces of human tissue.
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con miles de fragmentos de tecido humano.
02:46
It would be like having a clinical trial on a chip.
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Sería como facer un ensaio clínico
nun chip.
nun chip.
02:50
But another thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells
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Outra cousa sobre estas células nai
pluripotentes inducidas
pluripotentes inducidas
02:54
is that if we take some skin cells, let's say,
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é que, se collemos células da pel,
02:56
from people with a genetic disease
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de xente cunha enfermidade xenética
02:58
and we engineer tissues out of them,
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e xeramos un tecido a partir delas,
03:01
we can actually use tissue-engineering techniques
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poderiamos usar técnicas de
enxeñería de tecidos
enxeñería de tecidos
03:03
to generate models of those diseases in the lab.
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para xerar modelos desa enfermidade.
03:06
Here's an example from Kevin Eggan's lab at Harvard.
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Este é un exemplo do laboratorio de
Kevin Eggan en Harvard.
Kevin Eggan en Harvard.
03:10
He generated neurons
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El xerou neuronas
03:12
from these induced pluripotent stem cells
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a partir destas células nai
03:15
from patients who have Lou Gehrig's Disease,
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de pacientes con esclerose
lateral amiotrófica,
lateral amiotrófica,
03:17
and he differentiated them into neurons, and what's amazing
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e diferenciounas a neuronas,
a sorpresa é que as neuronas amosaban
síntomas da enfermidade.
síntomas da enfermidade.
03:20
is that these neurons also show symptoms of the disease.
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03:23
So with disease models like these, we can fight back
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Con modelos coma este,
podemos loitar máis rápido
podemos loitar máis rápido
03:25
faster than ever before and understand the disease better
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e entender mellor a enfermidade
03:28
than ever before, and maybe discover drugs even faster.
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e quizais, atopar fármacos máis axiña.
03:32
This is another example of patient-specific stem cells
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Este é outro exemplo de
células nai dun paciente
células nai dun paciente
03:35
that were engineered from someone with retinitis pigmentosa.
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que se deseñaron a partir de alguén
con retinose pigmentaria.
con retinose pigmentaria.
03:39
This is a degeneration of the retina.
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É unha dexeneración da retina.
Unha enfermidade
presente na miña familia
presente na miña familia
03:41
It's a disease that runs in my family, and we really hope
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e esperamos que células coma estas
nos axuden a atopar unha cura.
nos axuden a atopar unha cura.
03:43
that cells like these will help us find a cure.
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03:46
So some people think that these models sound well and good,
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Algúns pensan que estes modelos
apuntan posibilidades,
apuntan posibilidades,
03:48
but ask, "Well, are these really as good as the rat?"
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pero preguntan, "son tan bos como a rata?"
03:52
The rat is an entire organism, after all,
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A rata é un organismo completo,
03:55
with interacting networks of organs.
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con redes interactivas de órganos.
03:57
A drug for the heart can get metabolized in the liver,
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Un fármaco para o corazón pode
metabolizarse no fígado
metabolizarse no fígado
04:00
and some of the byproducts may be stored in the fat.
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e algúns dos bioprodutos poden
almacenarse na graxa.
almacenarse na graxa.
04:03
Don't you miss all that with these tissue-engineered models?
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Non botas en falta todo iso nos modelos
de enxeñería de tecidos?
de enxeñería de tecidos?
04:08
Well, this is another trend in the field.
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Isto é outra tendencia nesta área.
04:10
By combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics,
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Combinando a enxeñería de tecidos
coa microfluídica,
coa microfluídica,
04:13
the field is actually evolving towards just that,
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o campo evoluciona
a un modelo completo do corpo,
04:15
a model of the entire ecosystem of the body,
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con múltiples sistemas de órganos,
onde comprobar
onde comprobar
04:18
complete with multiple organ systems to be able to test
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04:20
how a drug you might take for your blood pressure
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como un fármaco para a presión sanguínea
04:22
might affect your liver or an antidepressant might affect your heart.
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lle afecta ó fígado,
ou un antidepresivo ó corazón.
ou un antidepresivo ó corazón.
04:25
These systems are really hard to build, but we're just starting to be able to get there,
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Estes sistemas son difíciles
de construír,
de construír,
pero estamos comezando a facelo,
así que estean atentos.
así que estean atentos.
04:29
and so, watch out.
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04:32
But that's not even all of it, because once a drug is approved,
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Isto non é todo, xa que unha vez
aprobado un fármaco,
aprobado un fármaco,
04:35
tissue engineering techniques can actually help us develop more personalized treatments.
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a enxeñería de tecidos pode axudarnos
a xerar tratamentos personalizados.
a xerar tratamentos personalizados.
04:38
This is an example that you might care about someday,
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Este exemplo podería interesarlles
algún día,
algún día,
04:42
and I hope you never do,
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aínda que espero que non,
04:44
because imagine if you ever get that call
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xa que, imaxinen que un día
reciben unha chamada,
reciben unha chamada,
04:47
that gives you that bad news that you might have cancer.
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que lles dá a mala noticia
de que teñen cancro.
de que teñen cancro.
04:50
Wouldn't you rather test to see if those cancer drugs
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Non probarían primeiro se os fármacos
que van tomar
que van tomar
04:53
you're going to take are going to work on your cancer?
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funcionan contra o seu cancro?
04:55
This is an example from Karen Burg's lab, where they're
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Este é un exemplo do laboratorio
de Karen Burg,
de Karen Burg,
onde empregan células
de cancro de mama impresas
de cancro de mama impresas
04:58
using inkjet technologies to print breast cancer cells
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05:01
and study its progressions and treatments.
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para estudar
a súa progresión e tratamento.
a súa progresión e tratamento.
05:03
And some of our colleagues at Tufts are mixing models
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Algúns dos nosos compañeiros en Tufts
mesturan modelos coma este
mesturan modelos coma este
05:06
like these with tissue-engineered bone to see how cancer
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con ósos creados por enxeñería de tecidos
para ver como o cancro
para ver como o cancro
05:09
might spread from one part of the body to the next,
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podería estenderse polo corpo,
05:12
and you can imagine those kinds of multi-tissue chips
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e poden imaxinar este tipo
de chips multitecido
de chips multitecido
05:14
to be the next generation of these kinds of studies.
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como a próxima xeración
deste tipo de estudos.
deste tipo de estudos.
05:17
And so thinking about the models that we've just discussed,
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Pensando nos modelos
que acabamos de comentar,
que acabamos de comentar,
05:19
you can see, going forward, that tissue engineering
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nun futuro, a enxeñería de tecidos
05:21
is actually poised to help revolutionize drug screening
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pode revolucionar o descubrimento
de fármacos
de fármacos
05:24
at every single step of the path:
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en cada paso do proceso:
05:26
disease models making for better drug formulations,
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modelos de enfermidades que
melloren a formulación,
melloren a formulación,
05:29
massively parallel human tissue models helping to revolutionize lab testing,
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modelos de tecido humano que revolucionen
as probas de laboratorio,
as probas de laboratorio,
05:33
reduce animal testing and human testing in clinical trials,
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reducir as probas en animais
e humanos en ensaios clínicos
e humanos en ensaios clínicos
05:37
and individualized therapies that disrupt
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e terapias individualizadas
que revolucionarán o mercado.
05:39
what we even consider to be a market at all.
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05:42
Essentially, we're dramatically speeding up that feedback
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En esencia, estamos a acelerar
a retroalimentación
a retroalimentación
05:45
between developing a molecule and learning about
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entre a xeración dunha molécula
e a aprendizaxe de como actúa
no corpo humano.
no corpo humano.
05:47
how it acts in the human body.
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O proceso para facer isto é
transformar a biotecnoloxía
transformar a biotecnoloxía
05:50
Our process for doing this is essentially transforming
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05:52
biotechnology and pharmacology into an information technology,
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e a farmacoloxía nunha tecnoloxía
da información,
da información,
05:57
helping us discover and evaluate drugs faster,
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axudándonos a achar e avaliar fármacos
de maneira máis rápida,
de maneira máis rápida,
06:00
more cheaply and more effectively.
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barata e efectiva.
06:03
It gives new meaning to models against animal testing, doesn't it?
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Dálle un novo significado ós modelos
contra a experimentación animal, non é?
contra a experimentación animal, non é?
06:07
Thank you. (Applause)
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Grazas. (Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcherNina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies.
Why you should listen
Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating “spare parts” for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to “smell” lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Nina Tandon | Speaker | TED.com