TEDGlobal 2012
Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too
Ellen Jorgensen: Biohakiranje -- i vi to možete raditi
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Posjedujemo osobna računala, zašto ne i osobnu biotehnologiju? To je pitanje koje su si biolog Ellen Jorgensen i njene kolege postavili prije otvaranja Genspacea, neprofitni "uradi sam" laboratorij u Brooklyinu posvećen građanskoj znanosti, gdje amateri mogu doći i igrati se s biotehnologijom. Daleko od ideje da je to zlokobni Frankensteinov laboratorij (kako ga neki zamišljaju), Genspace nudi dugi popis zabavnih, kreativnih i praktičnih primjena u "uradi sam" biotehnologiji.
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
It's a great time to be a molecular biologist. (Laughter)
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Danas je izvrsno biti molekularni biolog.
(Smijeh)
(Smijeh)
00:19
Reading and writing DNA code is getting easier
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Čitanje i pisanje DNK koda
postaje jednostavnije
postaje jednostavnije
00:22
and cheaper.
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i jeftinije.
00:24
By the end of this year, we'll be able to sequence
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Do kraja ove godine,
moći ćemo sekvencirati
moći ćemo sekvencirati
00:26
the three million bits of information
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tri milijuna bitova informacija
00:28
in your genome in less than a day
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u vašem genomu za manje od jednog dana
00:31
and for less than 1,000 euros.
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i za manje od 1000 eura.
00:33
Biotech is probably the most powerful
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Biotehnologija je vjerojatno najmoćniji
00:36
and the fastest-growing technology sector.
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i najbrže rastući tehnološki sektor.
00:39
It has the power, potentially,
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Ima potencijalnu moć
00:42
to replace our fossil fuels,
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da zamijeni naša fosilna goriva,
00:44
to revolutionize medicine,
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revolucionarizira medicinu,
00:47
and to touch every aspect of our daily lives.
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i dotakne svaki aspekt
našeg svakodnevnog života.
našeg svakodnevnog života.
00:51
So who gets to do it?
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I tko ima mogućnost to raditi?
00:55
I think we'd all be pretty comfortable with
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Mislim da bismo svi bili
poprilično zadovoljni
poprilično zadovoljni
00:57
this guy doing it.
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kada bi to radio ovaj čovjek.
01:00
But what about
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No što sa
01:02
that guy? (Laughter)
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ovim tipom? (Smijeh)
01:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:07
In 2009, I first heard about DIYbio.
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2009. godine prvi sam put čula za DIYbio.
01:13
It's a movement that -- it advocates making biotechnology
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To je pokret koji zagovara
izradu biotehnologije
izradu biotehnologije
01:17
accessible to everyone,
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pristupačne svima,
01:19
not just scientists and people in government labs.
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ne samo znanstvenicima
i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.
i ljudima u vladinim laboratorijima.
01:22
The idea is that if you open up the science
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Ideja je ta da bismo, ako otvorimo znanost
01:26
and you allow diverse groups to participate,
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i dozvolimo raznovrsnim grupama
da sudjeluju u njoj,
da sudjeluju u njoj,
01:29
it could really stimulate innovation.
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mogli značajno stimulirati inovaciju.
01:30
Putting technology in the hands of the end user
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Stavljanje tehnologije u ruke potrošača
01:33
is usually a good idea because they've got the best idea
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je obično dobra ideja,
jer oni najbolje znaju
jer oni najbolje znaju
01:36
of what their needs are.
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koje su njihove vlastite potrebe.
01:39
And here's this really sophisticated technology
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I sada imamo ovu
vrlo sofisticiranu tehnologiju
vrlo sofisticiranu tehnologiju
01:42
coming down the road, all these associated
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koja se sve više približava,
sva ova povezana
sva ova povezana
01:44
social, moral, ethical questions,
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društvena, moralna i etička pitanja,
01:47
and we scientists are just lousy at explaining to the public
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a mi znanstvenici smo jednostavno loši
u objašnjavanju javnosti
u objašnjavanju javnosti
01:51
just exactly what it is we're doing in those labs.
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što točno radimo u svojim laboratorijima.
01:54
So wouldn't it be nice
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Ne bi li bilo lijepo
01:57
if there was a place in your local neighborhood
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kada bi u vašem susjedstvu
postojalo mjesto
postojalo mjesto
02:00
where you could go and learn about this stuff,
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gdje biste mogli ići i učiti
o ovim stvarima,
o ovim stvarima,
02:02
do it hands-on?
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iskušati ih iz prve ruke?
02:04
I thought so.
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Nisam ni sumnjala.
02:06
So, three years ago, I got together
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I tako, prije tri godine
udružila sam se
udružila sam se
02:08
with some friends of mine who had similar aspirations
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sa nekolicinom prijatelja
koji su imali slične težnje,
koji su imali slične težnje,
02:11
and we founded Genspace.
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i osnovali smo Genspace.
02:14
It's a nonprofit, a community biotech lab
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To je neprofitni, javni laboratorij
biotehnologije
biotehnologije
02:17
in Brooklyn, New York,
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u Brooklynu, New York,
02:18
and the idea was people could come,
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a ideja je bila ta da bi ljudi mogli doći,
02:20
they could take classes and putter around in the lab
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polagati tečajeve
i čeprkati po laboratoriju
i čeprkati po laboratoriju
02:24
in a very open, friendly atmosphere.
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u vrlo otvorenoj, prijateljskoj atmosferi.
02:28
None of my previous experience prepared me
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Ništa iz mojeg prijašnjeg iskustva
nije me pripremilo
nije me pripremilo
02:31
for what came next. Can you guess?
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za ono što je uslijedilo.
Možete li pogoditi?
Možete li pogoditi?
02:34
The press started calling us.
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Novinari su nas počeli zvati.
02:37
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase
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I što smo mi više pričali
o tome kako je dobro povećati
o tome kako je dobro povećati
02:40
science literacy, the more they wanted to talk
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znanstvenu pismenost,
to su oni više htjeli pričati
to su oni više htjeli pričati
02:43
about us creating the next Frankenstein,
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o tome kako mi stvaramo
slijedećeg Frankensteina,
slijedećeg Frankensteina,
02:46
and as a result, for the next six months,
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i kao rezultat, narednih šest mjeseci,
02:49
when you Googled my name,
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kada ste upisali moje ime u tražilicu,
02:51
instead of getting my scientific papers, you got this.
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umjesto mojih znanstvenih
radova dobili ste ovo.
radova dobili ste ovo.
02:55
["Am I a biohazard?"]
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["Jesam li ja biološka prijetnja?"]
02:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:58
It was pretty depressing.
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Bilo je to poprilično deprimirajuće.
03:00
The only thing that got us through that period
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Jedina stvar koja nas je
ohrabrivala u tom razdoblju
ohrabrivala u tom razdoblju
03:03
was that we knew that all over the world,
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je bila ta da smo znali
da su diljem svijeta
da su diljem svijeta
03:05
there were other people that were trying to do
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postojali drugi ljudi
koji su pokušavali učiniti
koji su pokušavali učiniti
03:07
the same thing that we were.
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istu stvar kao i mi.
03:09
They were opening biohacker spaces, and some of them
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Oni su otvarali prostore za biohacking,
i neki od njih
i neki od njih
03:11
were facing much greater challenges than we did,
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su se susretali s mnogo
tezim izazovima nego mi,
tezim izazovima nego mi,
03:14
more regulations, less resources.
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sa više regulacija,
manje resursa.
manje resursa.
03:18
But now, three years later, here's where we stand.
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No danas, tri godine kasnije,
situacija je ovakva.
situacija je ovakva.
03:22
It's a vibrant, global community of hackerspaces,
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To je aktivna, globalna zajednica
prostora za hakiranje,
prostora za hakiranje,
03:26
and this is just the beginning.
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i ovo je tek početak.
03:28
These are some of the biggest ones,
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Ovo su neki od najvećih,
03:30
and there are others opening every day.
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a novi se otvaraju svakodnevno.
03:32
There's one probably going to open up in Moscow,
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Jedan će se vjerojatno otvoriti u Moskvi,
03:35
one in South Korea,
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jedan u Južnoj Koreji,
03:37
and the cool thing is they each have their own
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i ono što je kul jest da
svaki od njih ima vlastiti
svaki od njih ima vlastiti
03:39
individual flavor
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individualni karakter
03:41
that grew out of the community they came out of.
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koji je izrastao iz zajednice
u kojoj su nastali.
u kojoj su nastali.
03:43
Let me take you on a little tour.
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Dozvolite mi da vas povedem
u kratak obilazak.
u kratak obilazak.
03:46
Biohackers work alone.
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Biohakeri rade sami.
03:49
We work in groups,
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Radimo u grupama,
03:51
in big cities — (Laughter) —
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u velikim gradovima —(Smijeh)—
03:56
and in small villages.
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i u malenim selima.
03:58
We reverse engineer lab equipment.
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Preuređujemo inženjersku
laboratorijsku opremu.
laboratorijsku opremu.
04:01
We genetically engineer bacteria.
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Bavimo se genetičkim
inženjerstvom bakterija,
inženjerstvom bakterija,
04:04
We hack hardware,
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Hakiramo hardver,
04:06
software,
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softver,
04:08
wetware,
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ljudski mozak,
04:10
and, of course, the code of life.
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i naravno, kod života.
04:13
We like to build things.
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Volimo graditi stvari.
04:16
Then we like to take things apart.
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Volimo ih i rastavljati na dijelove.
04:23
We make things grow.
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Činimo da stvari rastu.
04:25
We make things glow.
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Činimo da stvari sjaje.
04:27
And we make cells dance.
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Tjeramo stanice da plešu.
04:31
The spirit of these labs, it's open, it's positive,
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Duh ovih laboratorija,
on je otvoren, on je pozitivan,
on je otvoren, on je pozitivan,
04:34
but, you know, sometimes when people think of us,
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no, znate, ponekad
kada ljudi misle o nama,
kada ljudi misle o nama,
04:37
the first thing that comes to mind is bio-safety,
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prva stvar koja im padne
na pamet je bioetika,
na pamet je bioetika,
04:41
bio-security, all the dark side stuff.
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bio-sigurnost, i sve te negativne stvari.
04:44
I'm not going to minimize those concerns.
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Ne kanim umanjiti važnost njihovih briga.
04:47
Any powerful technology is inherently dual use,
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Bilo koja snažna tehnologija
može se koristiti na dva načina,
može se koristiti na dva načina,
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
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i, znate, imate nešto poput
04:52
synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology,
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sintetićke biologije i nanobiotehnologije,
04:55
it really compels you, you have to look at both
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jako vas privlači, morate promotriti
04:58
the amateur groups but also the professional groups,
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amaterske skupine, ali također
i profesionalne skupine
i profesionalne skupine
05:01
because they have better infrastructure,
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jer one imaju bolju infrastrukturu,
05:04
they have better facilities,
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bolje objekte,
05:05
and they have access to pathogens.
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i imaju pristup patogenima.
05:08
So the United Nations did just that, and they recently
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Ujedinjeni Narodi učinili su baš to,
i nedavno
i nedavno
05:11
issued a report on this whole area,
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izdali su izvještaj o ovom području,
05:14
and what they concluded was the power of this technology
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i zaključili su da je snaga
ove tehnologije
ove tehnologije
05:17
for positive was much greater than the risk for negative,
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za dobro puno veća od rizika za loše,
05:21
and they even looked specifically at the DIYbio community,
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i čak su gledali na "Uradi sam" zajednicu,
05:24
and they noted, not surprisingly, that the press
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i primjetili, što ne iznenađuje,
da novinari
da novinari
05:28
had a tendency to consistently overestimate our capabilities
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imaju sklonost precjenjivati
naše sposobnosti
naše sposobnosti
05:32
and underestimate our ethics.
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i podcjenjivati našu etiku.
05:34
As a matter of fact, DIY people from all over the world,
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Zapravo, "Uradi sam" ljudi širom svijeta,
05:38
America, Europe, got together last year,
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Amerika, Europa, skupili su se
prošle godine
prošle godine
05:41
and we hammered out a common code of ethics.
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i sastavili zajednički etički kodeks.
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional science has done.
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To je puno više nego je konvencionalna
znanost učinila.
znanost učinila.
05:47
Now, we follow state and local regulations.
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Sad, slijedimo državne i lokalne propise.
05:50
We dispose of our waste properly, we follow
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Odlažemo otpad pravilno, pratimo
05:52
safety procedures, we don't work with pathogens.
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sigurnosne procedure,
ne radimo s patogenima.
ne radimo s patogenima.
05:56
You know, if you're working with a pathogen,
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Znate, ako radite s patogenom,
05:58
you're not part of the biohacker community,
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niste dio biohakerskog društva,
06:01
you're part of the bioterrorist community, I'm sorry.
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vi ste dio bioterorističkog društva,
žao mi je.
žao mi je.
06:04
And sometimes people ask me,
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I nekad me ljudi pitaju,
06:06
"Well, what about an accident?"
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"Pa što ako se dogodi nezgoda?"
06:08
Well, working with the safe organisms that we normally
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Pa, ako radite sa sigurnim organizmima,
s kojima
s kojima
06:11
work with, the chance of an accident happening
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inače radimo, šanse za nesreću
06:15
with somebody accidentally creating, like,
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u kojoj netko stvori
06:17
some sort of superbug,
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nešto poput superkukca,
06:19
that's literally about as probable as a snowstorm
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su moguće koliko i snježna oluja
06:23
in the middle of the Sahara Desert.
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u sred Sahare.
06:25
Now, it could happen,
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Sad, može se dogoditi,
06:26
but I'm not going to plan my life around it.
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ali neću svoj život tome podrediti.
06:30
I've actually chosen to take a different kind of risk.
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Odabrala sam drugačije riskirati.
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
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Prijavila sam se na
Projekt ljudskog genoma.
Projekt ljudskog genoma.
06:36
It's a study at Harvard where, at the end of the study,
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To je studija na Harvardu,
gdje će na kraju
gdje će na kraju
06:39
they're going to take my entire genomic sequence,
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uzeti moj sekvencirani genom,
06:42
all of my medical information, and my identity,
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sve moje zdravstvene podatke,
i moj identitet,
i moj identitet,
06:45
and they're going to post it online for everyone to see.
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i objavit će ih online da ih svi vide.
06:50
There were a lot of risks involved that they talked about
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Puno rizika je bilo uklučeno u govoru
06:52
during the informed consent portion.
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o informiranom pristanku.
06:54
The one I liked the best is,
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Ono što mi se najviše svidjelo,
06:56
someone could download my sequence, go back to the lab,
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netko je mogao skinuti moju sekvencu,
otići u laboratorij,
otići u laboratorij,
07:00
synthesize some fake Ellen DNA,
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sintetizirati lažnu Ellen DNK
07:02
and plant it at a crime scene. (Laughter)
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i postaviti je na scenu zločina. (Smijeh)
07:06
But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and
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Ali kao i "Uradi sam" bio, ishodi
07:11
the potential for good for a study like that
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i potencijal za dobro ovakve studije
07:14
far outweighs the risk.
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nadmašuje sve rizike.
07:16
Now, you might be asking yourself,
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Sad, možda se pitate,
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab?"
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"Pa dobro, a što bih radio
u biolaboratoriju?
u biolaboratoriju?
07:22
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
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Pa, nije bilo tako dugo da smo se pitali
07:25
what would anyone do with a personal computer?"
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"Što će tko raditi sa osobnim računalom?"
07:28
So this stuff is just beginning.
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Tako da je ovo samo početak.
07:30
We're only seeing just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
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Samo vidimo vrh DNK ledenjaka.
07:34
Let me show you what you could do right now.
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Dajte da vam pokažem što sada možete.
07:37
A biohacker in Germany, a journalist, wanted to know
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Biohaker u Njemačkoj, novinar,
htio je znati
htio je znati
07:41
whose dog was leaving little presents on his street?
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čiji pas ostavlja malene darove
u njegovoj ulici?
u njegovoj ulici?
07:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh)(Pljesak)
07:47
Yep, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls
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Da, pogodili ste. Bacao je teniske loptice
07:50
to all the neighborhood dogs, analyzed the saliva,
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svim psima u ulici, analizirao slinu,
07:53
identified the dog, and confronted the dog owner.
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identificirao psa i suočio se s vlasnikom.
07:57
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh)(Pljesak)
08:03
I discovered an invasive species in my own backyard.
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Otkrila sam invazivnu vrstu
u vlastitom dvorištu.
u vlastitom dvorištu.
08:07
Looked like a ladybug, right?
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Izgleda kao bubamara, zar ne?
08:09
It actually is a Japanese beetle.
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To je zapravo Japanska buba.
08:11
And the same kind of technology --
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I ista tehnologija --
08:13
it's called DNA barcoding, it's really cool --
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zove se barkodiranje DNK,
stvarno je fora --
stvarno je fora --
08:15
You can use it to check if your caviar is really beluga,
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Možete ju koristiti da provjerite
kvalitetu kavijara,
kvalitetu kavijara,
08:20
if that sushi is really tuna, or if that goat cheese
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je li vaš sushi stvarno tuna, ili
je li taj kozji sir
je li taj kozji sir
08:23
that you paid so much for is really goat's.
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kojeg ste tako puno platili
zaista kozji.
zaista kozji.
08:26
In a biohacker space, you can analyze your genome
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U biohakerskom prostoru,
možete analizirati vaš genom
možete analizirati vaš genom
08:30
for mutations.
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za mutacije.
08:31
You can analyze your breakfast cereal for GMO's,
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Možete provjeriti
jesu li vaše žitarice GMO,
jesu li vaše žitarice GMO,
08:35
and you can explore your ancestry.
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i možete istraživati vaše pretke.
08:37
You can send weather balloons up into the stratosphere,
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Možete poslati meteorološke
balone u stratosferu,
balone u stratosferu,
08:40
collect microbes, see what's up there.
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skupljati mikrobe, vidjeti što je gore.
08:43
You can make a biocensor out of yeast
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Možete napraviti biocenzor iz
gljivica
gljivica
08:46
to detect pollutants in water.
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da bi otkrili zagađivače u vodi.
08:48
You can make some sort of a biofuel cell.
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Možete napraviti stanicu za biogorivo.
08:52
You can do a lot of things.
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Možete učiniti puno toga.
08:54
You can also do an art science project. Some of these
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Možete raditi i znanstveno umjetničke
projekte. Neki od njih
projekte. Neki od njih
08:57
are really spectacular, and they look at social,
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su zaista spektakularni,
i gledaju društvene,
i gledaju društvene,
09:01
ecological problems from a completely different perspective.
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ekološke probleme iz druge perspektive.
09:04
It's really cool.
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To je stvarno fora.
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved?
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Neki ljudi me pitaju zašto sam uključena?
09:08
I could have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
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Mogla sam imati dobru karijeru u
popularnoj znanosti.
popularnoj znanosti.
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs
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Stvar je u tome da ima nešto u tim
laboratorijima
laboratorijima
09:15
that they have to offer society that you can't find
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što nude društvu i što ne možete naći
09:18
anywhere else.
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nigdje drugdje.
09:20
There's something sacred about a space where
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Postoji nešto sveto u mjestu gdje
09:22
you can work on a project, and you don't have to justify
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možete raditi na projektu,
i ne morate opravdavati
i ne morate opravdavati
09:25
to anyone that it's going to make a lot of money,
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nikome da ćete puno zaraditi,
09:28
that it's going to save mankind, or even that it's feasible.
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spasiti čovječanstvo,
ili da ima koristi od toga.
ili da ima koristi od toga.
09:31
It just has to follow safety guidelines.
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Samo mora pratiti sigurnosne
naputke.
naputke.
09:34
If you had spaces like this all over the world,
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Kada biste ovakve prostore imali
u cijelom svijetu,
u cijelom svijetu,
09:37
it could really change the perception
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to bi moglo promijeniti percepciju
09:39
of who's allowed to do biotech.
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toga tko se smije baviti biotehnologijom.
09:41
It's spaces like these that spawned personal computing.
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Ovakvi prostori su potakli razvoj
osobnih računala.
osobnih računala.
09:45
Why not personal biotech?
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Zašto ne i osobne biotehnologije?
09:48
If everyone in this room got involved,
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Ako bi se svi u ovoj sobi uključili,
09:50
who knows what we could do?
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tko zna što bi mogli napraviit?
09:52
This is such a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn,
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Ovo je tako novo područje,
i kako kažemo u Brooklynu,
i kako kažemo u Brooklynu,
09:55
you ain't seen nothin' yet. (Laughter)
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još ništa niste vidjeli. (Smijeh)
09:59
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocateEllen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public.
Why you should listen
In 2009, after many years of working as a molecular biologist in the biotech industry, together with TED Fellow Oliver Medvedik, Jorgensen founded Genspace, a nonprofit community laboratory dedicated to promoting citizen science and access to biotechnology. Despite criticism that bioresearch should be left to the experts, the Brooklyn-based lab continues to thrive, providing educational outreach, cultural events and a platform for science innovation at the grassroots level. At the lab, amateur and professional scientists conduct award-winning research on projects as diverse as identifying microbes that live in Earth's atmosphere and (Jorgensen's own pet project) DNA-barcoding plants, to distinguish between species that look alike but may not be closely related evolutionarily. Fast Company magazine named Genspace one of the world's "Top 10 innovative companies in education."
Ellen Jorgensen | Speaker | TED.com