TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Martin Hanczyc: The line between life and not-life
Martin Hanczyc: Linija između života i neživota
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Martin Hanczyc u svojem laboratoriju proizvodi "protostanice", eksperimentalne nakupine kemikalija koje se ponašaju kao žive stanice. Njegov rad prikazuje kako se život možda pojavio na Zemlji ... a i drugdje.
Martin Hanczyc - Chemist
Martin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells. Full bio
Martin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So historically there has
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Povijesno gledano, postoji
00:17
been a huge divide between what people
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velika razlika između onog što ljudi smatraju
00:20
consider to be non-living systems on one
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neživim sustavima s jedne,
00:23
side, and living systems on the other side.
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i živim sustavima s druge strane.
00:25
So we go from, say, this beautiful and
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Tako da imamo, recimo, ovaj prekrasan
00:27
complex crystal as non-life, and this rather
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i kompleksan kristal kao neživo, i
00:30
beautiful and complex cat on the other side.
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s druge strane, ovu prekrasnu i kompleksnu mačku.
00:33
Over the last hundred and fifty years or so,
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Otprilike u zadnjih 150 godina,
00:36
science has kind of blurred this distinction
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znanost je donekle zamutila tu granicu
00:38
between non-living and living systems, and
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između neživih i živih sustava,
00:40
now we consider that there may be a kind
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i trenutno smatramo da bi mogao postojati
00:42
of continuum that exists between the two.
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kontinuitet između tog dvojeg.
00:45
We'll just take one example here:
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Uzmimo samo ovaj primjer:
00:47
a virus is a natural system, right?
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virus je prirodni sustav, zar ne?
00:49
But it's very simple. It's very simplistic.
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Ali vrlo je jednostavan. Vrlo pojednostavljen.
00:51
It doesn't really satisfy all the requirements,
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Ne zadovoljava baš sve zahtjeve,
00:53
it doesn't have all the characteristics
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nema sve karakteristike živog sustava
00:55
of living systems and is in fact a parasite
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i zapravo je parazit
00:57
on other living systems in order to, say,
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na drugim živim sustavima kako bi se mogao
01:00
reproduce and evolve.
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razmnožavati i razvijati.
01:02
But what we're going to be talking about here
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Ali ono o čemu ćemo večeras ovdje govoriti
01:04
tonight are experiments done on this sort of
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jesu eksperimenti koji se rade na ovoj vrsti
01:06
non-living end of this spectrum -- so actually
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neživog dijela spektra -- tako da
01:08
doing chemical experiments in the laboratory,
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provodeći kemijske eksperimente u laboratoriju,
01:11
mixing together nonliving ingredients
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miješajući nežive sastojke
01:13
to make new structures, and that these
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da bismo dobili nove strukture, i da
01:15
new structures might have some of the
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te nove strukture možda imaju neke
01:17
characteristics of living systems.
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od karakteristika živih sustava.
01:19
Really what I'm talking about here is
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Ono o čemu zapravo govorim jest
01:21
trying to create a kind of artificial life.
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pokušaj stvaranja neke vrste umjetnog života.
01:23
So what are these characteristics that I'm
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Dakle, koje su karakteristike
01:25
talking about? These are them.
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o kojima govorim? To su sljedeće:
01:27
We consider first that life has a body.
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Najprije smatramo da život ima tijelo.
01:29
Now this is necessary to distinguish the self
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To je potrebno za razlikovanje sebe
01:31
from the environment.
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od okoliša.
01:33
Life also has a metabolism. Now this is a
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Život ima i metabolizam. To je
01:35
process by which life can convert resources
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proces kojim život može pretvarati resurse
01:38
from the environment into building blocks
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iz okoliša u gradeće blokove
01:40
so it can maintain and build itself.
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tako da se može održavati i graditi.
01:43
Life also has a kind of inheritable information.
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Život ima i vrstu nasljednih informacija.
01:45
Now we, as humans, we store our information
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Mi, kao ljudi, pohranjujemo te informacije
01:47
as DNA in our genomes and we pass this
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kao DNK u našim genomima i prosljeđujemo
01:50
information on to our offspring.
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tu informaciju našim potomcima.
01:52
If we couple the first two -- the body and the metabolism --
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Ako uparimo prvo dvoje -- tijelo i metabolizam --
01:54
we can come up with a system that could
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možemo izmisliti sustav koji se možda može
01:56
perhaps move and replicate, and if we
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micati i kopirati, i ako sad
01:58
coupled these now to inheritable information,
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uparimo ove s nasljednim informacijama,
02:01
we can come up with a system that would be
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možemo doći do sustava koji bi bio sličniji
02:03
more lifelike, and would perhaps evolve.
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živućem, i koji bi se možda razvijao.
02:05
And so these are the things we will try to do
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I ovo su stvari koje ćemo pokušati napraviti
02:07
in the lab, make some experiments that have
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u laboratoriju, napraviti neke eksperimente koji
02:09
one or more of these characteristics of life.
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imaju jednu ili više karakteristika života.
02:12
So how do we do this? Well, we use
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Kako to činimo? Pa, koristimo
02:14
a model system that we term a protocell.
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model sustava koji označavamo kao protostanicu.
02:16
You might think of this as kind of like a
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Ovo možete zamisliti kao nekakvu
02:18
primitive cell. It is a simple chemical
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primitivnu stanicu. Jednostavan je kemijski model
02:20
model of a living cell, and if you consider
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žive stanice, i ako na primjer zamislite
02:23
for example a cell in your body may have
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da stanica u vašem tijelu vjerojatno ima
02:25
on the order of millions of different types
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milijune različitih tipova
02:27
of molecules that need to come together,
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molekula koje se trebaju spojiti,
02:29
play together in a complex network
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zajedno igrati u složenoj mreži
02:31
to produce something that we call alive.
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da proizvedu nešto što nazivamo živim.
02:34
In the laboratory what we want to do
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Što želimo napraviti u laboratoriju
02:36
is much the same, but with on the order of
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je prilično isto, ali s otprilike
02:38
tens of different types of molecules --
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desecima različitih tipova molekula --
02:40
so a drastic reduction in complexity, but still
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tako da imamo drastično smanjenje složenosti, ali još uvijek
02:42
trying to produce something that looks lifelike.
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pokušavamo proizvesti nešto što je slično živome.
02:45
And so what we do is, we start simple
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Ono što činimo je da počinjemo jednostavno
02:47
and we work our way up to living systems.
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i nadograđujemo prema živim sustavima.
02:50
Consider for a moment this quote by
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Razmislite na tren o Leducovom citatu,
02:52
Leduc, a hundred years ago, considering a
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prije stotinu godina, dok je promišljao
02:54
kind of synthetic biology:
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o vrsti sintetičke biologije:
02:56
"The synthesis of life, should it ever occur,
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"Sinteza života, ako bi se ikad dogodila,
02:58
will not be the sensational discovery which we
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neće biti senzacionalno otkriće koje obično
03:00
usually associate with the idea."
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povezujemo s idejom."
03:02
That's his first statement. So if we actually
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To je njegova prva izjava. Tako da ako zapravo
03:04
create life in the laboratories, it's
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stvorimo život u laboratoriju, on vjerojatno
03:06
probably not going to impact our lives at all.
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neće uopće utjecati na naše živote.
03:08
"If we accept the theory of evolution, then
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"Ako prihvatimo teoriju evolucije, onda se
03:10
the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist
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prvi tračak sinteze života mora sastojati
03:12
in the production of forms intermediate
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u proizvodnji posrednih oblika
03:14
between the inorganic and the organic
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između anorganskog i organskog
03:16
world, or between the non-living
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svijeta, ili između neživućeg
03:18
and living world, forms which possess
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i živućeg svijeta, oblika koji posjeduje
03:20
only some of the rudimentary attributes of life"
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tek neke od rudimentarnih atributa života"
03:22
-- so, the ones I just discussed --
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-- dakle oni o kojima sam upravo raspravljao --
03:24
"to which other attributes will be slowly added
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"kojima će polagano biti dodavani drugi atributi
03:26
in the course of development by the
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u tijeku razvoja
03:28
evolutionary actions of the environment."
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evolucijskim akcijama okoliša."
03:30
So we start simple, we make some structures
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Tako da počinjemo jednostavno, radimo strukture
03:32
that may have some of these characteristics
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koje mogu imati neke od karakteristika
03:34
of life, and then we try to develop that
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života, i onda ih pokušavamo razviti
03:36
to become more lifelike.
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da postanu sličnije živome.
03:38
This is how we can start to make a protocell.
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Ovako možemo početi stvarati protostanicu.
03:40
We use this idea called self-assembly.
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Koristimo ideju nazvanu samo-spajanje.
03:42
What that means is, I can mix some
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To znači da mogu miješati
03:44
chemicals together in a test tube in my lab,
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neke kemikalije u epruveti u svom laboratoriju,
03:46
and these chemicals will start to self-associate
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i ove kemikalije će se početi samopovezivati
03:48
to form larger and larger structures.
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i formirati sve veće strukture.
03:50
So say on the order of tens of thousands,
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Recimo da će se deseci tisuća,
03:52
hundreds of thousands of molecules will
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stotine tisuća molekula
03:54
come together to form a large structure
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spojiti i oblikovati velike strukture
03:56
that didn't exist before.
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koje prije nisu postojale.
03:58
And in this particular example,
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A u ovom primjeru posebice,
04:00
what I took is some membrane molecules,
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ono što sam uzeo su bile opnene molekule,
04:02
mixed those together in the right environment,
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pomiješao ih u pravom okolišu.
04:04
and within seconds it forms these rather
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i u nekoliko sekundi su se formirale
04:06
complex and beautiful structures here.
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poprilično složene i prekrasne strukture kao ove.
04:08
These membranes are also quite similar,
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Ove membrane su također jako slične,
04:10
morphologically and functionally,
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morfološki i funkcionalno,
04:12
to the membranes in your body,
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membranama u vašem tijelu,
04:14
and we can use these, as they say,
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i ove možemo koristiti, kako kažu,
04:16
to form the body of our protocell.
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da oblikuju tijelo protostanice.
04:18
Likewise,
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Isto tako,
04:19
we can work with oil and water systems.
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možemo raditi na nafti i vodenim sustavima.
04:21
As you know, when you put oil and water together,
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Kao što znate, kad spojite naftu i vodu,
04:23
they don't mix, but through self-assembly
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one se ne miješaju, ali kroz samo-spajanje,
04:25
we can get a nice oil droplet to form,
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možemo postići da se oblikuje lijepa kapljica nafte,
04:27
and we can actually use this as a body for
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i ovo zapravo možemo koristiti kao tijelo
04:29
our artificial organism or for our protocell,
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za naš umjetni organizam ili protostanicu,
04:31
as you will see later.
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kako ćete vidjeti kasnije.
04:33
So that's just forming some body stuff, right?
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Pa to je samo oblikovanje nekakvog tijela, zar ne?
04:35
Some architectures.
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Nekakva arhitektura.
04:37
What about the other aspects of living systems?
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A što s drugim aspektima živućih sustava?
04:39
So we came up with this protocell model here
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Tako smo došli do ovog modela protostanice
04:41
that I'm showing.
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kojeg pokazujem.
04:43
We started with a natural occurring clay
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Počeli smo s glinom koja se prirodno javlja
04:45
called montmorillonite.
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i zove se montmorilonit.
04:47
This is natural from the environment, this clay.
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Ova glina, ona je prirodna iz okoliša.
04:49
It forms a surface that is, say, chemically active.
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Oblikuje površinu koja je, recimo, kemijski aktivna.
04:51
It could run a metabolism on it.
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Metabolizam bi se mogao voditi na njoj.
04:53
Certain kind of molecules like to associate
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Određene vrste molekula se rado spajaju
04:55
with the clay. For example, in this case, RNA, shown in red
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s glinom. Na primjer, u ovom slučaju, RNK, pokazana crvenom
04:57
-- this is a relative of DNA,
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-- ovo je srodnik DNK,
04:59
it's an informational molecule --
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je informacijska molekula --
05:01
it can come along and it starts to associate
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može se pojaviti i početi povezivati
05:03
with the surface of this clay.
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s površinom gline.
05:05
This structure, then, can organize the
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Ova struktura onda može organizirati
05:07
formation of a membrane boundary around
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formaciju opnene granice oko sebe,
05:09
itself, so it can make a body of
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i tako može tvoriti tijelo
05:11
liquid molecules around itself, and that's
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tekućih molekula oko sebe same, i to je
05:13
shown in green here on this micrograph.
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pokazano zeleno ovdje na mikrografu.
05:15
So just through self-assembly, mixing things
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Tako da samo kroz samo-skupljanje, miješanjem stvari
05:17
together in the lab, we can come up with, say,
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u laboratoriju, možemo doći do, recimo,
05:20
a metabolic surface with some
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metaboličke površine s nekim
05:22
informational molecules attached
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informacijskim molekulama pričvršćenima
05:24
inside of this membrane body, right?
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unutar ovog opnenog tijela, u redu?
05:26
So we're on a road towards living systems.
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Tako da smo na putu prema živućim sustavima.
05:30
But if you saw this protocell, you would not
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Ali ako biste vidjeli protostanicu, ne biste
05:32
confuse this with something that was actually alive.
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ju zamijenili za nešto što je stvarno živo.
05:34
It's actually quite lifeless. Once it forms,
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Zapravo je prilično beživotna. Jednom kad se oblikuje,
05:36
it doesn't really do anything.
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ne čini ništa.
05:38
So, something is missing.
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Dakle, nešto nedostaje.
05:40
Some things are missing.
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Neke stvari nedostaju.
05:42
So some things that are missing is,
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Neke od stvari koje nedostaju je,
05:44
for example, if you had a flow of energy
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na primjer, ako biste imali tijek energije
05:46
through a system, what we'd want
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kroz sustav, ono što bismo htjeli
05:48
is a protocell that can harvest
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je protostanica koja može požeti
05:50
some of that energy in order to maintain itself,
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dio te energije da bi se održavala,
05:52
much like living systems do.
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uvelike kao i živući sustavi.
05:54
So we came up with a different protocell
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Tako smo se sjetili drukčijeg modela
05:56
model, and this is actually simpler than the previous one.
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protostanice, i ovaj je zapravo jednostavniji od prethodnog.
05:58
In this protocell model, it's just an oil droplet,
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U ovom modelu protostanice, to je samo kapljica nafte,
06:00
but a chemical metabolism inside
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ali unutarnji kemijski metabolizam
06:02
that allows this protocell to use energy
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koji dopušta protostanici da koristi energiju
06:04
to do something, to actually become dynamic,
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kako bi činila nešto, zapravo postala dinamična,
06:07
as we'll see here.
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kao što vidimo ovdje.
06:09
You add the droplet to the system.
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Dodate kapljicu sustavu.
06:11
It's a pool of water, and the protocell
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To je bazen vode, i protostanica
06:13
starts moving itself around in the system.
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se počinje gibati oko sustava.
06:15
Okay? Oil droplet forms
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OK? Kapljica nafte se oblikuje
06:17
through self-assembly, has a chemical
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kroz samo-spajanje, ima unutarnji kemijski metabolizam
06:19
metabolism inside so it can use energy,
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tako da može koristiti energiju,
06:21
and it uses that energy to move itself
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i koristi tu energiju da se giba
06:23
around in its environment.
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uokolo u svom okolišu.
06:25
As we heard earlier, movement is very
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Kao što smo ranije čuli, kretanje je jako važno
06:27
important in these kinds of living systems.
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u ovim vrstama živućih sustava.
06:29
It is moving around, exploring its environment,
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Giba se uokolo, istražujući svoj okoliš,
06:31
and remodeling its environment, as you see,
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i remodelirajući svoj okoliš, kao što vidite,
06:33
by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell.
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pomoću kemijskih valova koje oblikuje protostanica.
06:35
So it's acting, in a sense, like a living system
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Tako se na neki način ponaša kao živući sustav
06:37
trying to preserve itself.
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koji se pokušava održati.
06:40
We take this same moving protocell here,
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Uzmemo li istu ovu protostanicu koja se kreće,
06:43
and we put it in another experiment,
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i koristimo je u drugom eksperimentu,
06:45
get it moving. Then I'm going
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natjeramo je da se kreće. Onda dodajem
06:47
to add some food to the system,
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hranu u sustav,
06:49
and you'll see that in blue here, right?
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i to vidite u plavom ovdje, je li tako?
06:52
So I add some food source to the system.
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Dodam izvor hrane u sustav.
06:54
The protocell moves. It encounters the food.
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Protostanica se kreće. Nailazi na hranu.
06:56
It reconfigures itself and actually then
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Podešava se i onda
06:58
is able to climb to the highest concentration
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se može popeti na najvišu koncentraciju hrane
07:00
of food in that system and stop there.
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u sustavu i tu stati.
07:02
Alright? So not only do we have this system
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U redu? Tako da ne samo imamo sustav
07:04
that has a body, it has a metabolism,
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koji ima tijelo, metabolizam,
07:06
it can use energy, it moves around.
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može koristiti energiju, giba se uokolo.
07:09
It can sense its local environment
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Može osjetiti lokalni okoliš
07:11
and actually find resources
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i zapravo naći resurse za samoodržanje
07:13
in the environment to sustain itself.
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u okolišu.
07:15
Now, this doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have
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Sad, ovo nema mozak, nema
07:17
a neural system. This is just a sack of
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živčani sustav. Ovo je samo vreća
07:19
chemicals that is able to have this interesting
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kemikalija koja se može ponašati na zanimljiv način
07:21
and complex lifelike behavior.
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kao složen život.
07:23
If we count the number of chemicals
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Ako nabrojimo kemikalije
07:25
in that system, actually, including the water
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u ovom sustav, uključujući i vodu
07:27
that's in the dish, we have five chemicals
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koja je u posudi, imamo pet kemikalija
07:29
that can do this.
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koje to mogu.
07:31
So then we put these protocells together in a
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Onda stavimo ove protostanice skupa
07:33
single experiment to see what they would do,
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u jedan jedini eksperiment da vidimo što će napraviti,
07:35
and depending on the conditions, we have
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i ovisno o uvjetima, imamo
07:37
some protocells on the left that are
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neke protostanice na lijevo koje se miču
07:39
moving around and it likes to touch the other
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uokolo i voli dodirivati druge strukture
07:41
structures in its environment.
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u svom okolišu.
07:43
On the other hand we have two moving
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S druge strane imamo dvije protostanice
07:45
protocells that like to circle each other,
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koje se miču i vole kružiti jedna oko druge,
07:47
and they form a kind of a dance, a complex dance with each other.
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i oblikuju nekakvu vrstu plesa, složenog plesa jedna s drugom.
07:49
Right? So not only do individual protocells
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U redu? Tako da nemaju samo pojedine protostanice
07:51
have behavior, what we've interpreted as
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postupke koje smo protumačili kao
07:53
behavior in this system, but we also have
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ponašanje u ovom sustavu, nego imamo i
07:55
basically population-level behavior
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razinu ponašanja populacije
07:58
similar to what organisms have.
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sličnu onima u organizmima.
08:01
So now that you're all experts on protocells,
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Sad kad ste svi stručnjaci za protostanice,
08:04
we're going to play a game with these protocells.
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igrat ćemo igru s ovim protostanicama.
08:06
We're going to make two different kinds.
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Napravit ćemo dvije različite vrste.
08:08
Protocell A has a certain kind of chemistry
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Protostanica A ima određenu vrstu kemije u sebi
08:11
inside that, when activated, the protocell
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koja, kad se aktivira, tjera protostanicu
08:13
starts to vibrate around, just dancing.
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da vibrira uokolo, samo plešući.
08:15
So remember, these are primitive things,
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Sjetite se, ovo su primitivne stvari,
08:17
so dancing protocells, that's very
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tako da plešuće protostanice,
08:19
interesting to us. (Laughter)
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to nam je jako zanimljivo. (Smijeh)
08:21
The second protocell has a different
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Druga protostanica ima drukčiju kemiju unutar sebe
08:23
chemistry inside, and when activated,
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koja kad se aktivira
08:25
the protocells all come together and they fuse
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spaja protostanice i one se stapaju
08:27
into one big one. Right?
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u jednu veliku stanicu. U redu?
08:29
And we just put these two together
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I samo spojimo ove dvije
08:31
in the same system.
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u isti sustav.
08:33
So there's population A,
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Tako imamo populaciju A,
08:35
there's population B, and then
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populaciju B, i onda
08:37
we activate the system,
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aktiviramo sustav,
08:39
and protocell Bs, they're the blue ones,
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i protostanice B, ove plave,
08:41
they all come together. They fuse together
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se sve spoje. Stope se
08:43
to form one big blob, and the other protocell
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i tvore jednu veliku nakupinu, a druga protostanica
08:45
just dances around. And this just happens
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samo pleše uokolo. I ovo se događa
08:47
until all of the energy in the system is
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sve dok sva energija u sustavu
08:49
basically used up, and then, game over.
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nije potrošena, i onda, igra je gotova.
08:52
So then I repeated this experiment
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Tako sam ponovio ovaj eksperiment
08:54
a bunch of times, and one time
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gomilu puta, i jedan put
08:56
something very interesting happened.
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se nešto jako zanimljivo dogodilo.
08:58
So, I added these protocells together
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Dakle, dodao sam protostanice
09:00
to the system, and protocell A and protocell B
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u sustav, i protostanice A i protostanice B
09:02
fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.
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su se spojile i oblikovale hibrid protostanice AB.
09:04
That didn't happen before. There it goes.
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To se nije prije dogodilo. Eto ga.
09:06
There's a protocell AB now in this system.
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Sad u sustavu imamo protostanicu AB.
09:09
Protocell AB likes to dance around for a bit,
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Protostanica AB voli malo plesati uokolo,
09:12
while protocell B does the fusing, okay?
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dok protostanica B obavlja stapanje, OK?
09:15
But then something even more interesting happens.
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Ali onda se dogodi nešto još zanimljivije.
09:18
Watch when these two large protocells,
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Gledajte kako se ove dvije velike protostanice,
09:20
the hybrid ones, fuse together.
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ove hibridne, stapaju.
09:22
Now we have a dancing protocell
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Sad imamo plešuću protostanicu
09:25
and a self-replication event. Right. (Laughter)
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i samokopiranje. U redu. (Smijeh)
09:29
Just with blobs of chemicals, again.
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I ponovno, samo s nakupinama kemikalija.
09:31
So the way this works is, you have
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Način na koji ovo radi je, imate
09:33
a simple system of five chemicals here,
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jednostavan sustav od pet kemikalija,
09:35
a simple system here. When they hybridize,
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jednostavan sustav. Kad se one kombiniraju,
09:37
you then form something that's different than
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onda oblikuju nešto što je puno drukčije
09:39
before, it's more complex than before,
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nego prije, puno složenije nego prije,
09:41
and you get the emergence of another kind of
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i imate dobitak drukčije vrste
09:43
lifelike behavior which
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od ponašanja sličnog živućem koji je
09:45
in this case is replication.
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u ovom slučaju kopiranje.
09:47
So since we can make some interesting
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Pošto možemo napraviti zanimljive
09:49
protocells that we like, interesting colors and
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protostanice koje nam se sviđaju, zanimljivih boja i
09:51
interesting behaviors, and they're very easy
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zanimljivog ponašanja, i pošto ih je lako
09:53
to make, and they have interesting lifelike
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napraviti, i imaju zanimljive osobitosti
09:55
properties, perhaps these protocells have
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živućeg ponašanja, možda ove protostanice
09:58
something to tell us about the origin of life
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nam mogu reći o porijeklu života
10:00
on the Earth. Perhaps these represent an
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na Zemlji. Možda one predstavljaju
10:02
easily accessible step, one of the first steps
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lako dostupan korak, jedan od prvih koraka
10:04
by which life got started on the early Earth.
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kojima je život započeo na mladoj Zemlji.
10:07
Certainly, there were molecules present on
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Zasigurno, više molekula je bilo prisutno
10:09
the early Earth, but they wouldn't have been
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na mladoj Zemlji, ali one nisu mogle biti
10:11
these pure compounds that we worked with
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ovi čisti spojevi s kojima smo mi radili
10:13
in the lab and I showed in these experiments.
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u laboratoriju i koje sam pokazao u ovim eksperimentima.
10:15
Rather, they'd be a real complex mixture of
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Radije, one su bile zaista složena mješavina
10:17
all kinds of stuff, because
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svakavih vrsta tvari, zato što
10:19
uncontrolled chemical reactions produce
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nekontrolirane kemijske reakcije stvaraju
10:21
a diverse mixture of organic compounds.
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raznovrsne mješavine organskih spojeva.
10:23
Think of it like a primordial ooze, okay?
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Mislite o tome kao o praiskonskom blatu, OK?
10:26
And it's a pool that's too difficult to fully
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I to je bazen koji je preteško u potpunosti
10:28
characterize, even by modern methods, and
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okarakterizirati, čak i pomoću modernih metoda,
10:30
the product looks brown, like this tar here
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i proizvod izgleda smeđe, pomalo kao ovaj katran
10:32
on the left. A pure compound
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na lijevo. Čisti spoj je
10:34
is shown on the right, for contrast.
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pokazan na desno, za usporedbu.
10:36
So this is similar to what happens when you
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Dakle, ovo je slično onome što se događa kad
10:38
take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen,
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uzmete čiste kristale šećera u kuhinji,
10:40
you put them in a pan, and you apply energy.
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stavite ih u tavu, i dodate energiju.
10:42
You turn up the heat, you start making
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Pojačate temperaturu, i počnete stvarati
10:44
or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar,
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ili lomiti kemijske veze u šećeru,
10:46
forming a brownish caramel, right?
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tvoreći smećkastu karamelu, zar ne?
10:48
If you let that go unregulated, you'll
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Ako to ostavite na samo, nastavit ćete
10:50
continue to make and break chemical bonds,
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stvarati i razbijati kemijske veze,
10:52
forming an even more diverse mixture of
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tvoreći raznovrsniju mješavinu
10:54
molecules that then forms this kind of black
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molekula koje onda oblikuju nešto slično
10:56
tarry stuff in your pan, right, that's
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ovom crnom katranu u tavi,
10:58
difficult to wash out. So that's what
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koji se teško ispire. Dakle, tako bi
11:00
the origin of life would have looked like.
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izgledao početak života.
11:02
You needed to get life out of this junk that
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Trebali ste dobiti život iz ovog otpada
11:04
is present on the early Earth,
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koji je bio prisutan na mladoj Zemlji,
11:06
four, 4.5 billion years ago.
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prije četiri, četiri i pol milijarde godina.
11:08
So the challenge then is,
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Da bismo to izazvali,
11:10
throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab,
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bacite sve čiste kemikalije u laboratoriju,
11:12
and try to make some protocells with lifelike
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i pokušajte napraviti protostanice s osobitostima
11:14
properties from this kind of primordial ooze.
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živućeg od ovog praiskonskog blata.
11:17
So we're able to then see the self-assembly
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Tako onda možemo vidjeti samospajanje
11:19
of these oil droplet bodies again
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ovih tijela kapljica nafte
11:21
that we've seen previously,
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koje smo prethodno vidjeli,
11:23
and the black spots inside of there
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i crne točke unutra
11:25
represent this kind of black tar -- this diverse,
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predstavljaju taj crni katran -- ovaj raznovrsan,
11:27
very complex, organic black tar.
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jako složen, organski crni katran.
11:29
And we put them into one of these
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I onda ih stavimo
11:31
experiments, as you've seen earlier, and then
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u jedan od ovih eksperimenata, kako ste vidjeli ranije,
11:33
we watch lively movement that comes out.
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i gledamo živahne pokrete koji se pojavljuju.
11:35
They look really good, very nice movement,
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Izgledaju jako dobro, jako lijepi pokreti,
11:37
and also they appear to have some kind of
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i isto tako se čini da iskazuju
11:39
behavior where they kind of circle
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nekakvo ponašanje u kojem kruže
11:41
around each other and follow each other,
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jedna oko druge i prate jedna drugu,
11:44
similar to what we've seen before -- but again,
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slično onome što smo prije vidjeli -- ali opet,
11:46
working with just primordial conditions,
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djeluju u praiskonskim uvjetima,
11:48
no pure chemicals.
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gdje nema čistih kemikalija.
11:50
These are also, these tar-fueled protocells,
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Ove su također, ove protostanice s pogonom na katran,
11:52
are also able to locate resources
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sposobne locirati resurse
11:54
in their environment.
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u svom okolišu.
11:55
I'm going to add some resource from the left,
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Dodat ću neke resurse s lijeve strane,
11:57
here, that defuses into the system,
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ovdje, koje se šire u sustavu,
11:59
and you can see, they really like that.
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i možete vidjeti, to im se stvarno sviđa.
12:01
They become very energetic, and able
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Postaju pune energije, i sposobne
12:03
to find the resource in the environment,
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pronaći resurse u okolišu,
12:05
similar to what we saw before.
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slično onome što smo vidjeli prije.
12:07
But again, these are done in these primordial
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Ali opet, ovo se sve događa u praiskonskim
12:09
conditions, really messy conditions,
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uvjetima, stvarno neurednim uvjetima,
12:11
not sort of sterile laboratory conditions.
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ni slično sterilnim uvjetima u laboratoriju.
12:13
These are very dirty little protocells,
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Ovo su jako prljave male protostanice,
12:15
as a matter of fact. (Laughter)
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zapravo. (Smijeh)
12:17
But they have lifelike properties, is the point.
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Ali imaju osobine živućeg, u tome je stvar.
12:20
So, doing these artificial life experiments
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Dakle, provođenje eksperimenata o umjetnom životu
12:23
helps us define a potential path between
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nam pomaže definirati potencijalni put
12:26
non-living and living systems.
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između neživućih i živućih sustava.
12:29
And not only that, but it helps us
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I ne samo to, pomažu nam
12:31
broaden our view of what life is
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proširiti poglede na to što je život
12:33
and what possible life there could be
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i kako bi život mogao izgledati
12:35
out there -- life that could be very different
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tamo vani -- život koji bi mogao biti puno drukčiji
12:37
from life that we find here on Earth.
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od života kakvog nalazimo ovdje na Zemlji.
12:40
And that leads me to the next
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I to me vodi sljedećem izrazu,
12:42
term, which is "weird life."
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"čudan život".
12:44
This is a term by Steve Benner.
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Ovaj izraz je izmislio Steve Benner.
12:47
This is used in reference to a report
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Koristi ga u vezi izvještaja
12:49
in 2007 by the National Research Council
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iz 2007.g. Vijeća nacionalnog istraživanja
12:51
in the United States, wherein
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u Sjedinjenim Državama, u kojem
12:53
they tried to understand how we can
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su pokušali objasniti kako možemo
12:55
look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay,
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tražiti život drugdje u svemiru,
12:57
especially if that life is very different from life
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osobito ako je taj život drukčiji od života
12:59
on Earth. If we went to another planet and
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na Zemlji. Ako bismo otišli na drugi planet
13:02
we thought there might be life there,
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i pomislili da bi tamo moglo biti života,
13:04
how could we even recognize it as life?
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kako bismo ga uopće mogli prepoznati kao život?
13:06
Well, they came up with three very general
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Pa, sjetili su se tri jako općenita kriterija.
13:08
criteria. First is -- and they're listed here.
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Prvi je -- nabrojani su ovdje.
13:10
The first is, the system has to be in
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Prvi je, sustav mora biti
13:12
non-equilibrium. That means the system
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u neravnoteži. To znači da sustav
13:14
cannot be dead, in a matter of fact.
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ne može biti mrtav, u stvari.
13:15
Basically what that means is, you have
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U osnovi to znači da, imate
13:17
an input of energy into the system that life
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unos energije u sustav koji život
13:19
can use and exploit to maintain itself.
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može upotrijebiti i iskoristiti da bi se održao.
13:22
This is similar to having the Sun shining
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To je slično tome kako sunce sije
13:24
on the Earth, driving photosynthesis,
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na Zemlju, pogoneći fotosintezu,
13:26
driving the ecosystem.
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pogoneći ekosustav.
13:28
Without the Sun, there's likely to be
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Bez sunca, vjerojatno ne bi bilo
13:30
no life on this planet.
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života na ovom planetu.
13:32
Secondly, life needs to be in liquid form,
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Drugo, život mora biti u tekućem obliku,
13:34
so that means even if we had some
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što znači da čak i kad bismo imali
13:36
interesting structures, interesting molecules
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zanimljive strukture, zanimljive molekule
13:38
together but they were frozen solid,
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ali koje bi bile smrznute u čvrsto stanje,
13:40
then this is not a good place for life.
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onda to ne bi bilo dobro mjesto za život.
13:42
And thirdly, we need to be able to make
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I treće, morali bismo moći stvoriti
13:44
and break chemical bonds. And again
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i razbiti kemijske veze. I ponovno,
13:46
this is important because life transforms
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ovo je važno zato što život pretvara
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resources from the environment into
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resurse iz okoliša u
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building blocks so it can maintain itself.
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gradeće blokove tako da se može održati.
13:52
Now today, I told you about very strange
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Danas, rekao sam vam o jako čudnim
13:54
and weird protocells -- some that contain clay,
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i neobičnim protostanicama -- neke sadrže glinu,
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some that have primordial ooze in them,
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tako da u njima imamo praiskonsko blato,
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some that have basically oil
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neke koje u sebi sadrže naftu
14:01
instead of water inside of them.
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umjesto vode.
14:03
Most of these don't contain DNA,
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Većina ovih ne sadrži DNK,
14:05
but yet they have lifelike properties.
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ali ipak imaju osobine živućega.
14:07
But these protocells satisfy
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Ali, ove stanice zadovoljavaju
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these general requirements of living systems.
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one općenite zahtjeve za živuće sustave.
14:13
So by making these chemical, artificial
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Provodeći ove eksperimente o kemijskom,
14:15
life experiments, we hope not only
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umjetnom životu, nadamo se ne samo
14:17
to understand something fundamental
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razumjeti nešto tako fundamentalno
14:19
about the origin of life and the existence
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o porijeklu i postojanju života
14:21
of life on this planet, but also
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na ovom planetu, nego i
14:23
what possible life there could be
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kakav bi možebitni život mogao biti
14:25
out there in the universe. Thank you.
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tamo vani u svemiru. Hvala vam.
14:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Hanczyc - ChemistMartin Hanczyc explores the path between living and nonliving systems, using chemical droplets to study behavior of the earliest cells.
Why you should listen
Martin Hanczyc is developing novel synthetic chemical systems based on the properties of living systems, in a quest to understand how life forms. These synthetic systems, or "protocells," are model systems of primitive living cells and chemical examples of artificial life. As Rachel Armstrong puts it: "Although the protocell model system is just a chemically modified oil droplet, its dynamics are astonishingly varied and complex."
He's based at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry and the Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) in Denmark. He is also an Honorary Senior Lecturer at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London.
Martin Hanczyc | Speaker | TED.com