TED2003
Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system
Freeman Dyson kaže: Potražimo život u udaljenim dijelovima Sunčevog sustava
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Fizičar Freeman Dyson predlaže da počnemo tražiti život na Jupiterovim satelitima i iza Neptuna, u Kuiperovu pojasu i Oortovu oblaku. Govori o tome kakav bi taj život bio i kako bismo ga mogli pronaći.
Freeman Dyson - Physicist
With Freeman Dyson's astonishing forecasts for the future, it's hard to tell where science ends and science fiction begins. But far from being a wild-eyed visionary, Dyson is a clear and sober thinker -- and one not afraid of controversy or heresy. Full bio
With Freeman Dyson's astonishing forecasts for the future, it's hard to tell where science ends and science fiction begins. But far from being a wild-eyed visionary, Dyson is a clear and sober thinker -- and one not afraid of controversy or heresy. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
How will we be remembered in 200 years?
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Kako će nas pamtiti za 200 godina?
00:21
I happen to live in a little town, Princeton, in New Jersey,
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Ja živim u malenom gradu, Princetonu, u New Jerseyu,
00:24
which every year celebrates the great event in Princeton history:
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u kojem se svake godine slavi veliki događaj iz Princetonove povijesti:
00:29
the Battle of Princeton, which was, in fact, a very important battle.
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Bitka kod Princetona, koja je, u biti, bila veoma važna bitka.
00:33
It was the first battle that George Washington won, in fact,
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To je bila prva bitka koju je George Washington osvojio
00:36
and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence.
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i bila je prekretnica u ratu za nezavisnost.
00:41
It happened 225 years ago.
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Dogodila se prije 225 godina.
00:44
It was actually a terrible disaster for Princeton.
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Zapravo je to bila velika katastrofa za Princeton.
00:48
The town was burned down; it was in the middle of winter,
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Grad je bio spaljen; bilo je to usred zime,
00:52
and it was a very, very severe winter.
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a bila je to jako oštra zima.
00:55
And about a quarter of all the people in Princeton died that winter
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I oko četvrtine svih ljudi u Princetonu je umrlo te zime
00:59
from hunger and cold, but nobody remembers that.
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od gladi i hladnoće, ali nitko se toga ne sjeća.
01:04
What they remember is, of course, the great triumph,
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Ono čega se sjećaju, naravno, je veliki trijumf,
01:06
that the Brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born.
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da su Britanci poraženi, a mi pobijedili i da je država rođena.
01:14
And so I agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered.
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I u potpunosti se slažem da se bol pri porođaju ne pamti.
01:21
It's the child that's remembered.
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Pamti se dijete.
01:23
And that's what we're going through at this time.
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I to je ono kroz što mi prolazimo u ovo vrijeme.
01:27
I wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology,
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Htio sam samo jednu minutu govoriti o budućnosti biotehnologije,
01:35
because I think I know very little about that -- I'm not a biologist --
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zato što mislim da vrlo malo znam o tome - nisam biolog -
01:38
so everything I know about it can be said in one minute.
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pa sve što znam o tome se može ispričati u jednoj minuti.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:44
What I'm saying is that we should follow the model
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Želim reći da bismo trebali slijediti model
01:47
that has been so successful with the electronic industry,
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koji je bio toliko uspješan u elektroničkoj industriji.
01:51
that what really turned computers into a great success, in the world
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Ono što je zbilja kompjutere pretvorilo u velik uspjeh,
01:56
as a whole, is toys. As soon as computers became toys,
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u svijetu kao cjelini, su igračke. Čim su kompjuteri postali igračke,
02:01
when kids could come home and play with them,
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kad su djeca mogla doći doma i igrati se njima,
02:04
then the industry really took off. And that has to happen with biotech.
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tada je industrija uistinu procvala. I to se mora dogoditi i biotehnologiji.
02:09
There's a huge --
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Postoji ogromna...
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:12
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
02:15
-- there's a huge community of people in the world
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Na svijetu postoji ogromna zajednica ljudi
02:18
who are practical biologists, who are dog breeders,
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koji su primijenjeni biolozi, koji su uzgajivači pasa,
02:21
pigeon breeders, orchid breeders, rose breeders,
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uzgajivači golubova, orhideja, ruža,
02:28
people who handle biology with their hands,
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ljudi koji se svojim rukama bave biologijom,
02:31
and who are dedicated to producing beautiful things, beautiful creatures,
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i koji su predani proizvodnji prekrasnih stvari, prekrasnih stvorenja,
02:38
plants, animals, pets. These people will be empowered with biotech,
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biljaka, životinja, ljubimaca. Ti ljudi će se osnažiti biotehnologijom,
02:45
and that will be an enormous positive step
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i to će biti jedan ogroman pozitivni korak
02:51
to acceptance of biotechnology.
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prema prihvaćanju biotehnologije.
02:55
That will blow away a lot of the opposition.
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To će ukloniti mnoga suprotna stajališta.
03:00
When people have this technology in their hands,
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Kada ljudi imaju tu tehnologiju u svojim rukama,
03:02
you have a do-it-yourself biotech kit, grow your own --
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imate sam-svoj-majstor biotehnološki pribor, uzgojite vlastitog -
03:10
grow your dog, grow your own cat.
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uzgojite vlastitog psa, uzgojite vlastitu mačku.
03:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
03:18
Just buy the software, you design it. I won't say anymore,
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Samo kupite software i dizajnirajte ih. Neću ništa više reći,
03:24
you can take it on from there. It's going to happen, and
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dalje ostaje na vama. Dogodit će se, i mislim
03:30
I think it has to happen before the technology becomes natural,
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da se mora dogoditi prije nego tehnologija postane prirodna,
03:38
becomes part of the human condition,
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postane dio ljudskog stanja,
03:41
something that everybody's familiar with and everybody accepts.
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nešto sa čime su svi upoznati i što svi prihvaćaju.
03:44
So, let's leave that aside.
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Ostavimo to postrani.
03:47
I want to talk about something quite different,
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Želim govoriti o nečemu posve drugačijem,
03:50
which is what I know about, and that is astronomy.
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o nečemu u što se razumijem, a to je astronomija.
03:54
And I'm interested in searching for life in the universe.
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A zanima me potraga za životom u svemiru.
03:58
And it's open to us to introduce a new way of doing that,
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I na nama je da izmislimo novi način kako to učiniti,
04:03
and that's what I'll talk about for 10 minutes,
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i o tome ću govoriti preostalih 10 minuta,
04:05
or whatever the time remains.
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ili koliko je već vremena ostalo.
04:12
The important fact is, that most of the real estate
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Važno je da većina zemljišta
04:15
that's accessible to us -- I'm not talking about the stars,
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koja su nam dostupna - ne govorim o zvijezdama,
04:18
I'm talking about the solar system, the stuff that's within reach
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već o Sunčevom sustavu, onome što je unutar dohvata
04:22
for spacecraft and within reach of our earthbound telescopes --
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svemirskih letjelica i naših zemaljskih teleskopa -
04:28
most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the Sun.
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većina zemljišta je veoma hladna i veoma udaljena od Sunca.
04:34
If you look at the solar system, as we know it today,
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Ako pogledate Sunčev sustav, kakvog ga danas poznajemo,
04:38
it has a few planets close to the Sun. That's where we live.
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ima nekoliko planeta blizu Sunca. Tu mi živimo.
04:43
It has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between
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Ima povelik broj asteroida između
04:49
the orbit of the Earth out through -- to the orbit of Jupiter.
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orbite Zemlje i orbite Jupitera.
04:54
The asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate,
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Asteroidi čine značajnu količinu zemljišta,
04:57
but not very large. And it's not very promising for life,
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ali ne jako veliku. A i ne obećavaju što se tiče života,
05:02
since most of it consists of rock and metal, mostly rock.
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zato što se većina sastoji od kamena i metala, većinom kamena.
05:06
It's not only cold, but very dry.
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Nije samo hladno, već i veoma suho.
05:11
So the asteroids we don't have much hope for.
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Tako da za asteroide nemamo mnogo nade.
05:17
There stand some interesting places a little further out:
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Neka zanimljiva mjesta nalaze se malo dalje:
05:22
the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
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Jupiterovi i Saturnovi sateliti.
05:24
Particularly, there's a place called Europa, which is --
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Točnije, postoji mjesto koje se zove Europa -
05:26
Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter,
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Europa je jedan od Jupiterovih mjeseca,
05:29
where we see a very level ice surface,
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gdje vidimo veoma ravnu ledenu površinu,
05:34
which looks as if it's floating on top of an ocean.
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koja izgleda kao da pluta na oceanu.
05:37
So, we believe that on Europa there is, in fact, a deep ocean.
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Dakle, vjerujemo da se na Europi nalazi duboki ocean.
05:41
And that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore.
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I to ga čini neobično zanimljivim mjestom za istraživanje.
05:45
Ocean -- probably the most likely place for life to originate,
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Ocean - mjesto iz kojega bi život najvjerojatnije potekao,
05:52
just as it originated on the Earth. So we would love to explore Europa,
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kao što je potekao na Zemlji. Voljeli bismo istražiti Europu,
05:59
to go down through the ice,
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spustiti se dolje kroz led,
06:01
find out who is swimming around in the ocean,
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otkriti tko pliva u oceanu,
06:04
whether there are fish or seaweed or sea monsters --
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ima li riba ili morske trave ili morskih čudovišta -
06:09
whatever there may be that's exciting --- or cephalopods.
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bilo čega što bi moglo biti zanimljivo - ili glavonožaca.
06:15
But that's hard to do. Unfortunately, the ice is thick.
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Ali to je teško izvesti. Na žalost, led je debeo.
06:21
We don't know just how thick it is, probably miles thick,
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Ne znamo koliko točno je debeo, vjerojatno kilometrima
06:24
so it's very expensive and very difficult to go down there --
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pa je veoma skupo i veoma teško spustiti se ondje -
06:28
send down your submarine or whatever it is -- and explore.
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poslati svoju podmornicu ili što već - i istraživati.
06:32
That's something we don't yet know how to do.
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Još ne znamo kako to učiniti.
06:35
There are plans to do it, but it's hard.
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Postoje planovi kako to učiniti, ali teško je.
06:40
Go out a bit further, you'll find that beyond the orbit of Neptune,
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Otiđite malo dalje, otkrit ćete da iza orbite Neptuna,
06:43
way out, far from the Sun, that's where the real estate really begins.
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daleko od Sunca, zapravo počinje zemljište.
06:49
You'll find millions or trillions or billions of objects which,
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Naći ćete milijune ili bilijune ili milijarde objekata,
06:54
in what we call the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud --
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u onome što zovemo Kuiperov pojas ili Oortov oblak -
06:57
these are clouds of small objects which appear as comets
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to su oblaci malih objekata koji izgledaju kao kometi
07:03
when they fall close to the Sun. Mostly, they just live out there
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kada padnu blizu Sunca. Većinom samo žive ondje
07:07
in the cold of the outer solar system,
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u hladnoći u udaljenom dijelu Sunčevog sustava,
07:10
but they are biologically very interesting indeed,
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ali biološki su zaista veoma zanimljivi
07:14
because they consist primarily of ice with other minerals,
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zato što se sastoje prvenstveno od leda i drugih minerala,
07:18
which are just the right ones for developing life.
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točno onih koji su potrebni za razvoj života.
07:21
So if life could be established out there,
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Kada bi se ondje moglo utvrditi postojanje života,
07:24
it would have all the essentials -- chemistry and sunlight --
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imao bi sve što je potrebno - kemiju i sunčevu svjetlost -
07:30
everything that's needed.
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sve što treba.
07:33
So, what I'm proposing
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Pa predlažem da
07:36
is that there is where we should be looking for life, rather than on Mars,
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bismo ondje trebali tražiti život, umjesto na Marsu,
07:40
although Mars is, of course, also a very promising and interesting place.
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iako je Mars, naravno, također veoma obećavajuće i zanimljivo mjesto.
07:44
But we can look outside, very cheaply and in a simple fashion.
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Ali možemo tražiti dalje, vrlo jeftino i na jednostavan način.
07:49
And that's what I'm going to talk about.
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I o tome ću govoriti.
07:53
There is a -- imagine that life originated on Europa,
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Zamislite da je život započeo na Europi
07:58
and it was sitting in the ocean for billions of years.
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i da je sjedio u oceanu milijardama godina.
08:02
It's quite likely that it would move out of the ocean onto the surface,
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Vrlo je vjerojarno da bi se premjestio iz oceana na površinu,
08:06
just as it did on the Earth.
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baš kao na Zemlji.
08:08
Staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for 2 billion years,
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Bio je u oceanu i razvijao se ondje 2 milijarde godina,
08:11
finally came out onto the land. And then of course it had great --
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konačno je izašao na kopno. A onda je, naravno, imao veliku -
08:15
much greater freedom, and a much greater variety of creatures
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mnogo veću slobodu i mnogo veću raznolikost stvorenja
08:19
developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean.
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koje su se razvile se na kopnu nego što je to ikad bilo moguće u oceanu.
08:23
And the step from the ocean to the land was not easy, but it happened.
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A korak od oceana do kopna nije bio lak, ali dogodio se.
08:29
Now, if life had originated on Europa in the ocean,
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Ako je život započeo na Europi u oceanu,
08:33
it could also have moved out onto the surface.
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mogao se premjestiti i van na površinu.
08:35
There wouldn't have been any air there -- it's a vacuum.
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Ondje uopće ne bi bilo zraka - ondje je vakuum.
08:38
It is out in the cold, but it still could have come.
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Vani je na hladnoći, ali ipak je mogao nastati.
08:44
You can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp
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Možete zamislite kako biljke poput morske trave
08:48
through cracks in the ice, growing on the surface.
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kroz pukotine na ledu rastu na površinu.
08:52
What would they need in order to grow on the surface?
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Što bi im bilo potrebno da narastu na površini?
08:54
They'd need, first of all, to have a thick skin to protect themselves
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Morale bi, kao prvo, imati debelu kožu da se zaštite
09:00
from losing water through the skin.
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od gubitka vode kroz kožu.
09:06
So they would have to have something like a reptilian skin.
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Morale bi imati nešto poput kože gmazova.
09:11
But better -- what is more important
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Ali važnije je
09:13
is that they would have to concentrate sunlight.
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da bi morale sakupljati sunčevu svjetlost.
09:16
The sunlight in Jupiter, on the satellites of Jupiter,
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Sunčeva svjetlost na Jupiteru, na Jupiterovim satelitima,
09:20
is 25 times fainter than it is here,
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25 je slabija nego kod nas,
09:24
since Jupiter is five times as far from the Sun.
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zato što je Jupiter 5 puta udaljeniji od Sunca.
09:26
So they would have to have -- these creatures, which I call sunflowers,
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Morala bi imati - ta bića, koja ja zovem suncokretima,
09:30
which I imagine living on the surface of Europa, would have to have
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koja zamišljam da žive na površini Europe, morala bi imati
09:36
either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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ili leće ili zrcala za sakupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti,
09:40
so they could keep themselves warm on the surface.
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kako bi se mogla održati toplima na površini.
09:44
Otherwise, they would be at a temperature of minus 150,
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U protivnom bi bila na temperaturi od -150,
09:48
which is certainly not favorable for developing life,
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što nikako nije pogodno za razvoj života,
09:51
at least of the kind we know.
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barem ne one vrste koju mi znamo.
09:53
But if they just simply could grow, like leaves,
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Ali kada bi ta bića jednostavno mogla izrasti, poput lišća,
09:56
little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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malene leće i zrcala za skupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti,
09:59
then they could keep warm on the surface.
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tada bi mogla održati toplinu na površini.
10:02
They could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight
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Mogla bi uživati u pogodnostima sunčeve svjetlosti
10:07
and have roots going down into the ocean;
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i imati korijenje spušteno u ocean;
10:11
life then could flourish much more.
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život bi tada mnogo više mogao bujati.
10:13
So, why not look? Of course, it's not very likely
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Dakle, zašto ne pogledati? Naravno, mala je vjerojatnost
10:16
that there's life on the surface of Europa.
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da postoji život na površini Europe.
10:18
None of these things is likely, but my,
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Sve ovo je malo vjerojatno, ali
10:21
my philosophy is, look for what's detectable, not for what's probable.
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moja filozofija je: Traži ono što se može naći, a ne ono što je vjerojatno.
10:27
There's a long history in astronomy of unlikely things
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U astronomiji postoji duga povijest nemogućih stvari
10:31
turning out to be there. And I mean,
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za koje je ispalo da su moguće. Mislim,
10:33
the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole.
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najbolji primjer tog je bila radio astronomija kao cjelina.
10:36
This was -- originally, when radio astronomy began,
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U početku, kada je radio astronomija započela,
10:41
Mr. Jansky, at the Bell labs, detected radio waves coming from the sky.
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gospodin Jansky, u Bell Labs-u, otkrio je radiovalove koji dolaze s neba.
10:51
And the regular astronomers were scornful about this.
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A obični astronomi bili su puni prezira prema tome.
10:55
They said, "It's all right, you can detect radio waves from the Sun,
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Rekli su: "U redu, možete otkriti radiovalove sa Sunca,
11:01
but the Sun is the only object in the universe that's close enough
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ali Sunce je jedini objekt u svemiru dovoljno blizu
11:04
and bright enough actually to be detectable. You can easily calculate
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i dovoljno sjajan da bi se registrirao. Lako možete izračunati
11:09
that radio waves from the Sun are fairly faint,
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da su radiovalovi sa Sunca prilično slabi,
11:13
and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away,
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a sve drugo u svemiru je milijune puta dalje
11:19
so it certainly will not be detectable.
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pa se sigurno neće moći registrirati.
11:21
So there's no point in looking."
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Pa nema smisla tražiti."
11:23
And that, of course, that set back the progress of radio astronomy
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I to je, naravno, unazadilo napredak radio astronomije
11:28
by about 20 years.
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za 20-ak godina.
11:33
Since there was nothing there, you might as well not look.
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Kako ničega nije bilo ondje, tamo ne treba ni gledati.
11:36
Well, of course, as soon as anybody did look,
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Naravno, kad je netko i pogledao,
11:38
which was after about 20 years,
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to je bilo nakon 20-ak godina,
11:41
when radio astronomy really took off. Because it turned out
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tada je radio astronomija zbilja postala popularna. Zato što se ispostavilo
11:43
the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things
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da je svemir pun svakakvih prekrasnih stvari
11:47
radiating in the radio spectrum, much brighter than the Sun.
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koje zrače u radio spektru, još sjajnije od Sunca.
11:53
So, the same thing could be true for this kind of life,
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Tako bi ista stvar mogla biti istinita za ovaj oblik života,
11:58
which I'm talking about, on cold objects: that it could in fact
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o kojem pričam, na hladnim objektima; u biti bi ga
12:02
be very abundant all over the universe, and it's not been detected
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moglo biti u izobilju posvuda po svemiru, a nije ga se registriralo
12:06
just because we haven't taken the trouble to look.
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samo zato što se nismo potrudili pogledati.
12:10
So, the last thing I want to talk about is how to detect it.
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Zadnja stvar o kojoj želim govoriti je način na koji ga otkriti.
12:15
There is something called pit lamping.
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Postoji nešto što se zove "osvjetljivanje jama".
12:17
That's the phrase which I learned from my son George,
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To je izraz koji sam naučio od svog sina Georgea,
12:19
who is there in the audience.
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koji je ondje u publici.
12:21
You take -- that's a Canadian expression.
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To je kanadski izraz.
12:28
If you happen to want to hunt animals at night,
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Ako zaželite loviti životinje noću,
12:30
you take a miner's lamp, which is a pit lamp.
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uzmete rudarsku svjetiljku, što je svjetiljka za jame.
12:34
You strap it onto your forehead, so you can see
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Pričvrstite je na čelo da može vidjeti
12:37
the reflection in the eyes of the animal. So, if you go out at night,
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odsjaj u očima životinje. Dakle, ako izađete noću,
12:41
you shine a flashlight, the animals are bright.
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svjetlite džepnom lampom, životinje su sjajne.
12:48
You see the red glow in their eyes,
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Vidite crveni sjaj u njihovim očima,
12:51
which is the reflection of the flashlight.
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što je odsjaj džepne lampe.
12:53
And then, if you're one of these unsporting characters,
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A onda, ako niste sportskog duha,
12:58
you shoot the animals and take them home.
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upucate životinju i odnesete je doma.
13:01
And of course, that spoils the game
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Naravno, to kvari igru
13:03
for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime,
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drugim lovcima koji love danju
13:05
so in Canada that's illegal. In New Zealand, it's legal,
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pa je u Kanadi to protuzakonito. Na Novom Zelandu je legalno,
13:10
because the New Zealand farmers use this as a way of getting rid of rabbits,
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zato što se novozelandski farmeri na taj način rješavaju zečeva.
13:15
because the rabbits compete with the sheep in New Zealand.
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Zečevi se, naime, natječu s ovcama na Novom Zelandu.
13:18
So, the farmers go out at night
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Pa farmeri izađu noću
13:20
with heavily armed jeeps, and shine the headlights,
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s teško naoružanim džipovima i svijetle prednjim svjetlima,
13:25
and anything that doesn't look like a sheep, you shoot.
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i upucaju sve što ne liči na ovcu.
13:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:31
So I have proposed to apply the same trick
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Pa sam predložio da se isti trik primijeni
13:34
to looking for life in the universe.
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na traženje života u svemiru.
13:36
That if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces --
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Ta bića koja žive na hladnim površinama -
13:39
either on Europa, or further out, anywhere where you can live
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ili na Europi, ili još dalje, bilo gdje gdje možete živjeti
13:43
on a cold surface -- those creatures must be provided with reflectors.
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na hladnoj površini - ta bića moraju imati reflektore.
13:49
In order to concentrate sunlight, they have to have lenses and mirrors --
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Kako bi sakupljala sunčevu svjetlost, moraju imati leće i zrcala -
13:52
in order to keep themselves warm.
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kako bi se održavala toplima.
13:54
And then, when you shine sunlight at them,
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A kada na njih zasja sunčeva svjetlost,
13:58
the sunlight will be reflected back,
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svjetlost će se odbiti natrag,
14:01
just as it is in the eyes of an animal.
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baš kao što je to s očima životinja.
14:06
So these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings.
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Dakle, ta bića bit će sjajna u usporedbi s hladnim okruženjem.
14:10
And the further out you go in this, away from the Sun,
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A što dalje odete, dalje od Sunca,
14:14
the more powerful this reflection will be. So actually,
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to će odsjaj biti jači. Pa, zapravo,
14:18
this method of hunting for life gets stronger and stronger
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ova metoda lova na život postaje sve jača
14:21
as you go further away,
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kako se udaljavate,
14:23
because the optical reflectors have to be more powerful so the reflected light
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zato što optički reflektori moraju biti snažni pa se reflektirana svjetlost
14:28
shines out even more in contrast against the dark background.
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još više sjaji u kontrastu na tamnu pozadinu.
14:34
So as you go further away from the Sun,
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Kako se sve više udaljavate od Sunca,
14:36
this becomes more and more powerful.
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tako to postaje sve jače i jače.
14:40
So, in fact, you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the Earth.
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Dakle, u biti možete tražiti ta stvorenja teleskopima sa Zemlje.
14:46
Why aren't we doing it? Simply because nobody thought of it yet.
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Zašto to ne činimo? Jednostavno zato što se toga još nitko nije sjetio.
14:50
But I hope that we shall look, and with any --
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Ali nadam se da ćemo tražiti, i s malo sreće ...
14:55
we probably won't find anything,
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vjerojatno ništa nećemo naći,
14:57
none of these speculations may have any basis in fact.
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nijedna od ovih pretpostavki zapravo možda nema temelje.
15:01
But still, it's a good chance. And of course, if it happens,
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Ali ipak, dobra je to prilika. I, naravno, ako se to dogodi,
15:04
it will transform our view of life altogether.
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u cjelosti će promijeniti naš pogled na život.
15:07
Because it means that -- the way life can live out there,
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To bi značilo da način na koji život može postojati ondje,
15:12
it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet.
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ima velike prednosti u usporedbi sa životom na planetu.
15:15
It's extremely hard to move from one planet to another.
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Veoma je teško ići od jednog planeta do drugog.
15:19
We're having great difficulties at the moment
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Trenutno imamo velike poteškoće
15:23
and any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck.
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i bilo koje biće koje živi na planetu zapravo je zapelo.
15:27
Especially if you breathe air,
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Posebice ako udišete zrak,
15:29
it's very hard to get from planet A to planet B,
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vrlo je teško doći od planeta A do planeta B,
15:32
because there's no air in between. But if you breathe air --
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zato što nema zraka između. Ali ako dišete zrak...
15:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:43
-- you're dead --
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...mrtvi ste...
15:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:46
-- as soon as you're off the planet, unless you have a spaceship.
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...čim odete s planeta, osim ako imate svemirsku letjelicu.
15:50
But if you live in a vacuum, if you live on the surface
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Ali ako živite u vakuumu, ako živite na površini
15:53
of one of these objects, say, in the Kuiper Belt,
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jednog od ovih objekata, recimo, u Kuiperovu pojasu,
15:56
this -- an object like Pluto, or one of the
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na ovom objektu sličnom Plutonu, ili jednome od
15:59
smaller objects in the neighborhood of Pluto,
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manjih objekata u blizini Plutona,
16:03
and you happened -- if you're living on the surface there,
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ako ondje živite na površini,
16:05
and you get knocked off the surface by a collision,
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i zbog sudara sletite s površine,
16:08
then it doesn't change anything all that much.
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onda to ne mijenja puno toga.
16:11
You still are on a piece of ice, you can still have sunlight
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I dalje ste na komadu leda, i dalje imate sunčevu svjetlost
16:15
and you can still survive while you're traveling from one place to another.
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te i dalje možete preživjeti dok putujete od jednog do drugog mjesta.
16:19
And then if you run into another object, you can stay there
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A, ako naiđete na neki drugi objekt, možete ostati ondje
16:23
and colonize the other object. So life will spread, then,
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i kolonizirati ga. Pa će se život tako širiti
16:26
from one object to another. So if it exists at all in the Kuiper Belt,
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s jednog objekta na drugi. Dakle, ako uopće postoji u Kuiperovu pojasu,
16:30
it's likely to be very widespread. And you will have then
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vjerojatno je da je vrlo raširen. A onda će se odvijati
16:33
a great competition amongst species -- Darwinian evolution --
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veliko natjecanje među vrstama - Darwinova teorija evolucije -
16:38
so there'll be a huge advantage to the species
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pa će veliku prednost imati vrste
16:41
which is able to jump from one place to another
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koje mogu skočiti s jednog mjesta na drugo
16:45
without having to wait for a collision. And there'll be advantages
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a da ne moraju očekivati sudar. I bit će prednosti
16:49
for spreading out long, sort of kelp-like forest of vegetation.
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za širenje dugih šuma vegetacije nalik na morsku travu.
16:56
I call these creatures sunflowers.
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Ta bića zovem suncokretima.
16:58
They look like, maybe like sunflowers.
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Možda nalikuju na suncokrete.
17:01
They have to be all the time pointing toward the Sun,
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Uvijek moraju biti okrenuti prema Suncu
17:04
and they will be able to spread out in space,
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i moći će se širiti svemirom
17:07
because gravity on these objects is weak.
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zato što je gravitacijska sila na tim objektima slaba.
17:11
So they can collect sunlight from a big area.
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Mogu skupljati sunčevu svjetlost s velikog područja.
17:14
So they will, in fact, be quite easy for us to detect.
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Pa će ih, zapravo, biti vrlo lako otkriti.
17:18
So, I hope in the next 10 years, we'll find these creatures,
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Nadam se da ćemo kroz sljedećih 10 godina naći ta bića,
17:21
and then, of course, our whole view of life in the universe will change.
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a onda će se, naravno, naš pogled na život u svemiru promijeniti.
17:26
If we don't find them, then we can create them ourselves.
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Ako ih ne nađemo, onda ih možemo sami stvoriti.
17:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:33
That's another wonderful opportunity that's opening.
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To je još jedna prekrasna mogućnost koja se pojavljuje.
17:40
We can -- as soon as we have a little bit more understanding
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Možemo, čim budemo imali malo više znanja
17:43
of genetic engineering, one of the things you can do with your
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o genetičkom inženjerstvu, jedna od stvari koju možete učini sa svojim
17:48
take-it-home, do-it-yourself genetic engineering kit --
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kućnim, sam-svoj-majstor genetičkim inžinjerskim priborom -
17:51
(Laughter) --
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(Smijeh) -
17:53
is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite,
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dizajnirati bića koja mogu živjeti na hladnom satelitu,
17:56
a place like Europa, so we could colonize Europa with our own creatures.
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mjestu poput Europe pa bismo mogli kolonizirati Europu vlastitim bićima.
18:01
That would be a fun thing to do.
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To bi bilo zabavno učiniti.
18:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
18:08
In the long run, of course,
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Dugoročno gledano, naravno,
18:11
it would also make it possible for us to move out there.
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to bi i nama omogućilo da se ondje preselimo.
18:16
What's going to happen in the end,
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Na kraju neće
18:18
it's not going to be just humans colonizing space,
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samo ljudi kolonizirati svemir,
18:21
it's going to be life moving out from the Earth,
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već će se život preseliti sa Zemlje,
18:25
moving it into its kingdom. And the kingdom of life,
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preseliti u svoje carstvo. A carstvo života će,
18:28
of course, is going to be the universe. And if life is already there,
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naravno, biti svemir. A ako život ondje već postoji,
18:33
it makes it much more exciting, in the short run.
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onda je mnogo uzbudljivije, kratkoročno gledano.
18:36
But in the long run, if there's no life there, we create it ourselves.
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Ali, dugoročno gledano, ako nema života ondje, sami ćemo ga stvoriti.
18:42
We transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful
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Pretvaramo svemir u nešto mnogo bogatije i ljepše
18:46
than it is today.
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nego što je danas.
18:48
So again, we have a big and wonderful future to look forward.
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Ponavljam, pred nama je velika i prekrasna budućnost.
18:53
Thank you.
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Hvala.
18:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Freeman Dyson - PhysicistWith Freeman Dyson's astonishing forecasts for the future, it's hard to tell where science ends and science fiction begins. But far from being a wild-eyed visionary, Dyson is a clear and sober thinker -- and one not afraid of controversy or heresy.
Why you should listen
From inventing Dyson Spheres, a sci-fi conceit postulating habitable shells around Sol-like stars, to "space chickens" and trees that grow in comets, Freeman Dyson is not afraid to go out on a cosmic limb. It would be wrong, however, to categorize him as a publicity-hungry peddler of headline-grabbing ideas. In his 60-year career as one of planet Earth's most distinguished scientists, several things characterize Dyson more than anything else: compassion, caution and overwhelming humanism.
In addition to his work as a scientist, Dyson is a renowned and best-selling author. His most recent book, A Many-Colored Glass, tackles nothing less than biotechnology, religion and the role of life in the universe. He does not shy away from controversy: His recent critiques of the politics of the global warming debate have raised the hackles of some environmentalists. But far from wielding his conclusions like a bludgeon, Dyson wants younger generations of scientists to take away one thing from his work -- the necessity to create heresies of their own.
Freeman Dyson | Speaker | TED.com