TED2009
Jacqueline Novogratz: An escape from poverty
Jacqueline Novogratz o úniku z chudoby
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Jacqueline Novogratz rozpráva dojímavý príbeh o náhodnom stretnutí v nairobskom slume s Jane, bývalou prostitútkou, ktorej sen o úniku z chudoby, povolaní doktorky a o vydaji sa naplnili nečakaným spôsobom.
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I've been working on issues of poverty for more than 20 years,
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Chudobou sa zaoberám posledných viac než 20 rokov,
00:16
and so it's ironic that the problem that and question that I most grapple with
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a je veľmi ironické, že problém a otázka, s ktorými sa najčastejšie stretávam
00:21
is how you actually define poverty. What does it mean?
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je, ako vlastne definujeme chudobu? Čo to znamená?
00:24
So often, we look at dollar terms --
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Často sa ňu dívame z pohľadu peňazí -
00:26
people making less than a dollar or two or three a day.
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chudý sú tí ľudia, ktorí zarábajú menej ako jeden, dva, či tri doláre denne.
00:28
And yet the complexity of poverty really has to look at
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A komplexita problému chudoby stále ukazuje,
00:33
income as only one variable.
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že zárobok je len jedna premenná.
00:35
Because really, it's a condition about choice,
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Pretože, skutočne sa jedná o podmienku výberu a
00:37
and the lack of freedom.
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nedostatok slobody.
00:39
And I had an experience that really deepened and elucidated for me
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Mám jednu skúsenosť, ktorá prehĺbila a ozrejmila
00:42
the understanding that I have.
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moje porozumenie.
00:44
It was in Kenya, and I want to share it with you.
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Stalo sa to v Keni a ja sa chcem s Vami podeliť o túto skúsenosť.
00:46
I was with my friend Susan Meiselas, the photographer,
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Bola som so svojou priateľkou, Susan Meiselas, fotografkou,
00:48
in the Mathare Valley slums.
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v slamoch v Mathare Valley.
00:50
Now, Mathare Valley is one of the oldest slums in Africa.
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Mathare Valley je jeden z najstarších slumov v Afrike.
00:53
It's about three miles out of Nairobi,
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Je vzdialený približne tri míle od Nairobi
00:55
and it's a mile long and about two-tenths of a mile wide,
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a je dlhý asi jednu míľu a široký dve desatiny míle,
00:58
where over half a million people
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žije tam približne pol milióna ľudí
01:00
live crammed in these little tin shacks,
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napchaných v malých chatrčiach,
01:02
generation after generation, renting them,
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generácia za generáciou, prenajímajú si ich,
01:05
often eight or 10 people to a room.
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často 8, či 10 ľudí na jednu miestnosť.
01:07
And it's known for prostitution, violence, drugs:
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Je známy prostitúciou, násilím a drogami.
01:13
a hard place to grow up.
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Zložité miesto na dospievanie.
01:15
And when we were walking through the narrow alleys,
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A keď sme sa prechádzali úzkymi uličkami,
01:17
it was literally impossible not to step in the
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bolo doslova ťažké nestúpiť do
01:20
raw sewage and the garbage alongside the little homes.
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čerstvých výkaľov a odpadkov popri týchto malých príbytkoch.
01:24
But at the same time it was also
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Zároveň bolo však aj
01:26
impossible not to see the human vitality,
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nemožné nevidieť ľudskú vitalitu,
01:29
the aspiration and the ambition of the people who live there:
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úsilie a snahu ľudí, ktorých tam žili.
01:32
women washing their babies, washing their clothes, hanging them out to dry.
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Ženy umyvajú svoje deti, perú oblečenie, vešajú ich vonku, aby vyschli.
01:35
I met this woman, Mama Rose,
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Stretla som túto ženu, Mama Rose,
01:37
who has rented that little tin shack for 32 years,
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ktorá si prenajíma svoj malý príbytok po viac než 32 rokov,
01:40
where she lives with her seven children.
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žije tam so svojimi siedmimi deťmi.
01:42
Four sleep in one twin bed,
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Štyri z nich spia na dvojposteli,
01:44
and three sleep on the mud and linoleum floor.
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a tri v blate, na podľahe z linolea.
01:47
And she keeps them all in school by selling water from that kiosk,
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A všetky deti chodia do školy vďaka tomu, že predáva vodu z kiosku,
01:51
and from selling soap and bread from the little store inside.
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a predáva mydlo a chlieb z malého obchodíku vo vnútri.
01:55
It was also the day after the inauguration,
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Rovnako to bol aj deň po uvedení do úradu
01:57
and I was reminded how Mathare is still connected to the globe.
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a ja som si pripomenula, ako je Mathare stále spojené so svetom.
02:01
And I would see kids on the street corners,
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Videla som deti na ulici,
02:03
and they'd say "Obama, he's our brother!"
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a oni hovorili "Obama je náš brat!"
02:05
And I'd say "Well, Obama's my brother, so that makes you my brother too."
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A ja som im na to: " Obama je môj brat, takže to z nás robí súrodencov."
02:08
And they would look quizzically, and then be like, "High five!"
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Žartovne sa na mňa pozreli a potom urobili niečo ako "Plácnime si!"
02:12
And it was here that I met Jane.
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A práve tu som stretla Jane.
02:15
I was struck immediately by the kindness and the gentleness in her face,
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Okamžite ma zasiahla dobrosrdečnosť a nežnosť v jej tvári,
02:18
and I asked her to tell me her story.
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a poprosila som ju, aby mi vyrozprávala svoj príbeh.
02:21
She started off by telling me her dream. She said, "I had two.
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Začala tým, že mi povedala svoj sen. Hovorí: "Mala som dva sny.
02:24
My first dream was to be a doctor,
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Prvým bolo to, že som sa chcela stať lekárkou,
02:26
and the second was to marry a good man
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a druhým - chcela som sa vydať za dobrého muža,
02:28
who would stay with me and my family,
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ktorý by zostal so mnou a mojou rodinou.
02:30
because my mother was a single mom,
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Pretože moja mama bola samoživiteľkou,
02:32
and couldn't afford to pay for school fees.
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nemohla si dovoliť zaplatiť nám školné.
02:34
So I had to give up the first dream, and I focused on the second."
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Takže som sa musela vzdať prvého sna a zameriať sa na ten druhý."
02:38
She got married when she was 18, had a baby right away.
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Vydala sa, keď mala 18 rokov a hneď potom sa jej narodilo dieťa.
02:41
And when she turned 20, found herself pregnant with a second child,
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A keď oslávila 20ku, zistila, že čaká druhé dieťa,
02:45
her mom died and her husband left her -- married another woman.
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matka jej zomrela a manžel ju opustil - zobral si inú ženu.
02:49
So she was again in Mathare, with no income, no skill set, no money.
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Takže sa znova ocitla v Mathare, bez príjmu, bez znalostí, bez peňazí.
02:53
And so she ultimately turned to prostitution.
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Nakoniec sa dala na prostitúciu.
02:56
It wasn't organized in the way we often think of it.
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Nebolo to zorganizované spôsobom, akým si často myslíme, že je.
02:58
She would go into the city at night with about 20 girls,
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V noci išla do mesta s ďalšími približne 20 dievčatami
03:01
look for work, and sometimes come back with a few shillings,
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hľadať prácu a niekedy sa vrátila s niekoľkými šilingami,
03:04
or sometimes with nothing.
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niekedy s ničím.
03:06
And she said, "You know, the poverty wasn't so bad. It was the humiliation
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Povedala mi: "Vieš, chudoba nebola tak strašná. Najhoršie bolo poníženie
03:09
and the embarrassment of it all."
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a rozčarovanie z toho všetkého."
03:11
In 2001, her life changed.
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V roku 2001 sa jej život zmenil.
03:15
She had a girlfriend who had heard about this organization, Jamii Bora,
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Jej kamarátka počula o organizácií Jamii Bora,
03:19
that would lend money to people no matter how poor you were,
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ktorá požičiava peniaze ľuďom bez ohľadu na to, ako sú chudobní,
03:22
as long as you provided a commensurate amount in savings.
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pokiaľ ale majú rovnako veľku sumu v úsporách.
03:26
And so she spent a year to save 50 dollars,
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Ubehol rok, kým zarobila 50 dolárov,
03:29
and started borrowing, and over time she was able to buy a sewing machine.
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a začala si požičiavať a za čas si bola schopná kúpiť šijací stroj.
03:34
She started tailoring.
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Stala sa krajčírkou.
03:35
And that turned into what she does now,
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A z toho vyplynulo to, čo robí teraz,
03:38
which is to go into the secondhand clothing markets,
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tj. ísť na trh s oblečením zo second handu
03:40
and for about three dollars and 25 cents she buys an old ball gown.
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a približne za 3 doláre a 25 centov nakúpiť staré večerné róby.
03:44
Some of them might be ones you gave.
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Možno ste niektoré z nich dali práve vy.
03:46
And she repurposes them with frills and ribbons,
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Ona ich vyzdobí čačkami a stuhami
03:50
and makes these frothy confections that she sells to women
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a urobí z nich volánikové šaty, ktoré predáva ženám
03:54
for their daughter's Sweet 16 or first Holy Communion --
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na prvé prijímanie ich 16 ročných dcér -
03:58
those milestones in a life that people want to celebrate
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miľníky, ktoré chcú ľudia osláviť
04:01
all along the economic spectrum.
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naprieč celým ekonomickým spektrom.
04:03
And she does really good business. In fact, I watched her
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Skutočne sa jej darí. Vlastne som ju pozorovala
04:06
walk through the streets hawking. And before you knew it,
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ako kráča po ulici a predáva. A predtým než ste si ju vôbec všimli,
04:08
there was a crowd of women around her, buying these dresses.
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bol pri nej zástup žien kupujúcich tieto šaty.
04:12
And I reflected, as I was watching her sell the dresses,
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Premýšľala som, keď som sa na ňu dívala, ako predáva šaty
04:15
and also the jewelry that she makes,
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a bižutériu, ktorú vyrába,
04:17
that now Jane makes more than four dollars a day.
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že sa Jane teraz darí zarobiť viac než 4 doláre denne.
04:20
And by many definitions she is no longer poor.
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A na základe rôznych definícií už nie je chudobná.
04:23
But she still lives in Mathare Valley.
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Ale stále žije v Mathare Valley.
04:25
And so she can't move out.
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Takže sa nemôže presťahovať.
04:28
She lives with all of that insecurity,
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Žije so všetkou tou neistotou,
04:30
and in fact, in January, during the ethnic riots,
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vlastne v januári, počas etnických nepokojov,
04:33
she was chased from her home and had to find a new shack
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bola vyhnaná z domu a musela si nájst nový príbytok,
04:35
in which she would live.
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kde by mohla žiť.
04:37
Jamii Bora understands that and understands
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Jamii Bora tomuto rozumie. A rozumie
04:39
that when we're talking about poverty,
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tomu, že keď sa rozprávame o chudobe,
04:41
we've got to look at people all along the economic spectrum.
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musíme sa pozerať na ľudí naprieč celým ekonomickým spektrom.
04:44
And so with patient capital from Acumen and other organizations,
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S trpezlivým kapitálom z Acumenu a ďalších organizácií,
04:47
loans and investments that will go the long term with them,
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pôžičky a investície, ktoré sa ich budú týkať dlhodobo,
04:50
they built a low-cost housing development,
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postavili oblasť nízkonákladového bývania
04:54
about an hour outside Nairobi central.
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priblžne hodinu z centra Nairobi.
04:58
And they designed it from the perspective of
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Vytvorili to z pohľadu
05:00
customers like Jane herself,
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zákazníkov, akou je napríklad Jane,
05:02
insisting on responsibility and accountability.
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kládli dôraz na zodpovednosť a solídnosť.
05:04
So she has to give 10 percent of the mortgage --
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Takže musí zaplatiť 10 percent hypotéky -
05:08
of the total value, or about 400 dollars in savings.
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z celkovej sumy, alebo musí mať ušetrených 400 dolárov.
05:12
And then they match her mortgage to what she paid in rent for her little shanty.
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Potom sa mesačné splátky upravia na hodnotu nájomného, ktoré musela platiť za svoj príbytok.
05:17
And in the next couple of weeks, she's going to be
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Za niekoľko týždňov bude jednou
05:19
among the first 200 families to move into this development.
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z približne 200 rodín, ktoré sa presťahujú do tejto oblasti.
05:22
When I asked her if she feared anything,
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Keď som sa jej spýtala, či sa niečoho bojí,
05:26
or whether she would miss anything from Mathare,
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alebo či jej bude chýbať niečo z Mathare,
05:28
she said, "What would I fear
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odpovedala: "Čoho by som sa bála,
05:30
that I haven't confronted already?
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keď som už čelila všetkému?
05:32
I'm HIV positive. I've dealt with it all."
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Som HIV pozitívna. Vysporiadala som sa s tým všetkým."
05:36
And she said, "What would I miss?
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Ďalej povedala: "Čo mi bude chýbať?
05:39
You think I will miss the violence or the drugs? The lack of privacy?
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Myslíš si, že mi bude chýbať násilie alebo drogy? Nedostatok súkromia?
05:42
Do you think I'll miss not knowing if my children are going to come home
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Myslíš si, že mi bude chýbať to, že neviem, či sa deti
05:44
at the end of the day?" She said "If you gave me 10 minutes
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večer vrátia domov?" Povedala mi: "Ak mi dáš 10 minút,
05:46
my bags would be packed."
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zbalím si batožinu."
05:48
I said, "Well what about your dreams?"
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Hovorím jej: A čo Tvoje sny?"
05:51
And she said, "Well, you know,
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a ona na to: "Vieš,
05:53
my dreams don't look exactly like I thought they would when I was a little girl.
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moje sny nevypadajú presne tak, ako som si myslela, že budú vypadať, keď som bola malá.
05:57
But if I think about it, I thought I wanted a husband,
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Ale keď o tom všetkom premýšľam, myslela som si, že chcem muža,
06:01
but what I really wanted was a family
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v skutočnosti som chcela milujúcu rodinu.
06:04
that was loving. And I fiercely love my children, and they love me back."
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A ja vášnivo milujem svoje deti a oni mi lásku vracajú."
06:08
She said, "I thought that I wanted to be a doctor,
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Povedala: "Myslela som si, že chcem byť doktorkou,
06:11
but what I really wanted to be was somebody
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v skutočnosti som chcela byť niekým,
06:13
who served and healed and cured.
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kto by slúžil a liečil a uzdravoval.
06:16
And so I feel so blessed with everything that I have,
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Cítim sa požehnaná za všetko, čo mám,
06:19
that two days a week I go and I counsel HIV patients.
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dva dni v týždni radím HIV pacientom.
06:23
And I say, 'Look at me. You are not dead.
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Hovorím im: "Pozri sa na mňa. Nie si mŕtva.
06:26
You are still alive. And if you are still alive you have to serve.'"
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Stále žiješ. A ak si ešte stále nažive, musíš slúžiť."
06:29
And she said, "I'm not a doctor who gives out pills.
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Povedala: "Nie som doktor, ktorý predpisuje pilulky.
06:33
But maybe me, I give out something better
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Ale možno, dávam niečo viac,
06:35
because I give them hope."
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pretože im dávam nádej."
06:37
And in the middle of this economic crisis,
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Uprostred ekonomickej krízy,
06:41
where so many of us are inclined to pull in
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veľa z nás inklinuje napredovať
06:44
with fear, I think we're well suited to
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s obavami a ja si myslím, že by sme sa mohli
06:48
take a cue from Jane and reach out,
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inšpirovať Jane a vyraziť s chápaním
06:51
recognizing that being poor doesn't mean being ordinary.
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toho, že to, že sme chudobní, neznamená, že sme obyčajní.
06:55
Because when systems are broken,
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Pretože keď zlyhavajú systémy,
06:57
like the ones that we're seeing around the world,
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ako napr. tie, ktoré vidíme všade vo svete,
06:59
it's an opportunity for invention and for innovation.
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je to príležitosť pre vynálezy a inováciu.
07:02
It's an opportunity to truly build a world
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Je to skutočne príležitosť vybudovať svet,
07:05
where we can extend services and products
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kde môžeme poskytnúť služby a výrobky
07:08
to all human beings, so that they can
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všetkým žijúcim ľuďom, tak že budú
07:11
make decisions and choices for themselves.
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schopní prijímať rozhodnutia a vyberať si sami za seba.
07:13
I truly believe it's where dignity starts.
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Skutočne verím, že tu sa začína dôstojnosť.
07:15
We owe it to the Janes of the world.
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Dlžíme to všetkým Jane tohto sveta.
07:18
And just as important, we owe it to ourselves.
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A predovšetkým dlžíme to sami sebe.
07:21
Thank you.
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Ďakujem Vám.
07:23
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadershipJacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.
Why you should listen
Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.
"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.
Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.
The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.
And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com