ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies.

Why you should listen

Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating “spare parts” for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to “smell” lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers

More profile about the speaker
Nina Tandon | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Nina Tandon: Could tissue engineering mean personalized medicine?

Nina Tandon:组织工程学能创造出个性化的药物吗?

Filmed:
1,204,216 views

我们每个人的身体是独一无二的。这是个令人愉快的想法,但面对疾病治疗时并非如此。对于标准化的治疗方法,每个个体反应不同,而且常常不可预知。组织工程学家Nina Tandon讨论了一个可能的解决办法:使用多功能干细胞制造出个性化的器官模型,在其上测试新的药物和治疗方法,并且将这些信息存储在电脑芯片上。(这就是完全个性化的药物)
- Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I'd like to show显示 you a video视频 of some of the models楷模
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我想让大家看一段模特儿的影片
00:18
I work with.
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他们是我的工作伙伴
00:20
They're all the perfect完善 size尺寸, and they don't have an ounce盎司 of fat脂肪.
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他们都有完美的身材,没有一丁点脂肪
00:23
Did I mention提到 they're gorgeous华丽?
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我有说过他们超美的吗?
00:26
And they're scientific科学 models楷模? (Laughs)
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还有他们是科学模特儿吗? (笑声)
00:29
As you might威力 have guessed, I'm a tissue组织 engineer工程师,
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你们可能会猜对了,我是个组织工程学家
00:31
and this is a video视频 of some of the beating跳动 heart
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这段影片是在拍摄跳动的心脏
00:34
that I've engineered工程 in the lab实验室.
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这是我在实验室设计的
00:36
And one day we hope希望 that these tissues组织
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我们希望有一天,这些组织
00:38
can serve服务 as replacement替代 parts部分 for the human人的 body身体.
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可以当作某些人体器官的替代品
00:41
But what I'm going to tell you about today今天
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但是我今天要跟大家说的
00:43
is how these tissues组织 make awesome真棒 models楷模.
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是为什么这些组织能成为顶尖的模特儿(模型)
00:48
Well, let's think about the drug药物 screening筛查 process处理 for a moment时刻.
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好,让我们先来看看药物检验的流程
00:50
You go from drug药物 formulation公式, lab实验室 testing测试, animal动物 testing测试,
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从药物配方、实验室测试、动物测试
00:53
and then clinical临床 trials试验, which哪一个 you might威力 call human人的 testing测试,
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到临床测试,也可以称之为人体实验
00:56
before the drugs毒品 get to market市场.
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完成这些步骤才会上市
00:58
It costs成本 a lot of money, a lot of time,
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这样的流程很花钱,很费时
01:01
and sometimes有时, even when a drug药物 hits点击 the market市场,
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甚至有时候连已经上市的药物
01:04
it acts行为 in an unpredictable不可预料的 way and actually其实 hurts伤害 people.
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都会让人体产生无法预测的反应,造成实质的伤害
01:08
And the later后来 it fails失败, the worse更差 the consequences后果.
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而且问题发现得越晚,后果就会越严重
01:12
It all boils down to two issues问题. One, humans人类 are not rats大鼠,
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我们将之简化为两个问题。 第一,人类不是老鼠
01:16
and two, despite尽管 our incredible难以置信 similarities相似之处 to one another另一个,
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第二,尽管人和人之间的差异微乎其微
01:20
actually其实 those tiny differences分歧 between之间 you and I
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但是我们之间这些微小的差异
01:23
have huge巨大 impacts影响 with how we metabolize代谢 drugs毒品
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却让我们代谢药物的反应和药效
01:25
and how those drugs毒品 affect影响 us.
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有天壤之别
01:27
So what if we had better models楷模 in the lab实验室
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所以,如果说我们的实验室使用了更好的模型
01:30
that could not only mimic模仿者 us better than rats大鼠
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而这些模型不单只是比老鼠更接近人类
01:33
but also reflect反映 our diversity多样?
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还可以反映出人体的多元性呢?
01:37
Let's see how we can do it with tissue组织 engineering工程.
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我们来看看,组织工程学能做些什么
01:41
One of the key technologies技术 that's really important重要
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其中一项至关重要的关键科技
01:44
is what's called induced诱发 pluripotent多能 stem cells细胞.
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我们称之为"诱导性多功能干细胞"
01:47
They were developed发达 in Japan日本 pretty漂亮 recently最近.
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最近由日本发展出来的
01:49
Okay, induced诱发 pluripotent多能 stem cells细胞.
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好,诱导性多功能干细胞
01:52
They're a lot like embryonic胚胎 stem cells细胞
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和胚胎干细胞有许多相似之处
01:54
except without the controversy争议.
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只是前者没有道德争议性
01:56
We induce促使 cells细胞, okay, say, skin皮肤 cells细胞,
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我们诱导细胞生长,举例来说,皮肤细胞
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by adding加入 a few少数 genes基因 to them, culturing培养 them,
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的方式是植入微量的基因,培养它们
02:02
and then harvesting收获 them.
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接着就可以采收
02:03
So they're skin皮肤 cells细胞 that can be tricked被骗,
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所以我们可以欺骗这些皮肤细胞
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kind of like cellular细胞的 amnesia健忘症, into an embryonic胚胎 state.
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可以说是让细胞罹患失忆症,让他们变回胚胎模式
02:09
So without the controversy争议, that's cool thing number one.
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因此没有道德争议性,这是第一个好处
02:11
Cool thing number two, you can grow增长 any type类型 of tissue组织
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第二个好处是,你可以用它培养出任何的组织
02:14
out of them: brain, heart, liver, you get the picture图片,
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大脑、心脏、肝脏,你们都知道的
02:16
but out of your cells细胞.
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都是出于自己的细胞
02:19
So we can make a model模型 of your heart, your brain
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所以我们可以做出你的心脏,你的大脑的模版
02:23
on a chip芯片.
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在晶片上
02:25
Generating发电 tissues组织 of predictable可预测 density密度 and behavior行为
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培育出密度和行为模式可预测的组织
02:28
is the second第二 piece, and will be really key towards
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是第二步骤,这个进展非常重要
02:31
getting得到 these models楷模 to be adopted采用 for drug药物 discovery发现.
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使得这些模型能应用于药物测试
02:34
And this is a schematic概要 of a bioreactor生物反应器 we're developing发展 in our lab实验室
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这张图是我们实验室正在发展的生物反应器
02:37
to help engineer工程师 tissues组织 in a more modular模块化, scalable可扩展性 way.
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它能提高组织工程进行时的模式性和控制性
02:40
Going forward前锋, imagine想像 a massively大规模 parallel平行 version of this
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未来,你们想像一下许多台这种仪器并联在一起的样子
02:44
with thousands数千 of pieces of human人的 tissue组织.
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里面有数以千计的人类组织
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It would be like having a clinical临床 trial审讯 on a chip芯片.
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就好像在晶片上面进行临床试验
02:50
But another另一个 thing about these induced诱发 pluripotent多能 stem cells细胞
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关于诱导性多功能干细胞,还有另外一件事
02:54
is that if we take some skin皮肤 cells细胞, let's say,
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那就是如果我们采集了一些皮肤细胞,例如说
02:56
from people with a genetic遗传 disease疾病
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从有遗传性疾病的人身上
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and we engineer工程师 tissues组织 out of them,
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然后我们从中培育出一些组织
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we can actually其实 use tissue-engineering组织工程 techniques技术
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我们可以实际利用组织工程的技术
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to generate生成 models楷模 of those diseases疾病 in the lab实验室.
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在实验室里培育这些疾病的模型
03:06
Here's这里的 an example from Kevin凯文 Eggan'sEggan的 lab实验室 at Harvard哈佛.
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这个例子来自Kevin Eggin在哈佛的实验室
03:10
He generated产生 neurons神经元
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他培养出神经元
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from these induced诱发 pluripotent多能 stem cells细胞
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从诱导性多功能干细胞中
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from patients耐心 who have Lou Gehrig'sGehrig氏 Disease疾病,
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样本来自Lou Gehrig症(肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症) 的病患
03:17
and he differentiated分化 them into neurons神经元, and what's amazing惊人
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他将它们分化成神经元,不可思议的是
03:20
is that these neurons神经元 also show显示 symptoms症状 of the disease疾病.
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这些神经元也反应出该疾病的症状
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So with disease疾病 models楷模 like these, we can fight斗争 back
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所以有了这些疾病的模型,我们能以前所未有的速度
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faster更快 than ever before and understand理解 the disease疾病 better
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反击它们(疾病),还能以前所未有的角度
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than ever before, and maybe discover发现 drugs毒品 even faster更快.
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了解它们,甚至能加快药物研发的脚步
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This is another另一个 example of patient-specific患者特异性的 stem cells细胞
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这是另一个例子,这种遗传性疾病干细胞
03:35
that were engineered工程 from someone有人 with retinitis视网膜炎 pigmentosa色素.
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是从自色素性视网膜炎的患者培育出来的
03:39
This is a degeneration退化 of the retina视网膜.
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这种病导致视网膜的衰退
03:41
It's a disease疾病 that runs运行 in my family家庭, and we really hope希望
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这是我们家族成员常罹患的疾病,我们真的很希望
03:43
that cells细胞 like these will help us find a cure治愈.
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这类的干细胞可以帮助我们找到解药
03:46
So some people think that these models楷模 sound声音 well and good,
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因此,有些人认为这些模型看起来完美无缺
03:48
but ask, "Well, are these really as good as the rat?"
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但是他们会问: "这些细胞真的跟小白鼠一样好用吗?"
03:52
The rat is an entire整个 organism生物, after all,
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毕竟老鼠是完整的生物体
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with interacting互动 networks网络 of organs器官.
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器官之间有完整的互动网路
03:57
A drug药物 for the heart can get metabolized代谢 in the liver,
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用于心脏的药会在肝脏代谢
04:00
and some of the byproducts副产品 may可能 be stored存储 in the fat脂肪.
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而且有些药效副产品可能会储存在脂肪
04:03
Don't you miss小姐 all that with these tissue-engineered组织工程 models楷模?
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这些效果在组织工程的模型上不是都看不出来吗?
04:08
Well, this is another另一个 trend趋势 in the field领域.
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没错,这是这领域的另外一个研究趋势
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By combining结合 tissue组织 engineering工程 techniques技术 with microfluidics微流控,
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将组织工程的技术与微流学结合在一起
04:13
the field领域 is actually其实 evolving进化 towards just that,
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实际上,这个领域正朝这个方向发展
04:15
a model模型 of the entire整个 ecosystem生态系统 of the body身体,
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人体全生态系统的模型
04:18
complete完成 with multiple organ器官 systems系统 to be able能够 to test测试
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必须包含复合的器官系统才得以测试
04:20
how a drug药物 you might威力 take for your blood血液 pressure压力
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为了控制血压而服用的药物
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might威力 affect影响 your liver or an antidepressant抗抑郁剂 might威力 affect影响 your heart.
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可能会影响你的肝脏,服用抗忧郁剂或许会影响你的心脏
04:25
These systems系统 are really hard to build建立, but we're just starting开始 to be able能够 to get there,
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这些系统很难架构,但是我们开始着手进行了
04:29
and so, watch out.
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所以,等着看吧
04:32
But that's not even all of it, because once一旦 a drug药物 is approved批准,
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但是这还不是全部,因为一旦药物获得许可
04:35
tissue组织 engineering工程 techniques技术 can actually其实 help us develop发展 more personalized个性化 treatments治疗.
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组织工程的技术真的能帮助我们使疗程更加符合个人需求
04:38
This is an example that you might威力 care关心 about someday日后,
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未来的某天你可能需要了解这些相关资讯
04:42
and I hope希望 you never do,
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虽然我希望这一天永远不会来
04:44
because imagine想像 if you ever get that call
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因为你想像,自己可能接到了一通电话
04:47
that gives you that bad news新闻 that you might威力 have cancer癌症.
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带来的是坏消息,你可能罹患癌症了
04:50
Wouldn't岂不 you rather test测试 to see if those cancer癌症 drugs毒品
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你难道不想先试用那些治疗癌症的药物
04:53
you're going to take are going to work on your cancer癌症?
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看看那些药是否真的可以对抗你的癌症吗?
04:55
This is an example from Karen卡伦 Burg's伯格的 lab实验室, where they're
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这是Karen Burg的实验室的例子,他们那里
04:58
using运用 inkjet喷墨 technologies技术 to print打印 breast乳房 cancer癌症 cells细胞
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使用喷墨技术来标的乳癌细胞
05:01
and study研究 its progressions级数 and treatments治疗.
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并研究细胞的发展及疗效
05:03
And some of our colleagues同事 at Tufts塔夫茨 are mixing混合 models楷模
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我们Tufts有几个同事正在结合不同模型
05:06
like these with tissue-engineered组织工程 bone to see how cancer癌症
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例如结合那些组织工程研发的骨头,观察癌症如何
05:09
might威力 spread传播 from one part部分 of the body身体 to the next下一个,
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从身体这个区域扩散到下一个区域
05:12
and you can imagine想像 those kinds of multi-tissue多组织 chips芯片
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你可以想像一下,那些包含多种组织的晶片
05:14
to be the next下一个 generation of these kinds of studies学习.
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会在下个世代,成为这类研究的主流
05:17
And so thinking思维 about the models楷模 that we've我们已经 just discussed讨论,
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所以,回想我们刚刚讨论的这些模型
05:19
you can see, going forward前锋, that tissue组织 engineering工程
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你会发现,未来的组织工程学
05:21
is actually其实 poised准备 to help revolutionize革命化 drug药物 screening筛查
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有助于药物检验,我们努力过程的每一步
05:24
at every一切 single step of the path路径:
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都能使其产生突破性的变革
05:26
disease疾病 models楷模 making制造 for better drug药物 formulations配方,
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疾病模型可以制作出更好的药物配方
05:29
massively大规模 parallel平行 human人的 tissue组织 models楷模 helping帮助 to revolutionize革命化 lab实验室 testing测试,
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多样而大量的人类组织模型有助于实验室测试的变革
05:33
reduce减少 animal动物 testing测试 and human人的 testing测试 in clinical临床 trials试验,
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减少动物临床测试及人类临床测试
05:37
and individualized个性化 therapies治疗 that disrupt破坏
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使疗程个人化,改变我们以往的想法
05:39
what we even consider考虑 to be a market市场 at all.
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认为一套疗程适用于所有人
05:42
Essentially实质上, we're dramatically显着 speeding超速 up that feedback反馈
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而我们实际的数据回馈也以戏剧化的速度增加
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between之间 developing发展 a molecule分子 and learning学习 about
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实验内容是培养单一分子,并研究其
05:47
how it acts行为 in the human人的 body身体.
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在人体中的反应为何
05:50
Our process处理 for doing this is essentially实质上 transforming转型
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我们的所作所为,其实就是
05:52
biotechnology生物技术 and pharmacology药理 into an information信息 technology技术,
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将生物科技跟药理学转换成资讯科技
05:57
helping帮助 us discover发现 and evaluate评估 drugs毒品 faster更快,
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帮助我们加快药物开发与评估的速度
06:00
more cheaply廉价地 and more effectively有效.
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减少成本,提高效率
06:03
It gives new meaning含义 to models楷模 against反对 animal动物 testing测试, doesn't it?
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比起动物试验,这样的作法更有意义,不是吗?
06:07
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢大家(鼓掌)
Translated by 嘉宇 王
Reviewed by Catherina Pan

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies.

Why you should listen

Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating “spare parts” for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to “smell” lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers

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Nina Tandon | Speaker | TED.com