TEDGlobal 2005
Charles Leadbeater: The era of open innovation
Charles Leadbeater tentang inovasi
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Dalam presentasi yg tampak biasa-biasa saja ini, Charles Leadbeater dgn sangat meyakinkan berargumentasi bahwa inovasi sudah tidak lagi dimonopoli para profesional. Para amatir yang penuh semangat, dengan menggunakan alat-alat baru, menciptakan produk dan paradigma yang tidak bisa dihasilkan perusahaan-perusahaan mapan.
Charles Leadbeater - Innovation consultant
A researcher at the London think tank Demos, Charles Leadbeater was early to notice the rise of "amateur innovation" -- great ideas from outside the traditional walls, from people who suddenly have the tools to collaborate, innovate and make their expertise known. Full bio
A researcher at the London think tank Demos, Charles Leadbeater was early to notice the rise of "amateur innovation" -- great ideas from outside the traditional walls, from people who suddenly have the tools to collaborate, innovate and make their expertise known. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
What I'm going to do, in the spirit of collaborative creativity,
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Apa yg akan saya lakukan, dalam semangat kolaboratif yg kreatif
00:28
is simply repeat many of the points
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adalah cukup mengulang topik
00:31
that the three people before me have already made,
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yang telah disampaikan ketiga pembicara sebelum saya.
00:34
but do them --
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Tapi dalam pelaksanaannya --
00:36
this is called "creative collaboration;"
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ini disebut kolaborasi kreatif;
00:38
it's actually called "borrowing" --
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adalah yg biasa disebut 'meminjam'.
00:41
but do it through a particular perspective,
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Hanya saja, lakukan ini dalam perspektif khusus
00:43
and that is to ask about the role of users and consumers
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yaitu dari sudut peranan pengguna dan pelanggan
00:46
in this emerging world of
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di zaman modern yang penuh
00:48
collaborative creativity
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kreativitas kolaboratif
00:50
that Jimmy and others have talked about.
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seperti yg disinggung Jimmy dan lain-lain.
00:53
Let me just ask you, to start with,
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Coba saya tanya, untuk memulai,
00:55
this simple question:
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pertanyaan sederhana ini :
00:57
who invented the mountain bike?
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Siapa pencipta sepeda gunung ?
00:59
Because traditional economic theory would say,
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Karena teori ekonomi kuno akan menunjukkan,
01:02
well, the mountain bike was probably invented by some big bike corporation
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sepeda gunung itu mungkin diciptakan oleh sebuah perusahaan sepeda besar,
01:05
that had a big R&D lab
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yg punya lab litbang besar
01:07
where they were thinking up new projects,
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dimana ide-ide baru digodok
01:09
and it came out of there. It didn't come from there.
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dan menghasilkan sepeda itu. Itu tidak datang dari sana.
01:12
Another answer might be, well, it came from a sort of lone genius
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Jawaban lain mungkin, ide itu datang dr seorang jenius penyendiri
01:15
working in his garage, who,
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yg biasa mengoprek digarasinya,
01:17
working away on different kinds of bikes, comes up
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mengerjakan berbagai jenis sepeda, dan akhirnya
01:19
with a bike out of thin air.
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mendapatkan ide itu dr langit.
01:21
It didn't come from there. The mountain bike
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Ide itu bukan dr sana. Ide sepeda gunung
01:23
came from users, came from young users,
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datang dari pengguna, datang dari pengguna muda,
01:27
particularly a group in Northern California,
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tepatnya dr sebuah kelompok di California Utara,
01:29
who were frustrated with traditional racing bikes,
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yg frutrasi dengan sepeda balap tradisional,
01:32
which were those sort of bikes that Eddy Merckx rode,
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yg biasanya mirip sepeda yg dipakai Eddy Merckx,
01:35
or your big brother, and they're very glamorous.
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atau kakak anda, yang luar biasa mewah.
01:37
But also frustrated with the bikes that your dad rode,
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Tapi juga tidak suka dengan sepeda yang ayah anda tunggangi,
01:40
which sort of had big handlebars like that, and they were too heavy.
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yang setangnya besar dan kaku, belum lagi beratnya.
01:43
So, they got the frames from these big bikes,
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Jadi, mereka ambil rangka sepeda besar ini,
01:45
put them together with the gears from the racing bikes,
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memadukannya dgn roda gigi sepeda balap,
01:48
got the brakes from motorcycles,
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rem dari sepeda motor,
01:52
and sort of mixed and matched various ingredients.
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dan berkreasi dengan berbagai komponen.
01:54
And for the first, I don't know, three to five years of their life,
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Dan untuk, saya tidak tahu, tiga sampai lima tahun pertama,
01:57
mountain bikes were known as "clunkers."
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sepeda gunung dikenal dgn sebutan "clunkers" (rombengan)
01:59
And they were just made in a community of bikers,
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dan hanya dibuat didalam komunitas pengendara sepeda,
02:02
mainly in Northern California.
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terutama di California Utara.
02:04
And then one of these companies that was importing parts
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Lalu sebuah perusahaan yg biasa mengimpor suku cadang
02:07
for the clunkers decided to set up in business,
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untuk clunkers yang memutuskan berbisnis,
02:09
start selling them to other people,
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dan mulai menjualnya ke orang lain,
02:11
and gradually another company emerged out of that, Marin,
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lalu muncul perusahaan lain, Marin,
02:14
and it probably was, I don't know,
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dan itu mungkin, saya tidak tahu,
02:16
10, maybe even 15, years,
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10 atau bahkan 15 tahun
02:18
before the big bike companies
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sebelum perusahaan besar sepeda
02:20
realized there was a market.
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menyadari potensi pasarnya.
02:22
Thirty years later,
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30 tahun kemudian
02:24
mountain bike sales
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penjualan sepeda gunung,
02:26
and mountain bike equipment
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dan kelengkapan sepeda gunung,
02:28
account for 65 percent of bike sales in America.
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mencakup 65 persen pasar sepeda di Amerika.
02:30
That's 58 billion dollars.
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Itu sekitar 58 juta dolar.
02:33
This is a category entirely created by consumers
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Ini segmen pasar yg seutuhnya diciptakan pelanggan,
02:36
that would not have been created by the mainstream bike market
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yang tidak mungkin lahir dr pasar sepeda populer
02:39
because they couldn't see the need,
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karena pasar tidak melihat kebutuhannya
02:41
the opportunity;
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kesempatannya,
02:43
they didn't have the incentive to innovate.
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Tidak ada insentif untuk berinovasi
02:46
The one thing I think I disagree with
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Satu-satunya hal yg tidak saya setujui
02:48
about Yochai's presentation
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dr presentasi Yochai
02:50
is when he said the Internet causes
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adalah ketika dia bilang internet mewujudkan
02:52
this distributive capacity for innovation to come alive.
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pendistribusian kemampuan berinovasi.
02:55
It's when the Internet combines
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Adalah ketika internet memadukan
02:58
with these kinds of passionate pro-am consumers --
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semangat pro ke-amatir-an dikalangan pelanggan --
03:01
who are knowledgeable; they've got the incentive to innovate;
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yang memahami produknya, akan terdorong untuk berinovasi
03:04
they've got the tools; they want to --
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Mereka punya alatnya, mereka ingin --
03:06
that you get this kind of explosion
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Dan akhirnya anda merasakan ledakan
03:08
of creative collaboration.
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kolaborasi kreatif ini.
03:11
And out of that, you get the need for the kind of things
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Sebagai hasilnya, muncul kebutuhan untuk hal-hal
03:14
that Jimmy was talking about, which is our new kinds of organization,
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seperti yg disinggung Jimmy, yg merupakan jenis organisasi terbaru kita,
03:17
or a better way to put it:
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atau lebih tepatnya
03:19
how do we organize ourselves without organizations?
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bagaimana cara kita mengatur diri senidri tanpa organisasi ?
03:22
That's now possible; you don't need an organization to be organized,
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Sekarang itu jadi mungkin, anda tidak butuh organisasi untuk jadi teratur
03:26
to achieve large and complex tasks,
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untuk mengerjakan hal yg besar dan rumit,
03:28
like innovating new software programs.
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seperti menginovasi program perangkat lunak.
03:31
So this is a huge challenge
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Ini memang sebuah tantangan besar
03:34
to the way we think creativity comes about.
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Bagi cara kita berpikir tentang munculnya kreativitas.
03:38
The traditional view, still enshrined
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Pandangan tradisional, yg masih mendominasi
03:40
in much of the way that we think about creativity
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pola pikir kita berkenaan dgn kreativitas
03:43
-- in organizations, in government --
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-- di organisasi, di pemerintahanan --
03:45
is that creativity is about special people:
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adalah bahwa kreativitas datang dari orang-orang spesial:
03:48
wear baseball caps the wrong way round,
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yang memakai topi dgn serampangan,
03:50
come to conferences like this, in special places,
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menghadiri seminar seperti ini, di tempat-tempat spesial,
03:53
elite universities, R&D labs in the forests, water,
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universitas elit, lab litbang di tengah hutan, danau,
03:58
maybe special rooms in companies painted funny colors,
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mungkin di perusahaan dgn ruangan yang dicat warna warni
04:01
you know, bean bags, maybe the odd table-football table.
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anda tahu, dgn bean bags, mungkin dilengkapi dengan meja futbol yang aneh.
04:05
Special people, special places, think up special ideas,
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Orang-orang spesial, di tempat yg spesial, melahirkan ide yg spesial
04:08
then you have a pipeline that takes the ideas
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jadilah sebuah alur proses yg mengolah ide
04:10
down to the waiting consumers, who are passive.
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menjadi produk akhir untuk pelanggan yang menunggu dengan pasif.
04:14
They can say "yes" or "no" to the invention.
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Yang cuma bisa bilang "ya" atau "tidak" pada hasil penemuan itu;
04:16
That's the idea of creativity.
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Itulah ide ttg kreativitas.
04:18
What's the policy recommendation out of that
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Bagaimana rekomendasi kebijakan ttg hal itu
04:20
if you're in government, or you're running a large company?
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di instansi pemerintah, atau perusahaan besar?
04:24
More special people, more special places.
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lebih banyak lagi orang spesial dan tempat spesial.
04:27
Build creative clusters in cities;
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Bangun kluster kreatif di kota-kota;
04:29
create more R&D parks, so on and so forth.
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bangun lebih banyak lagi taman litbang, dst.
04:32
Expand the pipeline down to the consumers.
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Perluas alur prosesnya sampai ke pelanggan
04:35
Well this view, I think, is increasingly wrong.
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Cara pandang ini, Menurut saya, semakin lama semakin salah.
04:38
I think it's always been wrong,
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Menurut saya dari dulu sudah salah.
04:40
because I think always creativity has been highly collaborative,
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Karena saya selalu meyakini kreativitas itu hasil kolaborasi.
04:43
and it's probably been largely interactive.
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dan mungkin juga sifatnya sangat interaktif.
04:46
But it's increasingly wrong, and one of the reasons it's wrong
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Tapi ini semakin salah, dan salah satu penyebabnya
04:49
is that the ideas are flowing back up the pipeline.
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adalah idenya mengalir berlawanan arah dgn alur prosesnya.
04:52
The ideas are coming back from the consumers,
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banyak sekali ide datang dr pelanggan,
04:54
and they're often ahead of the producers.
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dan seringkali mendahului produsennya.
04:57
Why is that?
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Mengapa demikian?
04:59
Well, one issue
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Salah satu faktornya
05:02
is that radical innovation,
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adalah inovasi yg radikal,
05:04
when you've got ideas that
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ketika anda punya ide yang
05:06
affect a large number of technologies or people,
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mempengaruhi teknologi dan orang banyak,
05:10
have a great deal of uncertainty attached to them.
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biasanya akan disertai ketidakpastian yg tinggi.
05:12
The payoffs to innovation are greatest
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Keuntungan sebuah inovasi akan maksimal
05:14
where the uncertainty is highest.
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ketika ketidakpastiannya tertinggi.
05:17
And when you get a radical innovation,
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Pada inovasi yang radikal,
05:19
it's often very uncertain how it can be applied.
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seringkali tidak jelas bagaimana aplikasinya.
05:22
The whole history of telephony
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Sejarah perteleponan
05:24
is a story of dealing with that uncertainty.
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adalah cerita ttg bagaimana menghadapi ketidakpastian.
05:28
The very first landline telephones,
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Telpon kabel pertama,
05:30
the inventors thought
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dimaksudkan penciptanya
05:32
that they would be used for people to listen in
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agar orang-orang bisa mendengarkan
05:34
to live performances
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pertunjukan langsung
05:36
from West End theaters.
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dr teater-teater di West End.
05:38
When the mobile telephone companies invented SMS,
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Ketika perusahan selular menciptakan SMS,
05:41
they had no idea what it was for;
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mereka tidak tahu apa gunanaya fitur itu,
05:43
it was only when that technology got into the hands
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hanya ketika teknologi itu sampai ke tangan
05:45
of teenage users
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para remaja
05:47
that they invented the use.
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kegunannya jadi jelas.
05:49
So the more radical the innovation,
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Jadi makin radikal sebuah inovasi,
05:52
the more the uncertainty,
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makin tinggi ketidakpastiannya;
05:54
the more you need innovation in use
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makin tinggi kebutuhan inovasi penggunaannya
05:56
to work out what a technology is for.
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untuk menentukan kegunaan sebuah teknologi.
05:59
All of our patents, our entire approach
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Semua paten kita, pendekatan kita
06:02
to patents and invention, is based on the idea
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ttg paten dan temuan, didasarkan pada asumsi
06:05
that the inventor knows what the invention is for;
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bahwa si pencipta tahu pasti kegunaan temuannya
06:08
we can say what it's for.
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Fungsinya jelas.
06:10
More and more, the inventors of things
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Tapi makin banyak penemu-penemu
06:12
will not be able to say that in advance.
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yang tidak bisa menentukan ini di tahap awal.
06:14
It will be worked out in use,
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kegunaannya dipikirkan kemudian,
06:16
in collaboration with users.
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bersama-sama pengguna.
06:19
We like to think that invention is
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Sebuah penemuan hanyalah
06:21
a sort of moment of creation:
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satu momen dalam proses penciptaan:
06:24
there is a moment of birth when someone comes up with an idea.
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ada momen kelahiran ketika seseorang memikirkan sebuah ide.
06:27
The truth is that most creativity
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Kenyataannya adalah kebanyakan kreativitas
06:30
is cumulative and collaborative;
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bersifat kumulatif dan kolaboratif,
06:32
like Wikipedia, it develops over a long period of time.
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seperti Wikipedia, ia dikembangkan dlm waktu yg panjang
06:37
The second reason why users are more and more important
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Alasan kedua mengapa pengguna makin lama makin penting
06:40
is that they are the source of big, disruptive innovations.
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adalah karena mereka sumber innovasi yang radikal dan dahsyat.
06:44
If you want to find the big new ideas,
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Kalau anda ingin mencari ide yg luar biasa,
06:47
it's often difficult to find them in mainstream markets,
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biasanya sukar sekali didapat di pasaran,
06:50
in big organizations.
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atau di perusahaan besar.
06:53
And just look inside large organizations
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Kalau perusahaan besar itu dicermati
06:55
and you'll see why that is so.
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anda akan tahu mengapa bisa begitu.
06:57
So, you're in a big corporation.
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Kalau anda kerja buat perusahaan besar;
07:01
You're obviously keen to go up the corporate ladder.
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anda tentu akan berusaha keras untuk naik pangkat.
07:04
Do you go into your board and say,
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Jadi apa mungkin anda datang ke atasan,
07:06
"Look, I've got a fantastic idea
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dan bilang, dengarlah, saya punya ide hebat
07:08
for an embryonic product
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tentang produk yg tidak jelas
07:10
in a marginal market,
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bagi pasar yg belum berkembang
07:12
with consumers we've never dealt with before,
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dengan pelanggan yg belum pernah kita bidik,
07:15
and I'm not sure it's going to have a big payoff, but it could be really, really big in the future?"
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dan buat sekarang saya tidak yakin akan menghasilkan, tapi kedepannya bisa jadi spektakuler.
07:18
No, what you do, is you go in and you say,
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Tidak mungkin. Yang biasa terjadi adalah anda bilang,
07:21
"I've got a fantastic idea for an incremental innovation
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saya punya ide hebat buat inovasi lanjutan
07:24
to an existing product we sell through existing channels
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dari produk yang sudah ada yang kita jual lewat distributor yang sudah ada
07:27
to existing users, and I can guarantee
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dengan pelanggan saat ini, dan saya jamin
07:29
you get this much return out of it over the next three years."
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ini kan menghasilkan sekian besar dalam tiga tahun.
07:33
Big corporations have an in-built tendency
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Perusahaan besar secara internal cenderung
07:35
to reinforce past success.
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berusaha mengulang sukses masa lalu
07:37
They've got so much sunk in it
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Mereka mencurahkan semua perhatian ke arah itu,
07:39
that it's very difficult for them to spot
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sulit sekali bagi mereka utk menemukan
07:42
emerging new markets. Emerging new markets, then,
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pasar baru yg potensial. pasar baru yg potensial, selanjutnya,
07:45
are the breeding grounds for passionate users.
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adalah jadi lahan subur bagi pengguna yg berdedikasi.
07:48
Best example:
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Contoh paling bagus :
07:50
who in the music industry,
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Siapa di dalam industri musik,
07:52
30 years ago, would have said,
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"30 tahun yg lalu, yg berani bilang,
07:55
"Yes, let's invent a musical form
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"Yuk, kita ciptakan bentuk musikal
07:58
which is all about dispossessed black men
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ttg ke-frustasi-an warga keturunan afrika
08:01
in ghettos expressing their frustration
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di tempat kumuh, mengekspresikan rasa frustrasi mereka
08:03
with the world through a form of music
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pada dunia melalui sejenis musik
08:05
that many people find initially quite difficult to listen to.
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yg mungkin akan kedengaran tidak enak pada awalnya.
08:08
That sounds like a winner; we'll go with it."
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Wah sepertinya ide bagus, mari kita wujudkan."
08:11
(Laughter).
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(tertawa)
08:12
So what happens? Rap music is created by the users.
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Apa yg terjadi ? Musik rap diciptakan penggunanya.
08:15
They do it on their own tapes, with their own recording equipment;
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Mereka melakukannya di kaset sendiri, dengan peralatan rekaman mereka sendiri;
08:18
they distribute it themselves.
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dan mendistribusikan sendiri hasilnya.
08:19
30 years later,
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30 tahun kemudian,
08:21
rap music is the dominant musical form of popular culture --
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musik rap jadi bentuk musikal dominan dalam budaya modern --
08:24
would never have come from the big companies.
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sesuatu yg mustahil datang dr perusahaan besar.
08:26
Had to start -- this is the third point --
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Harus segera memulai -- ini point ketiga --
08:29
with these pro-ams.
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dengan pro-ams (pro amatir).
08:31
This is the phrase that I've used in
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Itu sebutan yang saya gunakan
08:33
some stuff which I've done
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dalam beberapa pekerjaan yg saya kerjakan
08:35
with a think tank in London called Demos,
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bersama think tank di London bernama Demos,
08:37
where we've been looking at these people who are amateurs --
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dimana kami mempelajari orang-orang yg amatir dibidangnya --
08:40
i.e., they do it for the love of it --
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mereka lakukan karena kecintaan mereka --
08:43
but they want to do it to very high standards.
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tapi mereka punya standar kerja yg tinggi.
08:45
And across a whole range of fields --
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dan meluas ke berbagai bidang --
08:47
from software, astronomy,
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dari perangkat lunak, astronomi,
08:51
natural sciences,
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ilmu alam,
08:53
vast areas of leisure and culture
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serta bidang luas di rekreasi dan budaya
08:55
like kite-surfing, so on and so forth --
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seperti kite-surfing, dan lain lain --
08:58
you find people who want to do things because they love it,
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kami temukan orang yg melakukan sesuatu karena kecintaannya,
09:02
but they want to do these things to very high standards.
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tapi mereka mengerjakannya dgn sungguh-sungguh.
09:05
They work at their leisure, if you like.
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Mereka kerjakan di waktu luang mereka.
09:07
They take their leisure very seriously:
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tapi mereka menggunakannya dgn sangat serius:
09:09
they acquire skills; they invest time;
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mereka mendapatkan keahlian, mereka menginvestasikan waktu mereka,
09:12
they use technology that's getting cheaper -- it's not just the Internet:
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mereka menggunakan teknologi yg semakin murah, tidak hanya internet;
09:15
cameras, design technology,
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kamera, teknologi desain,
09:18
leisure technology, surfboards, so on and so forth.
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teknologi rekreasi, papan selancar, dan lain-lain.
09:21
Largely through globalization,
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yg didapat lewat globalisasi,
09:23
a lot of this equipment has got a lot cheaper.
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sehingga banyak dr hal itu jadi sangat murah.
09:26
More knowledgeable consumers, more educated,
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Pelanggannya makin canggih, makin pandai,
09:29
more able to connect with one another,
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makin terhubung satu dengan yg lain
09:31
more able to do things together.
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makin banyak yg bisa dikerjakan bersama.
09:33
Consumption, in that sense, is an expression
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Berbelanja, dlm konteks itu, adalah ekspresi
09:35
of their productive potential.
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potensi produktif mereka.
09:37
Why, we found, people were interested in this,
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Alasan, yg kami temukan, mengapa orang menyukai ini,
09:41
is that at work they don't feel very expressed.
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adalah karena di tempat kerja mereka tdk leluasa berekspresi.
09:44
They don't feel as if they're doing something that really matters to them,
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Mereka tidak merasa melakukan sesuatu yg berarti untuk mereka,
09:47
so they pick up these kinds of activities.
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jadi mereka melakukan berbagai kegiatan ini.
09:50
This has huge organizational implications
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Ini berpengaruh besar secara organisasi
09:52
for very large areas of life.
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terhadap banyak area kehidupan.
09:54
Take astronomy as an example,
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Astronomi contohnya,
09:57
which Yochai has already mentioned.
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seperti yg telah disinggung Yochai
10:00
Twenty years ago, 30 years ago,
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20, yg lalu, 30 tahun yg lalu
10:02
only big professional astronomers
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hanya astronomer profesional
10:05
with very big telescopes could see far into space.
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dengan teleskop megah yang bisa mengintip angkasa raya.
10:09
And there's a big telescope in Northern England called Jodrell Bank,
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seperti teleskop di inggris utara yg disebut Jodrell Bank,
10:12
and when I was a kid, it was amazing,
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Dulu waktu saya masih kecil, kelihatannya hebat,
10:14
because the moon shots would take off, and this thing would move on rails.
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karena ketika citra bulan muncul, teleskop itu bergerak di relnya.
10:17
And it was huge -- it was absolutely enormous.
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Padahal ukurannya luar biasa besar.
10:20
Now, six
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Tapi sekarang, enam orang
10:23
amateur astronomers, working with the Internet,
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astronomer amatir, bekerja lewat internet
10:25
with Dobsonian digital telescopes --
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dgn teleskop digital Dobsonian
10:27
which are pretty much open source --
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yg praktis berbasis open source --
10:30
with some light sensors
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dgn sejumlah sensor cahaya
10:32
developed over the last 10 years, the Internet --
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dikembangkan 10 tahun terakhir, sekarang internet --
10:34
they can do what Jodrell Bank could only do 30 years ago.
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mereka bisa melakukan apa yg Jodrell Bank bisa lakukan 30 thn yg lalu
10:38
So here in astronomy, you have this vast explosion
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Jadi dlm bidang astronomi, ada ledakan besar tersebut
10:41
of new productive resources.
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tentang sumberdaya yg produktif yang baru.
10:43
The users can be producers.
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Pengguna jadi produser
10:46
What does this mean, then, for our
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Apa maknanya, kemudian,
10:48
organizational landscape?
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bagi landasan organisasi kami?
10:50
Well, just imagine a world,
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Ya, bayangkan saja sebuah dunia,
10:52
for the moment, divided into two camps.
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yg anggap saja, terbagi atas dua kelompok/
10:56
Over here, you've got the old, traditional corporate model:
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Sebelah sini, para senior, dgn model perusahaan tradisional.
10:59
special people, special places;
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orang-orang spesial, tempat-tempat spesial;
11:01
patent it, push it down the pipeline
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patenkan semuanya, masukkan ke jalur proses
11:03
to largely waiting, passive consumers.
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ke konsumen yg menunggu dgn pasif.
11:06
Over here, let's imagine we've got
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Sebelah sini, mari bayangkan, kita memiliki
11:08
Wikipedia, Linux, and beyond -- open source.
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Wikipedia, Linux, dan masih banyak lagi -- open source.
11:12
This is open; this is closed.
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Yang satu terbuka, yang satu tertutup.
11:14
This is new; this is traditional.
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Yang satu baru, yang satu kuno.
11:16
Well, the first thing you can say, I think with certainty,
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Hal pertama yang terpikir, tentunya,
11:19
is what Yochai has said already --
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adalah seperti apa yg Yochai telah katakan --
11:21
is there is a great big struggle
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bahwa ada satu pergulatan hebat
11:23
between those two organizational forms.
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antara kedua bentuk organisasi itu
11:25
These people over there will do everything they can
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Orang-orang sebelah sini akan melakukan apa saja
11:28
to stop these kinds of organizations succeeding,
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untuk menghalangi keberhasilan orang-orang sebelah sana
11:31
because they're threatened by them.
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karena mereka merasa terancam
11:33
And so the debates about
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jadi semua perdebatan tentang
11:36
copyright, digital rights, so on and so forth --
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hak cipta, kewenangan digital, dan lain-lain --
11:40
these are all about trying to stifle, in my view,
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semua itu upaya untuk menjatuhkan, menurut saya,
11:43
these kinds of organizations.
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orang-orang di sebelah sana.
11:45
What we're seeing is a complete corruption
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Yang kita saksikan adalah kerusakan total
11:48
of the idea of patents and copyright.
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dari konsep-konsep paten dan hak cipta.
11:50
Meant to be a way to incentivize invention,
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Yg semula dimaksudkan untuk memotivasi penemuan,
11:54
meant to be a way to orchestrate the dissemination of knowledge,
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untuk mengendalikan penyebaran pengetahuan,
11:57
they are increasingly being used by large companies
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mereka lebih sering digunakan perusahaan-perusahaan besar
12:00
to create thickets of patents
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untuk menciptakan dinding-dinding paten
12:02
to prevent innovation taking place.
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yang menghalangi terjadinya inovasi.
12:04
Let me just give you two examples.
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Saya akan tunjukan dua contoh saja.
12:07
The first is: imagine yourself going to a venture capitalist
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pertama, bayangkan anda mengunjungi seorang venture capitalist.
12:10
and saying, "I've got a fantastic idea.
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dan bilang, "Saya punya ide hebat.
12:12
I've invented this brilliant new program
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Saya telah menciptakan sebuah program baru
12:15
that is much, much better than Microsoft Outlook."
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yang jauh jauh lebih baik dr MS Oultook."
12:19
Which venture capitalist in their right mind is going to give you any money to set up a venture
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Kira-kira investor mana yang mau mendanai anda untuk memulai sebuah usaha
12:23
competing with Microsoft, with Microsoft Outlook? No one.
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yg berkompetisi dgn Microsoft, dgn MS Outlook ? Tidak ada.
12:26
That is why the competition with Microsoft is bound to come --
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Karena itulah, yg sanggup bersaing dengan Microsoft
12:29
will only come --
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hanya bisa datang
12:31
from an open-source kind of project.
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dari projek-projek seperti open-source.
12:33
So, there is a huge competitive argument
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Ada banyak argumentasi ttg persaingan
12:35
about sustaining the capacity
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ttg mempertahankan kapasitas
12:37
for open-source and consumer-driven innovation,
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dr inovasi-inovasi berbasis open source dan konsumen,
12:40
because it's one of the greatest
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karena merupakan salah satu
12:42
competitive levers against monopoly.
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pesaing terbesar monopoli.
12:45
There'll be huge professional arguments as well.
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Dari sisi profesionalisme juga akan banyak sanggahan.
12:48
Because the professionals, over here
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Karena para profesional, di sebalah sini
12:50
in these closed organizations --
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di bagian yg tertutup
12:52
they might be academics; they might be programmers;
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yg terdiri dr cendekiawan, pemrogram,
12:54
they might be doctors; they might be journalists --
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dokter atau wartawan --
12:57
my former profession --
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profesi saya sebelumnya --
12:59
say, "No, no -- you can't trust these people over here."
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yg akan bilang, " tidak tidak -- orang-orang itu tidak bisa dipercaya"
13:03
When I started in journalism --
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Ketika saya memulai karir jadi jurnalis --
13:05
Financial Times, 20 years ago --
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Financial Times, 20 thn yg lalu --
13:09
it was very, very exciting
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adalah sangat sangat menyenangkan
13:11
to see someone reading the newspaper.
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melihat orang membaca koran
13:13
And you'd kind of look over their shoulder on the Tube
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anda berusaha megintip dr belakang
13:15
to see if they were reading your article.
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untuk melihat apa yg dibaca itu -- artikel yg dibaca itu milik anda.
13:18
Usually they were reading the share prices,
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Biasanya mereka membaca info harga saham,
13:20
and the bit of the paper with your article on
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sedangkan bagian yg memuat artikel anda
13:22
was on the floor, or something like that,
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tergeletak di lantai, atau dlm posisi serupa,
13:24
and you know, "For heaven's sake, what are they doing!
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dan anda akan, "demi Tuhan, apa yang mereka lakukan!
13:26
They're not reading my brilliant article!"
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masak artikel begitu hebat tidak dibaca!"
13:29
And we allowed users, readers,
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Kita juga hanya mengizinkan pengguna maupun pembaca,
13:32
two places where they could contribute to the paper:
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dua tempat untuk berinteraksi:
13:34
the letters page, where they could write a letter in,
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Kolom surat pembaca, kemana mereka bisa melayangkan surat,
13:37
and we would condescend to them, cut it in half,
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yg akan kita pilih-pilih, di proses hanya separonya,
13:39
and print it three days later.
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yg akan dicetak 2 hari kemudian.
13:41
Or the op-ed page, where if they knew the editor --
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atau tajuk rencana, dimana mereka harus kenal baik dgn editor --
13:43
had been to school with him, slept with his wife --
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pernah sekolah bareng, atau berselingkuh dgn istrinya --
13:45
they could write an article for the op-ed page.
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mereka dibolehkan menulis tajuk rencana
13:48
Those were the two places.
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Hanya dua cara itu.
13:50
Shock, horror: now, the readers want to be writers and publishers.
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Dengan mengejutkan, sekarang, para pembaca mau jadi penulis dan penerbit.
13:54
That's not their role; they're supposed to read what we write.
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itu kan bukan tugas mereka, mestinya mereka hanya membaca saja.
13:57
But they don't want to be journalists. The journalists think
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Padahal mereka tidak berniat menjadi jurnalis. Para jurnalis pikir
13:59
that the bloggers want to be journalists;
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bahwa para -- para blogger mau menjadi jurnalis;
14:01
they don't want to be journalists; they just want to have a voice.
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mereka tidak ingin menjadi jurnalis, mereka hanya mau didengar.
14:03
They want to, as Jimmy said, they want to have a dialogue, a conversation.
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mereka, seperti kata Jimmy, mereka mau berdialog, bercakap-cakap.
14:06
They want to be part of that flow of information.
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Mereka mau jadi bagian dr arus informasi.
14:10
What's happening there is that the whole domain
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Apa yg terjadi adalah keseluruhan ranah
14:12
of creativity is expanding.
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kreativitas itu meluas.
14:14
So, there's going to be a tremendous struggle.
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Jadi pasti akan timbul pergulatan luar biasa.
14:17
But, also, there's going to be tremendous movement
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Tapi juga akan ada satu gerakan masif
14:20
from the open to the closed.
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dari yg terbuka ke yg tertutup.
14:23
What you'll see, I think, is two things that are critical,
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Yang akan terjadi, menurut saya, adalah dua hal penting,
14:26
and these, I think, are two challenges
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dan ini merupakan tantangan
14:28
for the open movement.
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bagi gerakan open souce.
14:30
The first is:
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Yg pertama adalah :
14:32
can we really survive on volunteers?
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apa kita benar-benar bisa mengandalkan relawan?
14:35
If this is so critical,
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Kalau ini sangat penting,
14:37
do we not need it funded, organized, supported
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apa tidak sebaiknya didanai, diatur dan didukung
14:40
in much more structured ways?
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dalam cara-cara yang lebih terstruktur?
14:42
I think the idea of creating the Red Cross
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menurut saya, ide menciptakan Palang Merah
14:44
for information and knowledge is a fantastic idea,
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bagi informasi dan pengetahuan adalah ide yg fantastis,
14:47
but can we really organize that, just on volunteers?
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tapi apa benar kita bisa mengandalkan hanya para relawan?
14:51
What kind of changes do we need in public policy
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Penyesuaian apa yg dibutuhkan pada kebijakan publik?
14:53
and funding to make that possible?
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dan pendanaannya untuk mewujudkannya?
14:55
What's the role of the BBC,
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Apa peranan BBC,
14:57
for instance, in that world?
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misalnya, di dunia?
14:59
What should be the role of public policy?
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Mestinya apa peranan kebijakan publik?
15:01
And finally, what I think you will see
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Dan akhirnya, apa yg akan anda saksikan
15:04
is the intelligent, closed organizations
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adalah organisasi yg tertutup tapi berkualitas
15:07
moving increasingly in the open direction.
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lambat laun akan bergerak ke arah yg terbuka.
15:10
So it's not going to be a contest between two camps,
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Jadi tidak akan seperti pertandingan antara dua kubu,
15:13
but, in between them, you'll find all sorts of interesting places
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tapi yg akan terjadi diantara mereka adalah
15:16
that people will occupy.
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upaya-upaya baru yang menarik.
15:18
New organizational models coming about,
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model organisasi baru akan muncul,
15:21
mixing closed and open in tricky ways.
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memadukan gaya tertutup dan terbuka dgn cerdik.
15:24
It won't be so clear-cut; it won't be Microsoft versus Linux --
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Hasilnya tidak akan lugas; tidak akan jadi Microsoft vs Linux --
15:28
there'll be all sorts of things in between.
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akan banyak hal-hal menarik dimana-mana.
15:30
And those organizational models, it turns out,
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Model-model organisasi baru itu, ternyata,
15:32
are incredibly powerful,
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luar biasa dahsyat,
15:34
and the people who can understand them
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dan mereka yg memahami cara kerjanya
15:36
will be very, very successful.
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akan menjadi sangat, sangat sukses.
15:38
Let me just give you one final example
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Saya akan berikan satu contoh terakhir
15:41
of what that means.
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ttg apa yg saya maksud.
15:43
I was in Shanghai,
355
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Saya pernah ke Shanghai,
15:45
in an office block
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kerja di sebuah perkantoran
15:47
built on what was a rice paddy five years ago --
357
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yg dibangun di atas tanah yg 5 tahun yg lalu adalah sawah --
15:50
one of the 2,500 skyscrapers
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Yang jadi salah satu dr 2500 pencakar langit
15:53
they've built in Shanghai in the last 10 years.
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yg dibangun di Shanghai 10 tahun terakhir.
15:56
And I was having dinner with this guy called Timothy Chan.
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Waktu itu saya makan malam dgn orang bernama Timothy Chen.
15:59
Timothy Chan set up an Internet business
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Timothy Chen mendirikan bisnis internet
16:01
in 2000.
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pada tahun 2000.
16:03
Didn't go into the Internet, kept his money,
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Tapi dia tidak buka usaha di internet, dia simpan uangnya,
16:06
decided to go into computer games.
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dan memutuskan masuk bisnis game komputer.
16:08
He runs a company called Shanda,
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Dia mengelola perusahan bernama Shanda,
16:11
which is the largest computer games company in China.
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yg merupakan salah satu perusahaan permainan komputer terbesar di Cina.
16:15
Nine thousand servers all over China,
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dgn 9000 server di seluruh Cina
16:18
has 250 million subscribers.
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dan punya 250 juta pelanggan.
16:22
At any one time, there are four million people playing one of his games.
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Dalam satu waktu, 4 juta orang memainkan permainan yg dia jual.
16:27
How many people does he employ
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Kira-kira berapa banyak orang yg dipekerjakannya
16:29
to service that population?
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untuk melayani populasi itu?
16:32
500 people.
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500 orang.
16:34
Well, how can he service
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Lho, bagaimana mungkin dia melayani dua setengah
16:36
250 million people from 500 employees?
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250 juta orang dgn 500 karyawan?
16:39
Because basically, he doesn't service them.
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Dia memang tidak melayani mereka.
16:41
He gives them a platform;
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Dia menyediakan platform,
16:43
he gives them some rules; he gives them the tools
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dia menentukan aturannya, dia sediakan alatnya
16:46
and then he kind of orchestrates the conversation;
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dan dia tinggal mendalangi komunikasi yg terjadi;
16:49
he orchestrates the action.
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dia mendalangi kegiatan yg diperlukan.
16:51
But actually, a lot of the content
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Yang sebenarnya, sebagian besar isinya
16:53
is created by the users themselves.
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dikerjakan oleh penggunanya sendiri.
16:56
And it creates a kind of stickiness
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dan ini menciptakan semacam ketergantungan
16:58
between the community and the company
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antara komunitas dan perusahaan.
17:00
which is really, really powerful.
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yg adalah sangat sangat dahsyat.
17:02
The best measure of that: so you go into one of his games,
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Ini buktinya : Kalau anda mainkan permainannya,
17:05
you create a character
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anda ciptakan sebuah karakter
17:07
that you develop in the course of the game.
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yg akan tumbuh sejalan dgn apa yg anda mainkan
17:09
If, for some reason, your credit card bounces,
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Kalau, karena suatu sebab, kartu kredit anda ditolak,
17:12
or there's some other problem,
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atau karena masalah lainnya
17:14
you lose your character.
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anda akan kehilangan karakter anda.
17:16
You've got two options.
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pilihannya tinggal dua
17:18
One option: you can create a new character,
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Pertama : anda bikin karakter baru
17:21
right from scratch, but with none of the history of your player.
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dari nol, tanpa "pengalaman" yg anda dapat selama bermain.
17:24
That costs about 100 dollars.
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yang biayanya sekitar 100 dolar.
17:26
Or you can get on a plane, fly to Shanghai,
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atau anda naik pesawat dan terbang ke Shanghai
17:29
queue up outside Shanda's offices --
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mengantri di salah-satu kantor Shanda --
17:32
cost probably 600, 700 dollars --
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dgn biaya sekitar 600, 700 dolar --
17:36
and reclaim your character, get your history back.
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dan menghidupkan kembali karakter anda lengkap dgn pengalamannya
17:39
Every morning, there are 600 people queuing
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Setiap pagi ada sekitar 600 orang yg mengantri
17:41
outside their offices
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diluar kantor mereka
17:43
to reclaim these characters. (Laughter)
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untuk menghidupkan kembali karakter mereka.
17:45
So this is about companies built on communities,
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Jadi ini tentang perusahaan yg dibangun diatas komunitas,
17:48
that provide communities with tools,
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yg menyediakan alat bagi komunitas,
17:51
resources, platforms in which they can share.
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sumberdaya, platform yg bisa mereka pakai bersama.
17:53
He's not open source,
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Usahanya tidak open source
17:55
but it's very, very powerful.
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tapi jadi sangat menghasilkan
17:57
So here is one of the challenges, I think,
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Jadi itulah tantangannya, menurut saya,
18:00
for people like me, who
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bagi orang-orang seperti saya yang
18:02
do a lot of work with government.
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sering bekerja untuk pemerintah.
18:05
If you're a games company,
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Kalau anda menjalankan perusahaan game,
18:08
and you've got a million players in your game,
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yg punya sejuta pelanggan,
18:11
you only need one percent of them
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hanya perlu 1 persen saja dr mereka
18:14
to be co-developers, contributing ideas,
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untuk ikutan membangun, memberikan ide,
18:16
and you've got a development workforce
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dan menghasilkan tenaga kerja kreatif
18:18
of 10,000 people.
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sebanyak 10.000 orang.
18:21
Imagine you could take all the children
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Bayangkan jika anda melibatkan semua anak
18:24
in education in Britain, and one percent of them
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di inggris dalam kegiatan pendidikan, dan 1 persen dr mereka
18:27
were co-developers of education.
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ikut membangun sistem pendidikannya.
18:29
What would that do to the resources available
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Kira-kira apa yg akan terjadi dgn sumber daya
18:31
to the education system?
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pendidikan yang ada?
18:33
Or if you got one percent of the patients in the NHS
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Atau kalau satu persen dr semua pasien di NHS (National Health Service)
18:36
to, in some sense, be co-producers of health.
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bisa terlibat dlm membentuk sistem kesehatan.
18:39
The reason why --
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Alasan utama mengapa --
18:41
despite all the efforts to cut it down,
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meski dengan berbagai upaya menjatuhkannya,
18:44
to constrain it, to hold it back --
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membatasinya, menahannya --
18:46
why these open models will still start emerging
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mengapa model terbuka ini tetap saja bersemi
18:49
with tremendous force,
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dgn dorongan begitu kuat,
18:51
is that they multiply our productive resources.
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adalah karena model itu melipat gandakan sumberdaya.
18:53
And one of the reasons they do that
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Dan alasan kenapa itu bisa terjadi
18:55
is that they turn users into producers,
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adalah karena model itu mengubah pelanggan menjadi produser;
18:57
consumers into designers.
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pengguna menjadi perancang.
18:59
Thank you very much.
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Terima kasih banyak
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Leadbeater - Innovation consultantA researcher at the London think tank Demos, Charles Leadbeater was early to notice the rise of "amateur innovation" -- great ideas from outside the traditional walls, from people who suddenly have the tools to collaborate, innovate and make their expertise known.
Why you should listen
Charles Leadbeater's theories on innovation have compelled some of the world's largest organizations to rethink their strategies. A financial journalist turned innovation consultant (for clients ranging from the British government to Microsoft), Leadbeater noticed the rise of "pro-ams" -- passionate amateurs who act like professionals, making breakthrough discoveries in many fields, from software to astronomy to kite-surfing. His 2004 essay "The Pro-Am Revolution" -- which The New York Times called one of the year's biggest global ideas -- highlighted the rise of this new breed of amateur.
Prominent examples range from the mountain bike to the open-source operating system Linux, from Wikipedia to the Jubilee 2000 campaign, which helped persuade Western nations to cancel more than $30 billion in third-world debt. In his upcoming book, We-Think, Leadbeater explores how this emerging culture of mass creativity and participation could reshape companies and governments. A business reporter by training, he was previously an editor for the Financial Times, and later, The Independent, where, with Helen Fielding, he developed the "Bridget Jones' Diary" column. Currently, he is researching for Atlas of Ideas, a program that is mapping changes in the global geography of science and innovation.
Charles Leadbeater | Speaker | TED.com