TED2010
Temple Grandin: The world needs all kinds of minds
Temple Grandin: Svijetu su potrebni umovi svih mogućih vrsta
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Temple Grandin, kojoj je kao djetetu dijagnosticiran autizam, govori o tome kako funcionira njen um - objašnjavajući svoju sposobnost da "razmišlja u slikama", što joj pomaže rješavati probleme na kojima prosječni, neurotipični mozak može pogriješiti. Ona pokazuje da svijet treba ljude koji spadaju u autistički spektar: vizualni mislioci, uzorak mislioci, verbalni mislioci, i sve vrste pametnih štreberskih tipova djece.
Temple Grandin - Livestock handling designer, autism activist
Through groundbreaking research and the lens of her own autism, Temple Grandin brings startling insight into two worlds. Full bio
Through groundbreaking research and the lens of her own autism, Temple Grandin brings startling insight into two worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I think I'll start out and just talk a little bit about
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Počela bih time što ću objasniti
00:17
what exactly autism is.
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što je točno autizam.
00:19
Autism is a very big continuum
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Autizam je jedan vrlo veliki kontinuum
00:22
that goes from very severe -- the child remains non-verbal --
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koji ide od vrlo teškog oblika, kada dijete uopće ne govori,
00:25
all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.
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pa sve do briljantnih znanstvenika i inženjera.
00:28
And I actually feel at home here,
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Ovo je u biti moje područje
00:30
because there's a lot of autism genetics here.
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jer ovdje ima mnogo autističke genetike.
00:32
You wouldn't have any...
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Nadam se da nemate...
00:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
00:38
It's a continuum of traits.
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To je kontinuum osobina.
00:40
When does a nerd turn into
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Kada se štreber pretvara u
00:43
Asperger, which is just mild autism?
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Asperger, koji je tek blagi autizam?
00:45
I mean, Einstein and Mozart
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Hoću reći, i Einsteinu i Mozartu
00:48
and Tesla would all be probably diagnosed
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i Tesli danas bi vjerojatno bila postavljena
00:50
as autistic spectrum today.
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dijagnoza iz autističkog spektra.
00:52
And one of the things that is really going to concern me is
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I jedna od stvari kojima ću se baviti je
00:55
getting these kids to be the ones that are going to invent
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da potaknem takve klince da oni budu ti koji će izumiti
00:58
the next energy things,
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novu energetsku tehnologiju
01:00
you know, that Bill Gates talked about this morning.
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o čemu je govorio Bill Gates.
01:04
OK. Now, if you want to understand
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U redu. Dakle, ukoliko želite razumjeti
01:06
autism, animals.
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autizam, životinje,
01:08
And I want to talk to you now about different ways of thinking.
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a ja vam želim govoriti o različitim načinima mišljenja,
01:10
You have to get away from verbal language.
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morate se odmaknuti od verbalnog jezika.
01:13
I think in pictures,
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Ja razmišljam u slikama.
01:15
I don't think in language.
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Ja ne razmišljam u jeziku.
01:18
Now, the thing about the autistic mind
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Ono što je specifično za autistički mozak
01:20
is it attends to details.
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jest da on obraća pažnju na detalje.
01:23
OK, this is a test where you either have to
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Ovo je test u kojem morate odabrati
01:25
pick out the big letters, or pick out the little letters,
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ili velika ili mala slova.
01:27
and the autistic mind picks out the
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Autistički um izdvaja
01:29
little letters more quickly.
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mala slova brže.
01:31
And the thing is, the normal brain ignores the details.
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To je zato što normalni mozak ignorira detalje.
01:35
Well, if you're building a bridge, details are pretty important
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Ukoliko gradite most detalji su prilično bitni
01:37
because it will fall down if you ignore the details.
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jer će se most srušiti ako detalje zanemarite.
01:40
And one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today
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Ono što me zabrinjava u vezi mnogih stvari danas
01:43
is things are getting too abstract.
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je da stvari postaju previše apstraktne.
01:45
People are getting away from doing
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Ljudi bježe
01:47
hands-on stuff.
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od praktičnog rada.
01:49
I'm really concerned that a lot of the schools have taken out
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Uistinu me zabrinjava da su mnoge škole izbacile
01:51
the hands-on classes,
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praktičnu nastavu
01:53
because art, and classes like that,
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jer likovni odgoj i slična nastava
01:55
those are the classes where I excelled.
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je ono u čemu sam se ja isticala.
01:57
In my work with cattle,
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Radeći sa stokom
01:59
I noticed a lot of little things that most people don't notice
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uočila sam mnoge sitnice koje većina ljudi ne primjećuje
02:02
would make the cattle balk. Like, for example,
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koje uzrokuju da stoka zastaje. Na primjer,
02:04
this flag waving, right in front of the veterinary facility.
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ova zastava koja se vijori ispred veterinarskog postrojenja.
02:07
This feed yard was going to tear down their whole veterinary facility;
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Bilo je u planu da se cijelo postrojenje sruši,
02:10
all they needed to do was move the flag.
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međutim sve što je trebalo učiniti je bilo da se makne zastava.
02:12
Rapid movement, contrast.
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Brzi pokreti, kontrast.
02:15
In the early '70s when I started, I got right down
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Ranih '70-ih kada sam počela, ušla sam ravno
02:17
in the chutes to see what cattle were seeing.
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u vodilice kako bih vidjela točno ono što stoka vidi.
02:19
People thought that was crazy. A coat on a fence would make them balk,
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Ljudi su mislili da sam luda. Kaput na ogradi bi plašio stoku
02:22
shadows would make them balk, a hose on the floor ...
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Zastajkivala bi zbog sjene ili cijevi na podu.
02:25
people weren't noticing these things --
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Ljudi to nisu primjećivali,
02:27
a chain hanging down --
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lanac koji visi,
02:29
and that's shown very, very nicely in the movie.
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i to je vrlo lijepo prikazano u filmu.
02:31
In fact, I loved the movie, how they
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U biti mi se u film jako svidjelo kako
02:33
duplicated all my projects. That's the geek side.
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su replicirali sve moje projekte. To je zbog moje štreberske strane.
02:35
My drawings got to star in the movie too.
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I moji crteži su nastupali u filmu.
02:38
And actually it's called "Temple Grandin,"
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Čak je i naslov "Temple Grandin",
02:40
not "Thinking In Pictures."
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a ne "Razmišljanje u slikama".
02:42
So, what is thinking in pictures? It's literally movies
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Dakle, što je razmišljanje u slikama? Doslovno,
02:44
in your head.
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to su filmovi u vašoj glavi.
02:46
My mind works like Google for images.
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Moj um funkcionira kao pretraga slika na Google-u.
02:48
Now, when I was a young kid I didn't know my thinking was different.
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Dok sam bila malo dijete nisam znala da razmišljam drugačije.
02:51
I thought everybody thought in pictures.
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Mislila sam da svi razmišljaju u slikama.
02:53
And then when I did my book, "Thinking In Pictures,"
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I dok sam pisala svoju knjigu "Razmišljanje u slikama"
02:55
I start interviewing people about how they think.
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počela sam intervjuirati ljude o načinu njihovog mišljenja.
02:58
And I was shocked to find out that
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Bila sam šokirana kada sam shvatila da je
03:00
my thinking was quite different. Like if I say,
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moje način mišljenja bio potpuno različit.
03:02
"Think about a church steeple"
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Na primjer kada kažem, "pomisli na crkveni zvonik"
03:04
most people get this sort of generalized generic one.
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većina ljudi ima nekakvu uopćenu sliku.
03:06
Now, maybe that's not true in this room,
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možda to ne vrijedi za sve u ovoj prostoriji,
03:08
but it's going to be true in a lot of different places.
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međutim to je tako na mnogim mjestima.
03:12
I see only specific pictures.
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Ja vidim samo vrlo određene slike.
03:14
They flash up into my memory, just like Google for pictures.
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One se pojavljuju u mom pamćenju, baš kao u Google pretraživaču.
03:18
And in the movie, they've got a great scene in there
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A u filmu ima jedan odličan prizor,
03:20
where the word "shoe" is said, and a whole bunch of '50s and '60s shoes
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u kojemu se izgovara riječ "cipela", i zatim cijela hrpa cipela
03:24
pop into my imagination.
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iz '50-ih i '60-ih iskače iz moje mašte.
03:26
OK, there is my childhood church,
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Ovo je crkva koju pamtim iz djetinjstva.
03:28
that's specific. There's some more, Fort Collins.
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Vrlo određeno. Ima još, Fort Collins.
03:31
OK, how about famous ones?
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A što je sa onim slavnima?
03:33
And they just kind of come up, kind of like this.
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I one samo izranjaju, nekako baš ovako.
03:36
Just really quickly, like Google for pictures.
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Samo zaista brzo, kao pretraga slika u Google-u.
03:39
And they come up one at a time,
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I dolaze jedna po jedna.
03:41
and then I think, "OK, well maybe we can have it snow,
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I onda pomislim, hajde da možda stavimo snijeg,
03:43
or we can have a thunderstorm,"
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ili oluju s gromovima,
03:45
and I can hold it there and turn them into videos.
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i ja mogu takve slike zadržati i pretvoriti u video.
03:48
Now, visual thinking was a tremendous asset
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Vizualno razmišljanje je bilo ogromna prednost
03:51
in my work designing cattle-handling facilities.
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u mom radu sa postrojenjima za rad sa stokom.
03:54
And I've worked really hard on improving
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naporno sam radila na tome da unaprijedim
03:56
how cattle are treated at the slaughter plant.
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tretman stoke u klaonicama.
03:58
I'm not going to go into any gucky slaughter slides.
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Neću vam prikazivati neugodne detalje iz klaonice.
04:01
I've got that stuff up on YouTube if you want to look at it.
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To imam na Youtube-u ako vas zanima.
04:03
But, one of the things that I was able to do in my design work
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Međutim, jedna od stvari koje sam mogla učiniti prilikom
04:07
is I could actually test run
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dizajniranja postrojenja je da sam mogla testirati
04:09
a piece of equipment in my mind,
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pojedini dio opreme u mislima,
04:11
just like a virtual reality computer system.
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baš kao kompjuterski sustav za virtualnu stvarnost.
04:14
And this is an aerial view
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Ovo je pogled iz zraka
04:16
of a recreation of one of my projects that was used in the movie.
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na model jednog od mojih projekata koji je korišten u filmu.
04:19
That was like just so super cool.
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To je bilo baš super.
04:21
And there were a lot of kind of Asperger types
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A bilo je mnogo Asperger tipova
04:23
and autism types working out there on the movie set too.
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i autističkih tipova koji su radili na filmskom setu.
04:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:28
But one of the things that really worries me
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Ali jedna od stvari koja me uistinu zabrinjava
04:30
is: Where's the younger version of those kids going today?
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je u kojem se smjeru danas kreću mladi takve vrste.
04:34
They're not ending up in Silicon Valley, where they belong.
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Ne završavaju u Silikonskoj dolini, gdje im je mjesto,
04:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:45
Now, one of the things I learned very early on because I wasn't that social,
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Jedna od stvari koje sam naučila vrlo rano jer nisam bila baš društvena,
04:48
is I had to sell my work, and not myself.
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je da moram prodavati svoj rad, a ne sebe.
04:52
And the way I sold livestock jobs
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A način na koji sam prodavala poslove sa stokom
04:54
is I showed off my drawings, I showed off pictures of things.
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je bio da pokazujem svoje crteže i slike stvari.
04:57
Another thing that helped me as a little kid
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Još mi je nešto pomoglo dok sam bila dijete,
04:59
is, boy, in the '50s, you were taught manners.
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a to je da su nas u '50-ima dobrano naučili ponašanju.
05:01
You were taught you can't pull the merchandise off the shelves
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Učili su nas da se ne smije rušiti roba sa polica
05:03
in the store and throw it around.
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u dućanu i bacati je naokolo.
05:05
Now, when kids get to be in third or fourth grade,
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Kada su djeca u trećem ili četvrtom razredu
05:08
you might see that this kid's going to be a visual thinker,
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može se vidjeti da će dijete biti vizualni mislilac
05:11
drawing in perspective. Now, I want to
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ukoliko crta u perspektivi. Ono što želim
05:13
emphasize that not every autistic kid
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naglasiti je da neće svako autistično dijete
05:15
is going to be a visual thinker.
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biti vizualni mislilac.
05:17
Now, I had this brain scan done several years ago,
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Prije nekoliko godina napravili su mi snimku mozga
05:21
and I used to joke around about having a
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i šalila sam se da imam
05:23
gigantic Internet trunk line
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poput debla divovsku internetsku vezu
05:25
going deep into my visual cortex.
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koja zadire duboko u moj vizualni korteks.
05:27
This is tensor imaging.
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Ovo je tenzorni prikaz.
05:29
And my great big internet trunk line
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I moja divovska internetska veza
05:31
is twice as big as the control's.
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je dvostruko veća od uobičajene.
05:33
The red lines there are me,
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Crvene linije su moje,
05:35
and the blue lines are the sex and age-matched control.
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a plave pripadaju osobi iste dobi i spola.
05:39
And there I got a gigantic one,
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Evo, tu je moja divovska,
05:41
and the control over there, the blue one,
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a ovdje prosječna, plava
05:43
has got a really small one.
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koja je zaista mala.
05:47
And some of the research now is showing
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Neka nova istraživanja pokazuju da ljudi
05:49
is that people on the spectrum actually think with primary visual cortex.
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koji pripadaju spektru razmišljaju primarnim vizualnim korteksom.
05:53
Now, the thing is, the visual thinker's just one kind of mind.
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Stvar je u tome da su vizualni mislioci samo jedna vrsta uma.
05:56
You see, the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind --
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Vidite, autistički um naginje ka tome da bude specijaliziran.
05:59
good at one thing, bad at something else.
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Dobar u nečemu, loš u nečemu drugom.
06:03
And where I was bad was algebra. And I was never allowed
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Ja sam bila loša u algebri. I nikad mi nisu dozvolili
06:05
to take geometry or trig.
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da pohađam geometriju ili trigonometriju.
06:07
Gigantic mistake: I'm finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra,
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Ogromna greška. Nailazim na mnogo djece koja bi trebala preskočiti
06:10
go right to geometry and trig.
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algebru, i ići ravno na geometriju i trigonometriju.
06:12
Now, another kind of mind is the pattern thinker.
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Druga vrsta mislioca su uzorak-mislioci.
06:15
More abstract. These are your engineers,
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Apstraktniji. To su vaši inžinjeri,
06:17
your computer programmers.
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kompjuterski programeri.
06:19
Now, this is pattern thinking. That praying mantis
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Ovo je primjer uzorak mišljenja. Ova bogomoljka
06:21
is made from a single sheet of paper --
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je napravljena od jednoj jedinog lista papira,
06:23
no scotch tape, no cuts.
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bez lijepljenja, bez rezanja.
06:25
And there in the background is the pattern for folding it.
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A u pozadini je uzorak za preklapanje.
06:28
Here are the types of thinking:
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Imate tipove mišljenja,
06:30
photo-realistic visual thinkers, like me;
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foto-realistične vizualne mislioce poput mene,
06:33
pattern thinkers, music and math minds.
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uzorak mislioce, glazbene i matematičke umove.
06:37
Some of these oftentimes have problems with reading.
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Neki od njih često imaju poteškoća s čitanjem.
06:39
You also will see these kind of problems
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Takve probleme vidjet ćete i
06:41
with kids that are dyslexic.
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kod djece s disleksijom.
06:44
You'll see these different kinds of minds.
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Susresti ćete se sa svim tim različitim tipovima umova.
06:46
And then there's a verbal mind, they know every fact about everything.
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Zatim imate verbalni um. Oni znaju svaku činjenicu o svemu.
06:49
Now, another thing is the sensory issues.
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E sada, pitanje osjetila je nešto drugo.
06:51
I was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face.
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Ja sam bila stvarno zabrinuta što moram nositi ovaj uređaj na licu.
06:55
And I came in half an hour beforehand
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Došla sam pola sata ranije
06:58
so I could have it put on and kind of get used to it,
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kako bi mi ga stavili i da imam vremena da se naviknem.
07:00
and they got it bent so it's not hitting my chin.
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Savili su ga tako da mi ne udara u bradu.
07:03
But sensory is an issue. Some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights;
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Ali osjetilnost je problem. Nekoj djeci smetaju fluorescentna svjetla;
07:06
others have problems with sound sensitivity.
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druga imaju poteškoća s osjetljivošću na zvuk.
07:09
You know, it's going to be variable.
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Znate, to će uvijek biti varijabla.
07:12
Now, visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight
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Vizualno mišljenje mi je dalo dubok uvid
07:16
into the animal mind.
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u životinjski um.
07:18
Because think about it: An animal is a sensory-based thinker,
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Jer razmislite - životinja razmišlja na temelju osjeta,
07:21
not verbal -- thinks in pictures,
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a ne verbalno. Razmišlja u slikama.
07:25
thinks in sounds, thinks in smells.
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Razmišlja u zvukovima. Razmišlja u mirisima.
07:28
Think about how much information there is there on the local fire hydrant.
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Pomislite samo koliko je informacija na jednom uličnom hidrantu.
07:31
He knows who's been there, when they were there.
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On zna tko je bio tamo, kada je bio,
07:34
Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?
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jesu li prijatelji ili suparnici, ima li ikoga za parenje.
07:37
There's a ton of information on that fire hydrant.
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Na tom je hidrantu masa informacija.
07:40
It's all very detailed information,
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Sve su to vrlo detaljne informacije.
07:44
and, looking at these kind of details
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I promatrajući te detalje
07:46
gave me a lot of insight into animals.
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stekla sam puno uvida u životinje.
07:48
Now, the animal mind, and also my mind,
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Životinjski um, a i moj um,
07:52
puts sensory-based information
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stavlja osjetilne informacije
07:54
into categories.
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u kategorije.
07:56
Man on a horse
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Čovjek na konju,
07:58
and a man on the ground --
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i čovjek na tlu,
08:00
that is viewed as two totally different things.
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to se promatra kao dvije potpuno različite stvari.
08:02
You could have a horse that's been abused by a rider.
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Možete imati konja kojeg je zlostavljao jahač.
08:05
They'll be absolutely fine with the veterinarian
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Oni će biti sasvim dobro s veterinarom
08:07
and with the horseshoer, but you can't ride him.
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i sa potkivačem, ali ih ne možete jahati.
08:10
You have another horse, where maybe the horseshoer beat him up
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Imate drugog konja, kojeg je možda tukao potkivač,
08:13
and he'll be terrible for anything on the ground,
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i taj će konj biti grozan za bilo kakav rad na tlu,
08:15
with the veterinarian, but a person can ride him.
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pa i sa veterinarom - ali može ga se jahati.
08:18
Cattle are the same way.
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Za stoku vrijedi isto.
08:20
Man on a horse,
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Čovjek na konju,
08:22
a man on foot -- they're two different things.
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čovjek na nogama - to su dvije različite stvari.
08:24
You see, it's a different picture.
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Vidite, to je drugačija slika.
08:26
See, I want you to think about just how specific this is.
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Želim da razmislite o tome koliko je to određeno.
08:29
Now, this ability to put information into categories,
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Dakle, ova sposobnost da se informacije stave u kategorije,
08:33
I find a lot of people are not very good at this.
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nalazim da mnogi ljudi nisu baš dobri u tome.
08:36
When I'm out troubleshooting equipment
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Kada radim na popravcima opreme
08:38
or problems with something in a plant,
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ili problemima s nečim u postrojenju,
08:40
they don't seem to be able to figure out, "Do I have a training people issue?
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takvi ljudi izgleda da ne mogu razlučiti: "Imam li problema s obukom radnika?
08:44
Or do I have something wrong with the equipment?"
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Ili nešto nije u redu s opremom?"
08:46
In other words, categorize equipment problem
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Drugim riječima, kategorizirati problem s opremom
08:48
from a people problem.
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od problema s ljudima.
08:50
I find a lot of people have difficulty doing that.
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Nailazim na mnoge koji imaju poteškoće s time.
08:53
Now, let's say I figure out it's an equipment problem.
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Recimo da sam utvrdila da je problem u opremi.
08:56
Is it a minor problem, with something simple I can fix?
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Je li to manji kvar, nešto jednostavno što mogu popraviti?
08:58
Or is the whole design of the system wrong?
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Ili se radi o tome da je cijeli sustav pogrešan?
09:01
People have a hard time figuring that out.
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Ljudi se u tome teško snalaze.
09:04
Let's just look at something like, you know,
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Pogledajmo nešto drugo, recimo
09:06
solving problems with making airlines safer.
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rješavanje problema sigurnosti kod avio-prijevoznika.
09:08
Yeah, I'm a million-mile flier.
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Da, ja sam od onih koji skupili milijun milja.
09:10
I do lots and lots of flying,
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Jako puno letim avionom
09:12
and if I was at the FAA,
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i da sam ja u Federalnoj upravi za avio prijevoz
09:15
what would I be doing a lot of direct observation of?
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što bih pažljivo i puno posmatrala?
09:19
It would be their airplane tails.
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To bi bili repovi aviona.
09:21
You know, five fatal wrecks in the last 20 years,
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Znate, u pet kobnih nesreća u posljednjih 20 godina,
09:24
the tail either came off or steering stuff inside the tail broke
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rep je ili otpao ili se pokvario sustav upravljanja u repu
09:28
in some way.
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na neki način.
09:30
It's tails, pure and simple.
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Problem su repovi, jasno i glasno.
09:32
And when the pilots walk around the plane, guess what? They can't see
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I kada piloti šetaju avionom, znate što?
09:34
that stuff inside the tail.
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Ne mogu vidjeti što je u repu.
09:36
You know, now as I think about that,
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Znate, kada razmislim o tome,
09:38
I'm pulling up all of that specific information.
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ja prikupljam sve te specifične informacije.
09:41
It's specific. See, my thinking's bottom-up.
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One su određene. Moje mišljenje je od dna prema vrhu.
09:44
I take all the little pieces and I put the pieces together like a puzzle.
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Uzimam sve te male djeliće i sastavljam ih kao puzzle.
09:48
Now, here is a horse that was deathly afraid
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Imamo konja koji se smrtno bojao
09:50
of black cowboy hats.
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crnih kaubojskih šešira.
09:52
He'd been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat.
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Zlostavljao ga je netko sa crnim šeširom
09:54
White cowboy hats, that was absolutely fine.
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Bijeli kaubojski šeširi, oni su sasvim u redu.
09:57
Now, the thing is, the world is going to need
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Stvar je u tome da će svijetu biti potrebni
10:00
all of the different kinds of minds
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svi ti različiti tipovi umova
10:02
to work together.
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kako bi zajedno surađivali.
10:04
We've got to work on developing all these different kinds of minds.
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Moramo se baviti razvijanjem svih tih vrsta umova.
10:07
And one of the things that is driving me really crazy,
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I jedna od stvari koja me izluđuje
10:10
as I travel around and I do autism meetings,
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je da na mojim putovanjima na susrete s autistima
10:12
is I'm seeing a lot of smart, geeky, nerdy kids,
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viđam mnogo pametne, čudne, štreberske djece.
10:15
and they just aren't very social,
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Oni jednostavno nisu jako društveni,
10:18
and nobody's working on developing their interest
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a nitko ne radi na tome da se njima razvije interes
10:20
in something like science.
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prema nečemu poput znanosti.
10:22
And this brings up the whole thing of my science teacher.
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Ovo nas dovodi do stvari sa mojim učiteljem znanosti.
10:25
My science teacher is shown absolutely beautifully in the movie.
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On je u filmu prikazan apsolutno prekrasno.
10:28
I was a goofball student. When I was in high school
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U srednjoj školi sam bila zabušant.
10:30
I just didn't care at all about studying,
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Učenje me uopće nije zanimalo,
10:33
until I had Mr. Carlock's science class.
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sve dok nisam krenula na satove znanosti kod g. Carlocka.
10:36
He was now Dr. Carlock in the movie.
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On je u filmu predstavljen kao dr. Carlock.
10:39
And he got me challenged
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On me izazvao da protumačim
10:42
to figure out an optical illusion room.
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sobu sa optičkom iluzijom.
10:45
This brings up the whole thing of you've got to show kids
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Djeci treba pokazivati
10:47
interesting stuff.
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zanimljive stvari.
10:49
You know, one of the things that I think maybe TED ought to do
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Znate, TED bi možda trebao
10:52
is tell all the schools about all the great lectures that are on TED,
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svim školama reći o zanimljivim predavanjima ovdje,
10:55
and there's all kinds of great stuff on the Internet
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a na Internetu ima svakojakih zanimljivih stvari,
10:57
to get these kids turned on.
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koje mogu pokrenuti te klince.
10:59
Because I'm seeing a lot of these geeky nerdy kids,
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Viđam mnoga takve čudne, neprilagođene djece,
11:02
and the teachers out in the Midwest, and the other parts of the country,
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a nastavnici na srednjem zapadu i u drugim dijelovima zemlje
11:05
when you get away from these tech areas,
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izvan tehnoloških centara
11:07
they don't know what to do with these kids.
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ne znaju što bi s takvom djecom.
11:09
And they're not going down the right path.
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I oni ne idu ispravnim putem.
11:11
The thing is, you can make a mind
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Radi se o tome da je um moguće
11:13
to be more of a thinking and cognitive mind,
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uvježbati da bude misaoniji i kognitivniji,
11:16
or your mind can be wired to be more social.
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ili ga se može "prespojiti" da bude društveniji.
11:19
And what some of the research now has shown in autism
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Ono što su pokazala nova istraživanja o autizmu
11:21
is there may by extra wiring back here,
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je da možda postoje nekakvo dodatno ožičenje ovdje iza,
11:23
in the really brilliant mind, and we lose a few social circuits here.
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a da gubimo nekoliko društvenjačkih sklopova.
11:26
It's kind of a trade-off between thinking and social.
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To je kao neka "trgovina" između mišljenja i društvenosti.
11:30
And then you can get into the point where it's so severe
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Tako je moguće doći do točke gdje je stanje toliko teško
11:32
you're going to have a person that's going to be non-verbal.
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da imate osobu koja neće govoriti.
11:35
In the normal human mind
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U normalnom ljudskom umu jezik
11:37
language covers up the visual thinking we share with animals.
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pokriva vizualno mišljenje koje dijelimo sa životinjskim svijetom.
11:40
This is the work of Dr. Bruce Miller.
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Ovo je rad dr. Brucea Millera.
11:43
And he studied Alzheimer's patients
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On je proučavao pacijente s Alzheimerovom bolešću
11:46
that had frontal temporal lobe dementia.
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koji su imali demenciju čeonog režnja.
11:48
And the dementia ate out the language parts of the brain,
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Demencija je "pojela" jezične dijelove mozga,
11:51
and then this artwork came out of somebody who used to install stereos in cars.
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a ovo je umjetnički rad osobe koja je bila instalater audio opreme u automobile.
11:56
Now, Van Gogh doesn't know anything about physics,
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Van Gogh nije znao ništa o fizici
12:00
but I think it's very interesting
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Ali mislim da je vrlo zanimljivo
12:02
that there was some work done to show that
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da su rađena istraživanja koja pokazuju
12:04
this eddy pattern in this painting
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da ovaj uzorak vrtložnih struja na slici
12:06
followed a statistical model of turbulence,
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slijedi statistički model turbulencije.
12:09
which brings up the whole interesting idea
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Tako dolazimo do vrlo zanimljive ideje
12:11
of maybe some of this mathematical patterns
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da su možda neki od ovih matematičkih uzoraka
12:13
is in our own head.
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u biti u našim glavama.
12:15
And the Wolfram stuff -- I was taking
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A za Wolfram Alpha internetsku tražilicu
12:17
notes and I was writing down all the
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bilježila sam i zapisivala sve moguće
12:19
search words I could use,
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riječi za pretragu jer mislim da
12:21
because I think that's going to go on in my autism lectures.
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ću to koristiti za moja predavanja o autizmu.
12:25
We've got to show these kids interesting stuff.
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Takvoj djeci moramo pokazivati zanimljive stvari.
12:27
And they've taken out the autoshop class
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A izbacuju nastavu automobilskih popravaka
12:29
and the drafting class and the art class.
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i modelarstvo, i umjetničke predmete.
12:31
I mean art was my best subject in school.
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Hoću reći, umjetnost mi je bila najbolji predmet u školi.
12:34
We've got to think about all these different kinds of minds,
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Moramo razmišljati o svim tim različitim vrstama umova.
12:36
and we've got to absolutely work with these kind of minds,
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Sa njima se apsolutno mora raditi,
12:39
because we absolutely are going to need
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jer će nam nesumnjivo biti potrebni
12:42
these kind of people in the future.
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ljudi takve vrste u budućnosti.
12:45
And let's talk about jobs.
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Razgovarajmo o radnim mjestima.
12:47
OK, my science teacher got me studying
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Moj me učitelj znanosti motivirao na učenje
12:49
because I was a goofball that didn't want to study.
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jer sam bila zabušant koji nije htio učiti.
12:52
But you know what? I was getting work experience.
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Ali znate što? Stjecala sam radno iskustvo.
12:54
I'm seeing too many of these smart kids who haven't learned basic things,
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Viđam previše te pametne djece koja nisu naučila najosnovnije stvari,
12:56
like how to be on time.
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kao što je dolaženje na vrijeme.
12:58
I was taught that when I was eight years old.
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Mene su tome naučili kada sam imala osam godina.
13:00
You know, how to have table manners at granny's Sunday party.
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Znate ono, ponašati se pristojno za stolom na bakinoj nedjeljnoj zabavi.
13:03
I was taught that when I was very, very young.
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To sam naučila kada sam bila vrlo, vrlo mlada.
13:06
And when I was 13, I had a job at a dressmaker's shop
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A sa 13 godina imala sam posao u krojačnici
13:09
sewing clothes.
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šivajući odjeću.
13:11
I did internships in college,
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Dok sam bila na koledžu sam stažirala.
13:14
I was building things,
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Gradila sam stvari.
13:17
and I also had to learn how to do assignments.
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I naučila kako da obavljam zaduženja.
13:20
You know, all I wanted to do was draw pictures of horses when I was little.
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Znate, sve što me zanimalo je bilo crtanje konja dok sam bila mala.
13:24
My mother said, "Well let's do a picture of something else."
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Majka mi je rekla: "Nacrtajmo nešto drugo."
13:26
They've got to learn how to do something else.
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Mora ih se naučiti da naprave nešto drugo.
13:28
Let's say the kid is fixated on Legos.
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Recimo da je dijete fiksirano na Lego kocke.
13:30
Let's get him working on building different things.
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Učinimo da gradi različite stvari.
13:33
The thing about the autistic mind
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Ono što je karakteristično za autistički um
13:35
is it tends to be fixated.
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je da ima tendenciju ka fiksaciji.
13:37
Like if a kid loves racecars,
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Kao kad klinac voli trkaće aute,
13:39
let's use racecars for math.
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upotrijebimo trkaće aute za matematiku.
13:41
Let's figure out how long it takes a racecar to go a certain distance.
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Izračunajmo koliko trkaćem autu treba da prijeđe neku udaljenost.
13:44
In other words, use that fixation
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Drugim riječima, iskoristimo tu fiksaciju kako bismo
13:48
in order to motivate that kid, that's one of the things we need to do.
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motivirali dijete, to je jedna od stvari koje moramo učiniti.
13:51
I really get fed up when they, you know, the teachers,
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Zaista mi je već dosta toga da učitelji,
13:54
especially when you get away from this part of the country,
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posebno kad odete odavde u druge dijelove zemlje,
13:57
they don't know what to do with these smart kids.
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ne znaju što bi s takvom bistrom djecom.
13:59
It just drives me crazy.
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To me izluđuje.
14:01
What can visual thinkers do when they grow up?
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Što mogu vizualni mislioci raditi kad odrastu?
14:03
They can do graphic design, all kinds of stuff with computers,
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Grafički dizajn, baviti se kompjuterima,
14:06
photography, industrial design.
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fotografijom, industrijskim dizajnom.
14:11
The pattern thinkers, they're the ones that are going to be
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Uzorak mislioci, to su oni koji će biti vaši
14:13
your mathematicians, your software engineers,
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matematičari, softverski inžinjeri,
14:16
your computer programmers, all of those kinds of jobs.
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kompjuterski programeri, i sva zanimanja takve vrste.
14:20
And then you've got the word minds. They make great journalists,
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Pa zatim imate verbalne umove. Oni su odlični novinari.
14:23
and they also make really, really good stage actors.
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I vrlo dobri kazališni glumci.
14:26
Because the thing about being autistic is,
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Ono što je problem sa autizmom je
14:28
I had to learn social skills like being in a play.
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da sam morala naučiti društvene vještine kao da glumim.
14:31
It's just kind of -- you just have to learn it.
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To se naprosto mora naučiti.
14:34
And we need to be working with these students.
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Moramo raditi sa takvim đacima.
14:37
And this brings up mentors.
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Tako dolazimo do pitanja mentora.
14:39
You know, my science teacher was not an accredited teacher.
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Znate, moj učitelj znanosti nije bio pedagog po struci.
14:42
He was a NASA space scientist.
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On je bio NASA-in znanstvenik.
14:44
Now, some states now are getting it to where
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U novije vrijeme neke od država dolaze do toga da
14:46
if you have a degree in biology, or a degree in chemistry,
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ukoliko imate diplomu iz biologije ili kemije
14:48
you can come into the school and teach biology or chemistry.
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možete u školama predavati biologiju i kemiju.
14:51
We need to be doing that.
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Trebali bismo tako raditi.
14:53
Because what I'm observing is
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Primjećujem da su
14:55
the good teachers, for a lot of these kids,
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dobri učitelji, za mnoge od te djece,
14:57
are out in the community colleges,
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nedostupni jer rade u koledžima.
14:59
but we need to be getting some of these good teachers into the high schools.
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Trebali bismo neke od tih učitelja dovesti u srednje škole.
15:02
Another thing that can be very, very, very successful is
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Ima još jedna stvar koja se može pokazati vrlo uspješnom,
15:05
there is a lot of people that may have retired
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ima mnogo onih koji su se povukli iz, možda
15:08
from working in the software industry, and they can teach your kid.
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softverske industrije - a mogli bi podučavati vaše dijete.
15:11
And it doesn't matter if what they teach them is old,
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I nije važno ukoliko je materija kojoj podučavaju zastarjela,
15:14
because what you're doing is you're lighting the spark.
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jer ono što činimo je da palimo iskru.
15:17
You're getting that kid turned on.
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Činimo da se to dijete probudi.
15:20
And you get him turned on, then he'll learn all the new stuff.
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A kada se probudi, onda će naučiti sve te nove stvari.
15:23
Mentors are just essential.
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Mentori su nužni.
15:25
I cannot emphasize enough
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Ne mogu dovoljno naglasiti
15:27
what my science teacher did for me.
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ono što je moj učitelj znanosti napravio za mene.
15:30
And we've got to mentor them, hire them.
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A treba raditi sa njima, zaposliti nih.
15:33
And if you bring them in for internships in your companies,
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kada dolaze stažirati u vaše kompanije,
15:35
the thing about the autism, Asperger-y kind of mind,
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ono što je bitno za autizam, za umove Aspergerskog tipa,
15:38
you've got to give them a specific task. Don't just say, "Design new software."
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trebate im dati određene zadatke. Nemojte reći samo: "Napravi novi program."
15:41
You've got to tell them something a lot more specific:
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Morate im reći nešto puno određenije.
15:43
"Well, we're designing a software for a phone
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"Mi kreiramo softver za telefon
15:46
and it has to do some specific thing.
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i on mora raditi jednu vrlo određenu stvar.
15:48
And it can only use so much memory."
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I smije koristiti samo toliko memorije."
15:50
That's the kind of specificity you need.
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Takva vrsta određenosti vam je potrebna.
15:52
Well, that's the end of my talk.
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Ovo je kraj mog govora.
15:54
And I just want to thank everybody for coming.
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Hvala svima što ste došli.
15:56
It was great to be here.
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Bilo je divno biti ovdje.
15:58
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:10
Oh, you've got a question for me? OK.
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Imate pitanje za mene?
16:13
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:14
Chris Anderson: Thank you so much for that.
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Chris Anderson: Hvala vam na ovome.
16:18
You know, you once wrote, I like this quote,
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Znate, jednom ste napisali, sviđa mi se taj navod,
16:20
"If by some magic, autism had been
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"Kada bi nekim čudom autizam bio
16:22
eradicated from the face of the Earth,
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izbrisan sa lica Zemlje,
16:25
then men would still be socializing in front of a wood fire
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ljudi bi se još uvijek družili oko ognjišta
16:28
at the entrance to a cave."
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na ulazu u pećinu."
16:30
Temple Grandin: Because who do you think made the first stone spears?
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Temple Grandin: Jer što mislite tko je izradio prvo kameno koplje?
16:32
The Asperger guy. And if you were to get rid of all the autism genetics
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Tip s Aspergerom. I kada biste se riješili sve autističke genetike
16:35
there would be no more Silicon Valley,
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ne bi više bilo Silicijske doline,
16:37
and the energy crisis would not be solved.
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ni energetska kriza ne bi bila riješena.
16:39
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
16:42
CA: So, I want to ask you a couple other questions,
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CA: Htio sam vas pitati još par pitanja.
16:44
and if any of these feel inappropriate,
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I ukoliko vam se bilo što čini neprimjerenim
16:46
it's okay just to say, "Next question."
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u redu je da kažete "Sljedeće pitanje."
16:48
But if there is someone here
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Ali ako ovdje ima nekoga
16:50
who has an autistic child,
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tko ima autistično dijete
16:52
or knows an autistic child
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ili poznaje autistično dijete
16:54
and feels kind of cut off from them,
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i osjeća se na neki način "odrezanim" od njega,
16:57
what advice would you give them?
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kakav biste mu savjet dali?
16:59
TG: Well, first of all, you've got to look at age.
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TG: Pa, najprije morate pogledati o kojoj se dobi radi.
17:01
If you have a two, three or four year old
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Ako imate dvo- ili tro- ili četverogodišnjaka
17:03
you know, no speech, no social interaction,
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koji ne govori i nema društvene interakcije,
17:05
I can't emphasize enough:
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ono što ne mogu dovoljno naglasiti je, ne čekajte,
17:07
Don't wait, you need at least 20 hours a week of one-to-one teaching.
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potrebno vam je barem 20 sati tjedno podučavanja "jedan na jedan".
17:11
You know, the thing is, autism comes in different degrees.
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Znate, stvar je u tome što autizam dolazi u različitim stupnjevima.
17:14
There's going to be about half the people on the spectrum
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Ima otprilike polovica ljudi na autističkom spektru
17:16
that are not going to learn to talk, and they're not going to be working
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koji neće naučiti govoriti, i oni neće raditi
17:18
Silicon Valley, that would not be a reasonable thing for them to do.
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u Silicijskoj dolini, to ne bi bilo razumno za njih.
17:21
But then you get the smart, geeky kids
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Ali imate pametnu, čudnu djecu
17:23
that have a touch of autism,
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sa mrvicom autizma,
17:25
and that's where you've got to get them turned on
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i to je ono u čemu ih morate razbuditi
17:27
with doing interesting things.
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radeći zanimljive stvari.
17:29
I got social interaction through shared interest.
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Ja sam do društvene interakcije došla putem zajedničkih interesa.
17:32
I rode horses with other kids, I made model rockets with other kids,
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Jahala sam konje s drugom djecom. Izrađivala modele raketa s drugima,
17:36
did electronics lab with other kids,
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pohađala laboratorij elektronike s drugom djecom
17:38
and in the '60s, it was gluing mirrors
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i u '60-ima sam lijepila komadiće ogledala
17:40
onto a rubber membrane on a speaker to make a light show.
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na gumenu membranu zvučnika kako bih dobila light show.
17:43
That was like, we considered that super cool.
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To smo smatrali super forom.
17:46
CA: Is it unrealistic for them
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CA: Je li nerealno da se roditelji
17:48
to hope or think that that child
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nadaju ili misle da ih takvo dijete voli,
17:50
loves them, as some might, as most, wish?
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jer neki od njih se to usude samo priželjkivati.
17:53
TG: Well let me tell you, that child will be loyal,
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TG: Pa reći ću vam - to je dijete biti odano.
17:55
and if your house is burning down, they're going to get you out of it.
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I ako vam kuća gori, oni će vas iz nje izbaviti.
17:57
CA: Wow. So, most people, if you ask them
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CA: Pa, većina ljudi, ako ih pitate
18:00
what are they most passionate about, they'd say things like,
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što je njihova najveća strast, navesti će stvari poput
18:02
"My kids" or "My lover."
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"Moja djeca" ili "Moj partner".
18:05
What are you most passionate about?
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Što je vaša najveća strast?
18:08
TG: I'm passionate about that the things I do
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TG: Ja sam strastvena u namjeri da stvari koje radim
18:10
are going to make the world a better place.
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učine svijet boljim mjestom.
18:12
When I have a mother of an autistic child say,
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Kada mi majka autističnog djeteta kaže:
18:14
"My kid went to college because of your book,
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"Moje dijete je otišlo u koledž zbog vaše knjige,
18:16
or one of your lectures," that makes me happy.
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ili jednog vašeg predavanja." To me usrećuje.
18:18
You know, the slaughter plants, I've worked with them
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Znate, klaonice, radila sam sa njima
18:21
in the '80s; they were absolutely awful.
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u '80-ima; one su nešto apsolutno užasno.
18:23
I developed a really simple scoring system for slaughter plants
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Razvila sam zaista jednostavan sustav ocjenjivanja za klaonice
18:27
where you just measure outcomes: How many cattle fell down?
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u kojem se mjere ishodi, koliko je stoke palo,
18:29
How many cattle got poked with the prodder?
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koliko ih je podbodeno,
18:31
How many cattle are mooing their heads off?
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koliko ih se glasa do iznemoglosti.
18:33
And it's very, very simple.
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I to je sve vrlo jednostavno.
18:35
You directly observe a few simple things.
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Direktno promatrate nekoliko jednostavnih stvari.
18:37
It's worked really well. I get satisfaction out of
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To je funkcioniralo stvarno dobro. Zadovoljstvo mi je
18:39
seeing stuff that makes real change
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vidjeti stvari koje čine istinsku promjenu
18:42
in the real world. We need a lot more of that,
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u stvarnom svijetu. Svima nam je potrebno više toga,
18:44
and a lot less abstract stuff.
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i mnogo manje apstraktnih stvari.
18:46
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
18:53
CA: When we were talking on the phone, one of the things you said that
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CA: Kada smo razgovarali telefonom, jedna od stvari koje ste rekli
18:55
really astonished me was you said one thing
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zaista me zapanjila. Rekli ste da
18:57
you were passionate about was server farms. Tell me about that.
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ste strastveni zagovaratelj serverskih farmi. Recite mi nešto o tome.
19:01
TG: Well the reason why I got really excited when I read about that,
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TG: Pa razlog zbog kojeg se uzbuđujem kada čitam o tome
19:04
it contains knowledge.
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je što one sadrže znanje.
19:07
It's libraries.
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To su knjižnice.
19:09
And to me, knowledge is something
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A za mene znanje je nešto
19:11
that is extremely valuable. So, maybe, over 10 years ago
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što je iznimno vrijedno. Prije desetak godina
19:13
now our library got flooded.
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naša je knjižnica bila poplavljena.
19:15
And this is before the Internet got really big.
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To je bilo u vrijeme prije no što je Internet postao hit.
19:17
And I was really upset about all the books being wrecked,
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Ja sam se jako naljutila zbog svih tih uništenih knjiga,
19:19
because it was knowledge being destroyed.
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jer to je bilo uništenje znanja.
19:21
And server farms, or data centers
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A serverske farme, ili podatkovni centri,
19:23
are great libraries of knowledge.
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su ogromne knjižnice znanja.
19:26
CA: Temple, can I just say it's an absolute delight to have you at TED.
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CA: Temple, mogu li reći da je bilo apsolutno veselje imati vas na TED-u.
19:29
TG: Well thank you so much. Thank you.
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TG: Hvala vam najljepša. Hvala.
19:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Temple Grandin - Livestock handling designer, autism activistThrough groundbreaking research and the lens of her own autism, Temple Grandin brings startling insight into two worlds.
Why you should listen
An expert on animal behavior, Temple Grandin has designed humane handling systems for half the cattle-processing facilities in the US, and consults with the meat industry to develop animal welfare guidelines. As PETA wrote when awarding her a 2004 Proggy: “Dr. Grandin's improvements to animal-handling systems found in slaughterhouses have decreased the amount of fear and pain that animals experience in their final hours, and she is widely considered the world's leading expert on the welfare of cattle and pigs.” In 2010, Time Magazine listed her as one of its most Important People of the Year. She is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Grandin’s books about her interior life as an autistic person have increased the world's understanding of the condition with personal immediacy -- and with import, as rates of autism diagnosis rise. She is revered by animal rights groups and members of autistic community, perhaps because in both regards she is a voice for those who are sometimes challenged to make themselves heard.
Temple Grandin | Speaker | TED.com